Diagnosis Of Trichinosis Research Articles

Trichinosis in Ukraine – epizootological situation, prevention and control (2015–2020)

The work is devoted to analyzing literary sources and the results of public research on epizootology, epidemiology, and approaches to the fight against trichinosis – one of the most unsafe helminthiasis in animals and people. In the statistics, the primary nutrition is comprehensive, the path and the sources of invasion, the dynamics of infection of pigs and other creatures, now look at the circulation of Trichinella in nature and the biocenosis associated with humans, as well as the main directions of preventive entry. We conducted a study on the monitoring of trichinosis infestation. We found that the territory of Ukraine has a stationary unfavorable incidence of trichinosis in pigs, and the most significant number of pig carcasses infected with larvae – 76.5 % were registered in Mykolaioblast. Z'yasovanie natural causes of trichinosis, as revealed in the Transcarpathian, Mykolaiv, and Kharkiv regions. The dominating significance of the circulation of the bug is given to the invasion of the environment of the wild fauna lies the red fox. At the same time, there is an important creature in the circulation of the census between the synanthropic and natural centers. With laboratory studies of carcasses of creatures infected with Trichinella larvae, it is possible to show a significant advantage to the method of over-etching of muscles in piece stomach juice is equal to compressor trichineloscopy. These methods objectively characterize the intensity of invasion in skin creatures and show their role in the circulation of trichinosis. Due to the support of the European legislation, the first leaders are to introduce into the practice of veterinary medicine in Ukraine new methods for post-life and prosperous diagnosis of trichinosis. The system for the complex of entry into the prevention and elimination of trichinosis of creatures is guilty of including preventive measures and the prevention of endemic middle infections.

THE METHOD OF CHEMICAL FERMENTATION IN ARTIFICIAL GASTROINTESTINAL JUICE OF ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS LARVOCYST AS A METHOD FOR OBTAINING A URIFIED VIABLE PROTOSCOLEX CULTURE

For the first time in the world, a pure viable culture of E. multilocularis protoscolexes was isolated by digesting the parasite's larvocysts in artificial gastric juice. The article describes a unique biological, biochemical method for obtaining a culture of E. multilocularis protoscolexes purified from the connective and other tissues of the parasite larvocysts, including dead/immature protoscolexes during isolation. Methods based on the digestion of tissues in artificial gastric juice (IGF) have proven themselves well, especially in the laboratory diagnosis of trichinosis. Mixed with IGS at the rate of 1:10 (1 g of larvocyst fragments per 15 ml of solution) of the following composition: tap water – 1000 cm3 (temperature 41–42 oC); concentrated hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.2) – 10 cm3; food pepsin – 6.0 g; NaCl – 9.0 g. The developed method guarantees the production of viable protoscolexes of the parasite. The viability of the isolated protoscolexes was assessed by sediment microscopy with a 4×10 lens magnification for their integrity, locomotor activity, and the presence/absence of foreign matter. The method is simple to perform, does not require additional equipment and high material costs, allows you to increase the yield of pure viable E. multilocularis protoscolexes up to 95–98%.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of trichinosis: literature review and description of the case of invasion

With the previously fairly wide prevalence of trichinosis, the disease has become less frequent in statistical reports in recent years. The aim of this work was to analyze the clinical and epidemiological features of trichinellosis in the Russian Federation at the present stage and to describe a case of trichinellosis registered in 2018 in the Yaroslavl region. Trichinosis is a natural focal disease, the main foci of which are formed among wild animals. A person is much less likely to be involved in the epidemic process. At the same time, the disease can occur with characteristic clinical manifestations (fever, eosinophilia, facial edema), and atypically. The article presents a case of an atypical erased course of the disease, which at the initial treatment did not allow to suspect the presence of parasitosis. In this regard, an important role in the diagnosis of trichinosis, in addition to traditional laboratory studies, acquires an epidemiological history.

