From Physical Radience To Moral Purity: The Diachronic Evolution Of The ‘Light’ Axiological Frame (From PIE To Old English) This study explores the evolutionary trajectory of the axiological frame ‘Light’ from its Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots to its conceptualization in Old English homiletic prose. Using a diachronic approach, the research traces the semantic shift of the PIE root *leuk-, which originally denoted physical brightness and celestial phenomena, as it transitioned into the Germanic heroic and subsequently, Christian ethical systems. The analysis reveals a two-stage recalibration of the frame. In the heroic period, light was primarily associated with martial prestige, social status, and the luster of physical wealth (glittering of gold and weaponry). However, with the onset of Christianization, specifically in the works of Ælfric of Eynsham, the frame underwent a profound metaphorical mapping. The physical attribute of ‘brightness’ was reoriented toward the vertical axis of virtue, representing spiritual purity and divine wisdom. By examining these axiological gradients, the study demonstrates, how the linguistic scaling of light served as a didactic tool to prioritize intangible spiritual values over the ephemeral physical world.

The development of Madiun from 1900 to the 2000s was shaped by political, economic and infrastructure changes that influenced its urban structure. This research examines the city's transformation from the colonial (1990-1945) to the reform era (1998-now), focusing on the relationship between accessibility and the growth of new economic centres. Although previous studies have explored its development, they lack insights into this specific connection. Using a spatial and diachronic approach, the study analyses road networks, economic centres and urban structures using historical maps, together with journals, field surveys and satellite imagery. The data were processed in several stages: (1) georeferencing and digitising of the historical maps to align with contemporary spatial data; (2) mapping of road networks and economic centres using GIS-based network analysis; (3) land use classification and detection of changes from satellite imagery; and (4) validation of the results through field surveys at key locations. These steps, undertaken with the use of ArcGIS Pro, produced diachronic maps detailing urban changes and the spatial relationship between accessibility and economic growth. The findings reveal that accessibility, particularly through transportation networks, has been a key driver of new economic centres. Areas with high accessibility tend to host diverse and intensive economic activities. These centres have a significant influence on Madiun’s urban structure, with agricultural land decreasing from 47.01% in 1984 to 34.57% in 2024, while built-up areas, including residential zones, expanded from 52.99% to 65.43%. The expansion of residential areas, which reached 57.5% during the reform era, indicates a major shift in land use, driven by accessibility and economic growth. The centres also have a strong influence on Madiun's urban structure, with a transition from agriculture to residential, commercial and industrial functions. The research highlights the role of transportation infrastructure in shaping economic development and urban adaptation. It contributes valuable insights into the interplay between accessibility and economic centres, offering a reference for future urban planning to help foster sustainable growth in cities such as Madiun.

Introduction . The purpose of the article is a style classification of the architecture of Orthodox churches in the Rostov region of the period of romanticism, eclecticism and Art Nouveau. The object of research was the churches of the mid-19 th — early 20 th centuries, the subject of research is the style evolution of their architectural solutions. The relevance of the topic is due to insufficient study and the need to restore a number of churches of the studied period in the Rostov region. Materials and Methods . In the course of art history research, stylistic and comparative analysis, bibliographic method, photofixation, synchronic and diachronic approaches were applied. The materials were historical and modern photographs of facades and interiors, plans, sections, design drawings of the studied objects of cultural heritage, as well as their prototypes and analogues. Results . The article provides a holistic overview of the Don churches of the mid-19 th — early 20 th centuries. For a number of churches, architectural and artistic analysis was carried out for the first time, prototypes of compositional and decorative solutions were determined, and a style characteristic was given. It is shown that the style evolution of the Don church building of the period under consideration as a whole coincides with the all-Russian one. Monuments of Russian-Byzantine, Byzantine, Russian and Russian Revival styles are represented in the region. For the middle of the 19 th century, borrowings from the architecture of the 15 th century are characteristic, later the motifs of the “patterns” of the Moscow and Yaroslavl schools prevail, the motifs of Pskov and the Novgorod medieval architecture are less often used, in the Byzantine style — elements of the Middle Byzantine architecture. Discussion and Conclusion . Along with all-Russian trends, there are also regional features due to the geographical, historical and political context and traditionalism of the mentality of the Cossacks. Firstly, there is the abundance of Byzantine-style churches. Secondly, the duration of the eclectic stage which left many characteristic monuments. Thirdly, chronological brevity and restraint in the manifestation of modernity. Churches chronologically related to the non-Russian stage are stylistically close to late eclecticism, the techniques of which remain dominant, only slightly transforming under the influence of Art Nouveau. Orthodox churches of the mid-19 th — early 20 th centuries in the Rostov region can and should become a source of inspiration for modern architects who turn to church building.

