Diachronic Relation Research Articles

Diagenesis of the Marinoan cap dolostone, Southern Amazon Craton: An unconventional petroleum system in the evolution of the Araras-Alto Paraguai Basin

The post-snowball Earth world favors the development of hydrocarbon source rock intimately linked to periods of post-glacial marine transgression generating important potential petroleum plays. In the Southern Amazon Craton, hydrocarbons occur in one of the most spectacular examples of post-Marinoan cap carbonate, related to the mid-Ediacaran to Early Cambrian (c. Post 635 Ma) interval associated with the early stabilization of the Gondwana Supercontinent. The Puga cap carbonate consists of the basal portion of the Araras Group exposed in the Araras Alto-Paraguai Basin inserted as a reservoir in an unconventional petroleum system. The cap dolostone overlies diamictites and is overlaid by bituminous limestone and shales (source-rock), and dolostone in the top of a 700 m-thick depositional sequence. The cap dolostone has a diachronic relation with the limestone beds typifying as a secondary reservoir characterized by bitumen-filled fenestral and interpeloidal porosity. The upper dolostone has a closed framework and acts as sealing rocks. This study aims to establish paragenesis sequence and decipher its control on the quality of the cap dolostone as a microbialites-dominated reservoir. Drill core and outcrop samples were analyzed using microfacies, scanning electron microscopy, and cathodoluminescence to unravel the diagenetic history. Aftermath, the Marinoan events favored dolomuds precipitation in the shallow platforms, preserving primary porosity and permeability reduced by early gypsum cementation during oversaturation events. Other destructive processes, such as mechanical and chemical compaction (e.g., stylolites) and authigenesis of pyrite and low-Mg ferroan calcite cementation, occurred during burial and mesodiagenesis. The low permeability restricts hydrocarbon migration concentrated in the upper cap dolostone, and the early cementation increases the potential for preserving these carbonate deposits. Hydrocarbon maturation was triggered during the burial and uplift of the Araras-Alto Paraguai basin. The cementation phases described here enhance our understanding of the mechanisms behind syndepositional diagenesis in microbially-induced reservoirs. This study uses proxies associated with diagenetic studies to quantify the quality of microbially induced dolostone reservoir linked to the evolution of the Neoproterozoic unconventional petroleum system. In addition, this conception will promote a guide for future exploration and understanding of petroleum plays and suggests a possible Precambrian source rocks component of traditional Phanerozoic Petroleum systems in the central part of Brazil.

Changing Gender of Self-Reference in the Polish Dialects of the Silesian Beskids

ABSTRACT This article deals with the masculine gender of self-reference in women's speech attested in the Polish dialects of the Silesian Beskids. It aims at identifying the diachronic relation between this phenomenon and the neuter gender used in the same function in the adjacent territories. Children – irrespective of sex – developed the neuter gender of self-reference in parallel to neuter forms they were addressed with but replaced it with the natural gender while growing up. As this convention gradually declined in males' speech, a three-step schema of development emerged in the case of females, viz. neuter → masculine → feminine. This unusual schema was subsequently reduced to a new two-step one, viz. masculine → feminine, which, in turn, could be reduced to the masculine gender alone. While the Polish material is sufficient for substantiating this interpretation, the main points are corroborated by comparative Slavic – mainly Czech and Slovenian – data. Special attention has been paid to lay accounts, which provide more detailed information than professional ones.