Диагностика трихинеллеза на ранних стадиях развития личинок

Objective of research. The purpose of the study is the Confirmation of the diagnosis of trichinosis depends on many factors, among which is the sampling of muscle tissue from some of the most infested parts of the carcass, method of research and the equipment used. Materials and methods. The research material were samples of muscle tissue from experimentally T. spiralis infected rats. Was infected 18 white mongrel rats weighing 90-100g at a dose of 10 l/G. For the early diagnosis of trichinosis when the rats were killed with 6 to day 24 after infection. First investigated by the compressor method available and the most affected muscles: the diaphragm, masseter and chest muscles by increasing (x 25, 50, 100). Each term is made photomicrographs of larvae on the slices. Then the samples of the hindlimb muscle mass of 50 g was investigated by automated method of peptonize apparatus Gastros. At the end of the cycle of operation of the apparatus when microscopy was considered the quantity of larvae and their morphological development. Selected larvae 16 to 18 days of age have been infected mice (bioassay). After 35-36 days carcass mice were fully exposed topatolisfor the detection of Trichinella spp. Results and discussion. When peptonize automated method muscle tissue of rats infected with larvae of T. spiralis, found that larvae aged from 10 to 15 days after infection by the method are not detected. Trichinae isolated from 16-day-old, identified by microscopy, despite the lack of size of the larvae. The massive selection of Trichinella spp. begins with the 17th day after infection, when most of the larvae reaches invasionist. Non-encapsulated trichinae 16 days of age become invasive, which showed successful infection of white mice with larvae that are highlighted after peptonize. According to the results of a biosample main mass of larvae becomes infective to 19-20 days after infection. Thus, an automated method of peptonize muscle tissue easily diagnose the infection of animals with non-encapsulated larvae of Trichinella spp. that are difficult or sometimes impossible in compressor research. Diagnosis of trichinosis by automated method is most effective when the larvae of invasionist.

Neurotrichinosis in a Pediatric Patient

To the Editors: Neurotrichinosis is an infrequent but severe form of trichinosis. Pediatric neurotrichinosis reports in the medical literature are scarce and mostly outdated. We report a case of neurotrichinosis in a 14-year-old girl from a rural area in Argentina (province of La Pampa). The patient presented with a history of intermittent fever, fatigue and myalgia for 1 month before admission to the hospital, associated with progressive loss of function of the lower limbs. She had no significant previous medical history and had normal neurologic development. All the other members in her household were asymptomatic. The initial physical examination revealed an afebrile, sick-looking child, with weakness of the soft palate, left facial hemiparesis and bilateral brachiocrural hemiparesis, exhaustible clonus and loss of abdominal reflexes. Blood tests showed leukocytosis with severe eosinophilia (4500/mm3), elevated creatine phosphokinase (164 IU/mL) and lactate dehydrogenase (460 IU/mL), without other significant findings. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was normal, and blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures were negative for bacteria and fungi. Eye and cardiologic examinations and abdominal and muscle ultrasound examinations were normal. Trichinella spiralis-specific serology (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was positive. On further questioning, the patient remembered intake of undercooked homemade pork products (charcuterie) 2 weeks before onset of symptoms. No other members of her family had ingested the products, explaining the lack of symptoms in the rest of the household. Brain computed tomography (CT) revealed hypodense, multifocal, small lesions in the cortex and white substance consistent with ischemia; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed multifocal lesions hypointense in T1-weighted images and hyperintense in T2-weighted images. (Fig. 1)FIGURE 1: Brain MRI showed hypodense focal lesions in the white substance and in the periependymal region that enhance with contrast, without mass effect.The patient was treated with oral albendazole, 800 mg/day in 2 daily doses for 5 days, and oral methylprednisone, 1 mg/kg/day in 2 daily doses for 10 days. Within 4 days of treatment, muscle strength, hemiparesis, motility of the soft palate improved and muscle enzymes decreased in blood. After a week of treatment, myalgia receded and she was able to walk again. One month post-treatment, the patient was back to her normal activities, without sequelae; the follow-up CT showed full recovery. Trichinosis is caused by infection with the larvae of T. spiralis due to the ingestion of undercooked, contaminated meat (mainly pork, horsemeat and game). An estimated 10,000 cases of trichinellosis occur every year worldwide, with a death rate of 0.2%, according to reports from 55 countries where trichinellosis occurs autochthonously.1 The diagnosis of trichinosis is based on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory, serological tests and imaging (CT or MRI).1–3 Eosinophilia frequently appears 10 days after infection, peaking at the third or fourth week, followed by a gradual decline over months. Myositis, marked by myalgia and increased muscle enzymes in blood, is a common finding.1,4 Neurotriquinosis is a rare complication, characterized by altered level of consciousness and, frequently, somnolence and apathy. Anisocoria, facial nerve paresis and Babinsky’s reflexes have also been observed in severe cases.1,5 Our patient had central nervous system involvement evidenced by weakness and lesions consistent with ischemia in CT and MRI. Central nervous system localization is a rare but serious presentation and limited cases were reported,5,6 with few pediatric reports. Signs of central nervous system infection are evident in the phase of larval migration or tissue invasion, which begins at the end of the second week of illness and persists for 4 weeks. Several mechanisms have been proposed as responsible for the development of brain lesions, including cerebral blood vessels obstruction by larvae, cysts or granulomas, inflammation of brain parenchyma and reactive vasculitis with secondary thrombosis and infarction.2,7–9 As observed in our patient, treatment with corticosteroids rapidly improves myositis and vasculitis-related symptoms and prevents complications. Steroids should always be administered in combination with antihelmintics such as albendazole.2,4 In our patient, we observed clinical improvement after 4 days of treatment. Guillermo Moscatelli, MD Samanta Moroni, MD Facundo García Bournissen, MD Jaime Altcheh, MD Department of Parasitology Sordelli Nora, MD , De Mena Arturo, MD, Manonelles Gabriela, MD, Unit 10 Ricardo Gutierrez Childrens Hospital Buenos Aires, Argentina

