Correspondence Address Dr. I. Hakan Gurvit, Istanbul Universitesi, Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Noroloji Anabilim Dali, Davranis Norolojisi ve Hareket Bozukluklari Birimi, Turkiye Phone: +90 212 440 00 00 E-mail: drjohannesfaustus@gmail.com ©Copyright 2014 by Turkish Association of Neuropsychiatry The terms psychic, mental, and cognitive functions are frequently used interchangeably as equivalent terms in the daily language. Psyche is the French counterpart of the word psike (ψυχe), derived from the verb blow (psiki: ψυχι) meaning life in Greek and has gradually started to mean soul and life. Psychology and psychiatry were established as scientific disciplines that examined psyche and its disorders. This term means mind in the Anglo-American psychology. The words “mind” and “mental” were derived from “mens” in Latin. Considering the term “cognitive” equivalent to “mind” is the result of a transformation of this scientific discipline from a semi-philosophical discipline, which caused this scientific discipline to be undervalued as “chair psychology” in the origin to an empirical scientific discipline, the hypotheses of which can be experimentally tested like the other empirical scientific disciplines in the historical development of psychology. In terms of Hegel’s dialectic, experimental psychology can be considered an antithesis of faculty psychology, which was the previous thesis. In this dialectic horizon, the synthesis which returned to its own origins has not completed a circular journey but elevated its point of origin (thesis) to a new status (in Hegel’s language: “aufhebung”). In this article, it will be proposed that a relatively new scientific object which can be addressed by neuropsychology with the name of social cognition and cognitive neurosciences with the name of social neuroscience harbors the nuclei of such a synthesis, and the claim that clinical practices are a potential for a radical change in behavioral neurology on one side and for combined neurology and psychiatry in the future will be argued. In modern psychology, the tradition of dividing mental functions into three classes as cognitive, affective, and conative in a manner that can be stated to originate from Immanuel Kant (1724– 1804) has been forgotten to a great extent. Although the trinity of the mind goes back to Platon and Aristo in the antiquity, it was systematized in three large critics written by Kant between 1780 and 1790. “The Critic of the Pure Reason” (1781): cognition, “The Critic of the Practical Reason” (1788): conation, and “The Critic of Judgment” (1790): affection. After Kant, his main representatives Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel and the school of philosophy called German Idealism initiated the classical enlightenment period of the philosophy of the mind with their great works related with the occurrence of the human mind in the body. With the French Revolution, the human subject was no more subject to a master socio-politically, but transformed into a free citizen who was an equal member of the society. The word “subject” in English corresponds to the first status in the passive form (to be subjected), whereas it corresponds to the individual who is responsible of his/her acts realized with his/her own free will in the active form. As the subject of the experiences which are the counterpart of this change in the enlightment idea, the human being becomes a scientific object in addition to the philosophical importance he/she gains. Classification of the mind by dividing it according to its functions or faculties determined the name of the first psychology school in Germany in the begin-