CONDITIONAL CONVERB IN FOREST ENETS: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY OF ITS SYSTEM OF USES

This corpus-based study examines the functions of the conditional converb in Forest Enets and investigates the differences in its use between two generations of Enets speakers. In line with the previous descriptions, independent clauses with conditional converbs are used as self-addressed questions (yes/no, special, and alternative questions). The conditional converb of the verb ɛ ‘be’ when used with numerals is developing into a marker of approximation. Dependent clauses with conditional converbs include protases of conditional and concessive conditional constructions as well as complement clauses. This study discusses the diachronic relation between independent clauses with conditional converbs and the protasis of conditional constructions and concludes that either of the two directions of development is possible. Complement clauses with conditional converbs include, first, irrealis complements to negative propositional attitude predicates (dʲɔxara ‘not know’, dʲurta ‘forget’), which, showing signs of relatively recent grammaticalization, have hitherto received scant attention by scholars, and, second, sentential subjects in modal constructions with such predicates as sɔjza ‘good’, bɔɔ ‘bad’ etc. To compare the use of the Enets conditional converb across types of clauses and generations of speakers, this paper analyses the occurrence of the future tense marker on the converb, the order of clauses in multi-clause constructions, the range of verbs in the main and in the dependent clauses. Many of these parameters can be interpreted as the signs of the growing level of clause integration in the process of grammaticalization of polypredicative constructions.

What a Change! A Diachronic Study of Exclamative What Constructions

Exclamative constructions fronted by what are generally agreed to be one of the prototypical realizations of the English exclamative clause type. This paper argues that what acts as a degree modifier in these constructions and aims to investigate how what came to be an introductory degree marker of English exclamatives. It examines the diachronic relation between full exclamative what constructions ( What a pity it is!) and verbless exclamative constructions ( What a pity!), which are usually assumed to be the result of ellipsis. In addition, this paper comments on what’s role as a degree modifier and a marker of subjectivity and mirativity.

Seng Zhao’s “Prajñā is Without Knowledge”: Collapsing the Two Truths from Critique to Affirmation

This essay explores one of the first distinctively Sinitic reappropriations of Madhyamaka epistemology: Seng Zhao’s essay “Prajnā is Without Knowledge.” Seng Zhao’s work is here read as a deliberate collapse of the traditional Madhyamaka Two Truths into two simultaneous aspects of sagely wisdom, rather than a diachronic means-end relation, arriving at a crypto-Zhuangzian “trivialist” conclusion aimed at undermining epistemological bivalence at its roots. For Seng Zhao, because nothing can be established as true, nothing can be excluded as false. Here the understanding of Emptiness has become not the exclusion of all views, but the inclusion of all views. This is rooted in Seng Zhao’s view that, to use Jan Westerhoff’s terms, the denial of substance-svabhāva is always also implicitly the denial of essence-svabhāva. Seng Zhao move from Emptiness as exclusion to Emptiness as inclusion, and from denial of ontological substance to denial of mutually exclusive determinateness, sets the agenda for the distinctive developments of classical Chinese Buddhist philosophy to come.

Collective suffixes and ad hoc categories: from Latin -āliato Italian -aglia

AbstractThe expression of ad hoc categories ranges from discourse-level to syntactic and morphological strategies. Considering derivation in particular, it has been observed that also collective suffixes can be used for the identification of context-dependent sets. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relation between collectives and ad hoc categories by focusing on the Italian suffix -agliaand by discussing its diachronic relation with the Latin neuter nouns ending in -ālia. The discussion concerning the notion of collective will take into account a recent proposal that distinguishes between collective nouns, aggregate nouns, and superordinates. As will be shown, aggregate nouns are of particular interest for interpreting some Latinpluralia tantumin -āliathat denote sets of heterogeneous entities with similar properties. The same possibility to derive aggregate nouns characterizes the suffix -agliathat, when attached to proper nouns, can also convey associative meanings, or denote categories including persons and situations that share the named exemplar as a common denominator. As the analysis will show, the development of these functions correlates with the mechanisms of (inter)subjectification.

RITUAL INNOVATION IN NUMBERS 18?

The paper engages with Numbers 18 in the light of the recent debate on ritual innovation. The focus is especially on verses 8-20 and the ‘ portion ’ of the priests, or more specifically the Aaronides. The intertextual links between Numbers 18 and other texts in Leviticus are first explored, including texts referring to the firstborn and the ban in Leviticus 27, but also Leviticus 3 and possible links with the peace offering. The article then seeks to find clarity on the diachronic relation between these different texts, before venturing into the debate on ritual innovation. Even-tually the article also explores the obvious interests of the priests and how ritualised texts are used in the service of economic innovation.