Epidemiology of Trichinella spiralis infections in the Eifel region, 1982

In November 1982 146 persons became ill within a few days with trichinosis in Bitburg (GFR). Prompt epidemiological and immunodiagnostic investigations demonstrated the high likelihood of infection by ingestion of raw sausage produced at a butcher's near Bitburg. The diagnosis of trichinosis could be ascertained still in the acute phase of disease by demonstration of the Trichinella larvae in peripheral blood. Retrospective analysis of earlier disease from the same area showed that the same infection source had led to a smaller epidemic already in August/September of 1982. This investigation confirms that epidemic trichinosis may occur in the GFR despite law-enforced assessment of meat for Trichinella. However, by combination of epidemiological and immunodiagnostic methods the mode and source of infection can be established promptly and reliably.

Indirect hemagglutination test for diagnosis of trichinosis.

Indirect hemagglutination test for diagnosis of trichinosis.

The eosinophil stimulation promoter test in murine and human Trichinella spiralis infection.

A test for the lymphokine eosinophil stimulation promoter (ESP) has been adapted to the study of Trichinella spiralis infections in mice and has been used as an aid in the diagnosis of trichinosis in a patient. With use of soluble antigen extracted from T. spiralis larvae and peritoneal exudate cells rich in eosinophils obtained from mice with trichinosis of four weeks' duration, a dose-response curve was constructed and analyzed. The soluble larval antigens greatly enhanced the migration of eosinophils from the mice with trichinosis but had no effect on the eosinophils from mice with schistosomiasis, nor did soluble schistosome egg antigens have any effect on the cells from mice with trichinosis. On two occasions peripheral white blood cells from a patient with presumed T. spiralis infection gave strongly positive results in ESP tests on stimulation with soluble larval antigen, but the cells did not respond significantly to soluble schistosome egg antigen; the result in the ESP test was positive before the patient's serum produced a weakly positive agglutination response.

Trichinosis in Man and Animals

In this volume, which provides a total coverage of trichinosis, the chapters which will interest clinicians most are those written by the editor, discussing pathology, symptomatology, and diagnosis of trichinosis. All practical procedures for approach to the diagnosis and treatment are nicely illustrated. Although the life cycle of the trichina is well worked out, and elaborate presentation of the anatomy is effectively given, diagnosis of trichinosis in early stages remains difficult, and specific drug treatment, in spite of extensive study of many agents, is not yet determined. In the chapter by Kagan and Norman the problems of immunology are directed toward broad clinical diagnostic application. The last fourth of the book exhibits the world distribution of trichinosis in animals and man, and other chapters combine to make this an excellent reference text, for investigator and public health practitioner.

Card Flocculation Test in the Field Diagnosis of Trichinosis

Card Flocculation Test in the Field Diagnosis of Trichinosis

THE ELECTROMYOGRAM IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TRICHINOSIS.

THE ETIOLOGICAL agent of trichinosis, Trichinella spiralis , was first discovered in the encysted larval stage in the muscles of patients who were autopsied in London by Peacock in 1828. Virchow in 1859 to 1860 showed that when the cysts found in hogs' flesh were fed to host animals, they would grow to adults in a few days, and that females in the duodenal wall produced living young which migrated to muscles and later encysted. In 1869, Zenker demonstrated that hypereosinophilia was highly suggestive of trichinosis. During the latter part of the 19th century and the early part of the present century, the disease was recognized as an important public health problem. Within the past several years, it has again had special consideration by health authorities, physicians, and medical parasitologists, particularly in the United States, where repeated epidemics and a few deaths have occurred in the groups who have eaten trichinous

The Use of Metabolic Antigens in the Flocculation Tests for the Serologic Diagnosis of Trichinosis

The Use of Metabolic Antigens in the Flocculation Tests for the Serologic Diagnosis of Trichinosis

Use of hemagglutination in the diagnosis of trichinosis.

Use of hemagglutination in the diagnosis of trichinosis.

The flocculation test with a purified antigen in the diagnosis of trichinosis in humans.

The flocculation test with a purified antigen in the diagnosis of trichinosis in humans.