When synchrony overtakes diachrony: Perspectives on the relationship between the Deuteronomic Code and the Holiness Code

The review article offers an extensive critique on the recent book by Benjamin Kilchor. The article approaches his work from the perspective of Leviticus and recent debates on this biblical book. It starts by examining with Kilchor’s introduction and the methodology he selects, and then focuses on Leviticus 19 and 25 and their diachronic relation to texts from Exodus and Deuteronomy. The article finds many of the arguments offered by Kilchor to be wanting.

The development of the as-Secondary Predicate Construction: constructionalization and internalization

The English Secondary Predicate Construction (SPC) establishes a predicative relation between a Noun Phrase and a Secondary Predicate XP (I consider himNPintelligentXP). This relation can be left unmarked in the zero-SPC (I find it Ø complicated), or it can be signalled by as in the as-SPC (I regard him as my friend). While the developments of the zero-SPC have been well documented, much remains to be said about the evolution of the as-SPC and its diachronic relation with the zero-SPC. This paper aims to examine this issue by means of a corpus-based study of the development of the as-SPC from Middle English to Late Modern English, and it compares this development with the evolution of the zero-SPC. It is argued that the as-SPC was established as a result of grammatical constructionalization of the preposition as to a predicative marker, thus paving the way for an internalization process in the as-SPC. This internalization process is similar to the one described for the zero-SPC, which may suggest influence from one development on the other. In particular, it is argued that the zero-SPC functioned as the model construction, whose distribution was to a large extent copied by the as-SPC. These findings shed new light on diachronic relations in the case of functionally similar constructions.

From ape empathy to human morality?

The idea that empathy provides an important developmental precursor to moral decision-making possesses significant conceptual appeal. However, the idea of a necessary, diachronic relation between empathy and morality has been rejected recently (by Prinz 2011, amongst others). This article reassesses the strength of the claim that empathy is developmentally necessary for (at least some forms of) morality and argues that the position remains a live possibility.

Writing the city: London as urban palimpsest in Louis Ferdinand Céline's Guignol's Band I & II

Written between 1940 and 1945, Celine’s third novel, Guignol’s Band I and II, evokes early World War One London where Celine spent twelve carefree months in 1915 and 1916. The diachronic relation between narration and narrative is often referred to throughout the novel, emphasizing its temporal layering, the merging of fiction and reality, and the role played by memory. Close to the London-based French underworld, Celine’s semi auto-fictional protagonist Ferdinand roams the streets of the city, where he encounters numerous burlesque characters and tries to escape both from the police and members of the ‘milieu’ (mafia). This article argues that writing London and following his character wandering around its streets enables Celine to disclose the fundamental modernist wandering and palimpsestic qualities of words, language, narrative and literature themselves. To do so, it analyses the London represented in Celine’s novel and shows that it is constructed as urban, cultural and narrative palimpsests. It als...

Loanword Phonology, Lexical Exceptions, Morphologically Driven Underapplication, and the Nature of Positionally Biased Constraints

In this paper we provide a formal account for underapplication of vowel reduction to schwa in Majorcan Catalan loanwords and learned words. On the basis of the comparison of these data with those concerning productive derivation and verbal inflection, which show analogous patterns, in this paper we also explore the existing —and not yet acknowledged— correlation between those processes that exhibit a particular behaviour in the loanword phonology with respect to the native phonology of the language, those processes that show lexical exceptions and those processes that underapply due to morphological reasons. In light of the analysis of the very same data and taking into account the aforementioned correlation, we show how there might exist a natural diachronic relation between two kinds of Optimality Theory constraints which are commonly used but, in principle, mutually exclusive: positional faithfulness and contextual markedness constraints. Overall, phonological productivity is proven to be crucial in three respects: first, as a context of the grammar, given that «underapplication» is systematically found in what we call the productive phonology of the dialect (including loanwords, learned words, productive derivation and verbal inflection); second, as a trigger or blocker of processes, in that the productivity or the lack of productivity of a specific process or constraint in the language is what explains whether it is challenged or not in any of the depicted situations, and, third, as a guiding principle which can explain the transition from the historical to the synchronic phonology of a linguistic variety.

Verkets förvandlingar

Transformations of the Work: Ekelöf, Bergman, and Genetic criticism
 This article discusses genetic criticism as an interdisciplinary field of study, focusing on its application in the analysis of film and literature. Genetic criticism analyses works of art as textual histories, placing particular emphasis on the creative process, rather than the “final” state of the work. The object of study is the “avant-texte”; traditionally understood as the critical reconstruction and examination of author’s drafts, manuscripts, proofs, and other kinds of annotations. Over the past few years, the application of genetic criticism has expanded to include a variety of media and art forms; this article dicusses the implications of these new interdisciplinary perspectives. The article presents a general theoretical introduction to genetic criticism, followed by two case studies involving the works of Gunnar Ekelöf and Ingmar Bergman. In both cases, the key concept of the “avant-texte” is discussed; however, in the study of film, the diachronic relation between “text” and “avant-texte” is reevaluated. Here, the intermedial dimension of the filmic text is reinforced, and issues pertaining to media materiality and technological media in film aesthetics alter the conception of “original”, “copy” and “version”.
 There are a number of similarities and differences between Ekelöf and Bergman as writers and creators. Both use older drafts and notebooks extensively and, in both cases, the process of invention seems to emerge in the very material process of writing. Yet, Bergman’s notebooks are clearly focused, and may be regarded as an open genre suggesting new forms of mediation. By contrast, Ekelöf ’s continuous drafting of the same poem may be regarded both as a method of writing and a special trait in the author’s poetics. Ekelöf and Bergman both exemplify mediaspecific processes of creation, the various aspects of the “avant-texte”, and the ways in which the “avant-texte” suggests different aesthetic approaches to the work of art and artistic creation.
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Absent arguments on the Absentive: an exercise in silent syntax. Grammatical category or just pragmatic inference?

Abstract It will be claimed that given the highly situationally restricted context triggering the Absentive meaning under any of the available construals, the occurrence of the Ab-sentive is not a grammatical category. Nor is there a viable diachronic relation with the PP-Progressive in German and other languages such as English. Admittedly, this leaves unaccounted for the fine gradual distance-semantic difference between the Bare Infinitive and the PP-Progressive in German. What appears to provide a further argument against the general categorical status of this construal is the fact that reading does not emerge under any construction type in the Slavic languages.

Censura: razão de Estado ou razão de bando?

Censura: Razão de Estado ou Razão de Bando? Esta pesquisa tem por objeto a relação diacrônica fenomenologicamente quantificada entre o signo “censura” e seu “objeto” na semiose (ação sígnica) censória do corpo, assim como a recepção do signo “censura” pela Nomogogia latina, i.e., pela espécie lex de mando gráfico recepcionada pela Constituição Federal do Brasil. A pesquisa objetiva observar, descrevendo, o objeto ambivalente da “função censória”, partindo do genoma até sua manifestação corporal na conduta humana, nas suas sintaxes interétnicas, e na dinâmica das macrocoletividades brasileiras. Sobre tal objeto o autor superporá o método complexo físico-semiótico da Semioselogia, includente da fenomenologia Física (Heisenberg, Bohr, Lao Tzy), da Signologia (Peirce), e do Instrumento Operacional da Progmática (Modesto) em sintaxe com o método psicanalítico (Freud) e a Neurociência (Lau e Bartel). Espera resultar discriminadas a autocensura e a heterocensura, conforme analítica adiante. Sumário: 1. Censura: objeto ambivalente. Flexão desazo censório V semiose censória. 1.1. Coletividades censórias no planeta. Mosaico Emissor e Receptor por sim-sim, sim/não, não/sim, não-não. 1.2. Sonho: desacatos no mosaico censório vígil. 2. Censura dialetal. Signo em assimetrias coletivas. 3. Censura concentrada ordinária ou extraordinária. 3.1. Intermitência da coletividade-bando contrastando a coletividade-família. 3.2. Intermitências de coletividades-bando travestidas de coletividades-estado: índice de corrupção de uma etnia!1. Censura: objeto ambivalente. Flexão desazo censório V semiose censória. 1.1. Coletividades censórias no planeta. Mosaico Emissor e Receptor por sim-sim, sim/não, não/sim, não-não. 1.2. Sonho: desacatos no mosaico censório vígil. 2. Censura dialetal. Signo em assimetrias coletivas. 3. Censura concentrada ordinária ou extraordinária. 3.1. Intermitência da coletividade-bando contrastando a coletividade-família. 3.2. Intermitências de coletividades-bando travestidas de coletividades-estado: índice de corrupção de uma etnia!