The Use of an Acid Soluble Protein Fraction in the Flocculation Test for the Diagnosis of Trichinosis

The Use of an Acid Soluble Protein Fraction in the Flocculation Test for the Diagnosis of Trichinosis

Flocculation Test in Sera from Hogs Experimentally and Naturally Infected with Trichinella spiralis

Many investigators have reported observations on the use of serological tests in the diagnosis of infections with Trichinella spiralis, but most of the work has been with infections in man or small laboratory animals. The relatively smaller amount of work that has been done using the hog as a test animal has given conflicting results (Augustine and Theiler, 1932; Bachman and Rodriguez-Molina, 1933; Spindler, Cross, and Avery, 1941; Gaase, 1949; Suessenguth, 1947; and Wagner, 1949), and the value of the serological tests for trichinosis in swine is still debatable. Bozicevich, Tobie, Thomas, Hayem, and Ward (1951) described a simple rapid flocculation test for the diagnosis of trichinosis employing as antigen a saline extract of trichina larvae adsorbed on uniform-sized bentonite particles. In view of the great practical importance of being able to detect infections in pigs in the abattoir before the meat reaches the population for general consumption, it was felt that further work with this test with attention to the time of infection and quantitative relationships was needed. Therefore, three experiments were undertaken to study the possibility of detecting serologically infections of various duration in hogs infected with graded doses of larvae. A fourth experiment was designed to test the sensitivity of the flocculation test in detecting normally occurring infections in pigs at the time they are slaughtered.

Incidence of subclinical trichinosis in children; observations based on reaction to intradermal test with Trichinella antigen.

TRICHINOSIS has been studied for more than 100 years and has caused many epidemics throughout this country. Despite this fact, there is a paucity of data regarding the incidence of this infection in American children. Strobel,1in 1911, introduced the first immunologic test for the diagnosis of trichinosis. This method was not widely used until 1928, when Bachmann * improved the antigen and described a precipitin test as well as an intradermal reaction in rabbits and guinea pigs infected with Trichinella. Between 1932 and 1941, other workers † studied the Bachman intradermal test and made various modifications. They concluded that patients with trichinosis gave an immediate positive skin reaction 11 to 43 days after infection in 74 to 98% of cases. Sawitz,8 in 1937, skin tested 200 patients using Trichinella antigen and found 5% had positive reactions. None of these persons gave a clinical history of trichinosis. Rose and Culbertson,

Trichinosis with liver dysfunction, hypoalbuminemia, and thyhoid agglutinins.

Trichinosis appears to be one of the commonest and most important parasitic diseases in this country.1Routine postmortem examination of diaphragms, using the improved technique of the peptic digest method, has revealed the presence of Trichinella spiralis cysts in about 37%.2Infestation with this roundworm is commonly the result of ingestion of partially cooked or raw pork containing the encysted larvae, and the disease is endemic wherever pork is eaten. The diagnosis of trichinosis is obvious in the presence of a history of pork ingestion, edema of the eyelids, muscle pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and respiratory symptoms. Eosinophilia is probably the most valuable laboratory diagnostic aid, although it may fluctuate widely.3The widespread dissemination of the larvae4accounts for the common confusion of trichinosis with acute respiratory infection, acute nephritis, rheumatism, various gastrointestinal disorders, undulant fever, and tuberculosis. A mistaken diagnosis of primary

Xenodiagnostic technic as an aid in diagnosis of trichinosis.

SummaryA study was made of 100 human diaphragms in Mexico City to determine the incidence and degree of infection with T. spiralis.Direct microscopic examination of samples weighing 50 gm. or more revealed a very high incidence (15 per cent) of low grade infections. Twelve of the 15 positive cases showed less than 1 cyst per gm. of tissue, while 9 showed less than 1 cyst per 10 gm. of tissue.Xenodiagnosis, using albino rats, was used to detect viability in the positive cases. This method is proposed as a means of detecting all cases having viable larvae in future survey work.

A Rapid Flocculation Test for the Diagnosis of Trichinosis

The value of complement fixation and precipitin reactions as aids in the diagnosis of trichinosis has been pointed out by Bozicevich (1), Culbertson (2), and others. However, certain of these tests have disadvantages, including the long period of time before results are obtained, the occurrence of nonspecific reactions, and the requirement of highly trained personnel. Suessenguth and Kline (3) described a flocculation test for trichinosis in which the antigen consisted of cholesterin crystals coated with an alkaline aqueous extract of powdered trichina larvae. In our hands, their flocculation test gave some falsely positive reactions, and the antigen was not stable. It is hoped that the flocculation test herein described may overcome many of these difficulties so that a rapid and specific test for the diagnosis of trichinosis will be available.