Paleomagnetic Constraints on the Permian-Triassic Boundary in Terrestrial Strata of the Karoo Supergroup, South Africa: Implications for Causes of the End-Permian Extinction Event

The closure of the Palaeozoic witnessed the greatest biotic crisis in earth history. Surprisingly little is known about the effects and timing of the terrestrial counterpart of the well-described End-Permian mass extinction from known marine successions worldwide. In the present study, reliable paleomagnetic results were obtained from a PT boundary section in the terrestrial Karoo Basin of South Africa. Permo-Triassic aged mudstones from a locality in the Eastern Cape Province yielded two magnetic chrons, reverse followed by normal (with the boundary possibly close to the reversal). This extends to results from a previous study: thereby jointly identifying a R/N/R polarity pattern for this boundary interval. The PTB interval is constrained below the red mudstones of the Beaufort Group at the present locality and within reverse-magnetised green mudstone, implying a diachronic relation between the marine and terrestrial End-Permian mass extinction events.

The Completeness of Foucault's Table of the Classical Episteme

Now . . . where was I?1 Toward the end of his life, Kant kept a memorandum book to compensate for his failing memory. One entry, dated February 1802, refers to his recently dismissed manservant, Martin Lampe, who had apparently treated Kant in a disrespectful way. The entry reads: "The name of Lampe must now be remembered no more."2 This singular text lends itself to a number of different readings.3 Kant appears to have written down the name of Lampe to remind himself to forget it. The paradox, of course, is that at the very moment when the note is read, its recording of the name of Lampe delays the forgetting of the name of Lampe.4 This paradox is underscored by the note's sense of urgency: "The name of Lampe must now be remembered no more [der Name Lampe mus nun vollig vergessen werden]." This wording suggests that the name of Lampe was recorded by Kant not in order to be recalled later as that which must be forgotten, but in order to be instantaneously repressed. On this reading, Kant would not have written himself a reminder at all, for he would not have destined his text to a future reading; on the contrary, he would have attempted to erase the name of Lampe by writing it. It would be tempting to read this fragment of the Kantian corpus along the lines suggested by Derrida's reading of the scrap of paper on which Nietzsche wrote "I have forgotten my umbrella"-another seemingly isolated fragment that deals with issues of memory and forgetting.5 Kant's text recalls something that is to be forgotten, while Nietzsche's recalls something that has been forgotten. In both cases, there seems to be an irreducibly diachronic relation between the act of writing and the act of forgetting, for just as Kant cannot erase the name of Lampe at the very instant he records it, so Nietzsche cannot say that now, at this very moment, I am forgetting my umbrella. What is paradoxical about both fragments is that they attest to an act of forgetting, thereby running the risk of preserving in memory that which they would destine to oblivion. This is the exact inverse of what Husserl-in yet another posthumously published fragment-identifies as the role played by writing in the constitution of certain kinds of ideal objects. In "The Origin of Geometry," Husserl suggests that writing is an inherently ambiguous phenomenon in that it enables something to be remembered (the ideal sense expressed in a text) precisely insofar as it subjects it to the risk of being forgotten (insofar as the sense of written traces can be lost).6 This is why it is possible for a cultural tradition to be extended without being comprehended-or rather, to be understood at the level of its constituted meanings but in ignorance of the sense of the sedimented foundation upon which it rests. Husserl characterizes sedimentation as a "concrete, historical a priori."7 The task of the phenomenologist is to reanimate sedimented meanings by unearthing the sequence of historical a prioris that has led up to the present. Foucault also used the term "historical a priori" to refer to conditions for the possibility of forms of thought.8 But in his use of the term, the historical a priori refers not to that which was consciously deposited in writing and then forgotten but to something that governs thought without ever having been present in thought. For Foucault, the work of an archaeologist is not transcendental because the historical a priori cannot be traced back to a forgotten founding arche. This leads to a different conception of the relationship between writing and the historical a priori, and to a correspondingly different conception of what it means to inherit a literary tradition. For Husserl, a phenomenological reading has its point of departure in the assumption that what is to be read expresses an intention which the reading seeks to reanimate. But for Foucault, the archaeologist treats texts not as expressing manifest or hidden meanings, but as indicative symptoms of that which is precisely not expressed in them. …

A diachronic perspective on the identifying copulative in Bantu.

Identifying copulative constructions in Bantu can be classified into three broad categories, viz. nominal copulative structures, copulative structures in which invariable copulative prefixes appear as copulas and copulative structures in which copulative verbs function as copulas. In this article the diachronic relation between these three types of identifying copulatives is investigated. It is indicated that nominal copulative structures represent the prototypical copulative structure in Bantu and that it forms the pragmatic starting point from which other copulative constructions developed. It is further indicated that the development of copulative structures forms part of a process of grammaticalisation, according to which discourse structures are reinterpreted as syntactic structures, with accompanying rise of morphological marking strategies.

The Schematics of Continuant Identity

A natural, and popular, way to approach the identity of a continuant under a sortal F is to suppose there to be:(a) A synchronic F-unity relation, binding bits of a world-slice into discrete F-stages.(b) A diachronic F-unity relation, binding series of F-stages into F's.In a Minkowskian world, of course, the synchronic and diachronic relations must reveal themselves as simply aspects of a single unity relation for F. But since the proper time of the continuant itself is the most natural generator of space and time axes, the decomposition of the unity-relation into (a) and (b) will normally be effortless.

Diachronic correlation, process analysis and causal analysis

We have introduced three parameters of bivariate diachronic relation, viz.: Listed like this one sees clearly how limited a concept of causal relations based on maximum constancy, regularity, monotonicity and invariance is. One also sees how it has at all been possible to develop this concept on the basis of synchronic correlation: simply by assuming constancy and monotonicity over time, or by failing to notice these aspects of the relation. The focus has been on regularity, which has then been approached by means of synchronic correlation even though these correlations are often quite different from the corresponding diachronic correlations. Most of the emphasis has been on the condition of invariance, with completely unrealistic and hence rather uninteresting conditions for a relation to be referred to as causal. But if we 1. introduce diachronic analysis and 2. relax these conditions, then more interesting conceptions on how social affairs can be studied develop. One might now construct a typology of sixteen types of relations depending on whether the four parameters above can be classified as high or low, but we shall not develop that scholastic exercise completely. Rather, it should be emphasized that the four are independent of each other so that all combinations are possible; and this can be used for a final definition: In other words, we shall prefer to use the term “causality” when the diachronic relation is characterized by very high values of constancy, regularity and monotonicity, and divide them into universal and particular relations depending on whether they hold under a very wide or very narrow variety of conditions. The same distinction will also be used for processes, which in general are diachronic relations characterized by lower values of constancy, regularity and monotonicity. Of course, if all these values are very low, then there is no relation at all to speak of.