<p>This paper systematically reviews 19 published papers on Tongshan dialect from 1979 to 2021, offering a comprehensive evaluation from multiple dimensions, including the publication timeline, key authors and institutions, research themes and hot topics, academic context and trends, existing issues, and prospects. The study finds that Tongshan dialect research has undergone a profound transformation from initial descriptions as part of regional dialects to becoming an independent and finely studied subject. Its research focus remains firmly grounded in historical phonology, with abundant achievements in phonetic description and historical evolution analysis. Grammar studies concentrate on distinctive sentence structures, while lexical and pragmatic research remains relatively underdeveloped. Future research should seek breakthroughs in expanding geographical coverage, deepening theoretical applications, conducting comparative studies that integrate synchronic and diachronic approaches, strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration, and enhancing language resource preservation, thereby advancing the field toward more comprehensive, systematic, and in-depth development.</p>

The relevance of turning to N. V. Emelyanov's monographic works on the Yakut olonkho epic (1980, 1983, 1990, 2000) is determined by the need to substantiate the stages of the formation and evolution of his research approach to the epic genre, which determined the purpose and objectives of this article. The article employs the same typological method of analyzing variants and texts of oral tradition that is characteristic of N. V. Emelyanov's works. At the same time, the historiographical focus of the article is also determined by a diachronic approach and a historical-scientific research method. The initial objectives of N. V. Emelyanov's research (1980) were related to the general systematization of the surviving “diversity” of plot variants of the Yakut olonkho (approximately 150 plots). However, already with his second monograph (1983), the research objectives began to expand, focusing on understanding the causes of the emergence of each particular epic narrative variety, divided into three main groups (I, II, III). In his final work (2000) – in the olonkho “about the defenders of the tribe” (III) – the scholar closely approaches a comprehensive formulation of the problem of the “poetic uniformity” of the olonkho (the Nurgun Bootur cycle), leading to a solution to the question of the holistic poetics of the Yakut epic. The novelty of this article lies in its first specific examination of the stages in the development of N.V. Emelyanov's scholarly understanding of the olonkho epic. The results of the study demonstrate that, throughout all stages of his study of the Yakut epic, the evolution of his own research approach and his methodology for analyzing epic material (variants) can be clearly traced. This article presents the evolution of the author's research approaches, based on a shift from fieldwork on the epic in the late 1950s to the formulation of a set of theoretical questions on the principles of epic narrative structure using this material in the 1990s. Ultimately, it must be acknowledged that N.V. Emelyanov's works not only fit into the general context of typological studies of 20th-century epic poetry but also represent a significant scientific milestone, defining the methodology and prospects of contemporary research on the olonkho epic.

With few exceptions, current research regarding tafsīr suercommentaries is mostly descriptive, lacking contextualization within the broader history of tafsīr. And in the rare studies that go beyond mere description, research is mostly focused on analyzing the explicit dialogues within these texts, leaving implicit intellectual dialogues largely underexplored. Therefore, texts that avoid or minimize open polemical discourse are often defined as repetitive or insignificant to the exegetical tradition. This article argues that careful comparative analysis of texts can uncover subtle but meaningful differences highlighting the underlying intellectual engagement within. As a case study, it examines three Ottoman-era commentaries on Tafsīr al-Jalālayn by al-ʾUjhūrī (d. 1190-1194/1776), al-Jamal (d. 1204/1790), and al-Ṣāwī (d. 1241/1825)—three successive scholars linked through a direct teacher-student lineage. Each author draws heavily on his mentor’s text while composing his own. Focusing on Āyat al-Nūr (24:35), this study employs a diachronic approach using vertical (lineage-based) analysis, redaction criticism and close comparative reading within the al-Jalālayn tradition. This reveals how each commentator engages with, amends or reinterprets the views of his predecessors. By focusing on changes in phrasing, citation preferences and interpretive strategies, the analysis highlights textual continuity and nuanced divergence stemming from the implicit intellectual discourse within these supercommentaries. The findings demonstrate that al-Jamal’s and al-Ṣāwī’s texts are not simple repetitions of established interpretations of the al-Jalālayn commentary tradition. Finally, this article concludes by acknowledging its scope as limited to a diachronic investigation of a single verse with a rich theological theme. It proposes further research to be conducted on these texts using horizontal analysis to contemporaneous texts, vertical analysis to texts preceding al-ʾUjhūrī and succeeding al-Ṣāwī and thematic studies focusing on verses with other dominant themes such as legal rulings and Qurʾānic narratives to achieve a fuller appreciation of the interpretive contributions of the exegetical tradition.

The article investigates the role of linguistic sign asymmetry in the development of terminological systems within natural sciences. The authors analyze the mechanisms of semantic transformations of scientific terms from a diachronic perspective and in the context of interlingual interaction. The study aims to reveal the key role of linguistic sign asymmetry as a mechanism for the development and stability of a linguistic system. The research is novel in that the investigation of the symmetry/asymmetry dichotomy in the context of semantic transformations of terminological systems is for the first time integrated into the study of the semiosis of scientific knowledge. The historiographical data presented on asymmetry/symmetry point to the possibility of studying it in relation to dynamic systems. The study of asymmetry in the harmonization of terminological systems highlights the interconnectedness between the formation of the scientific worldview and the development of branches of scientific knowledge. The results obtained demonstrated the dependence between changes in the scientific worldview and the dynamics of term meanings. The most accurate study of a term’s semantic scope and potential is achieved through the use of synchronic and diachronic approaches. The analysis presented offers a cognitive interpretation of the linguistic sign within scientific discourse. A particular role in shaping the scientific worldview is played by the deconstruction of its components under conditions of language contact (interlingual contacts) in the researcher’s mind.

In this paper, we analyze the nominal group in Dosoftei’s writings, with a focus on the possessor, adopting a diachronic approach. The paper is divided into two parts: the first outlines the theoretical framework, and the second presents the analysis of the corpus un-der investigation. In the theoretical section, we first discuss the con-cepts of nominal group and possessor. After defining the nominal group and describing its constituents, we examine the means of ex-pressing possession in Romanian—primarily the genitive, but also dative clitics, possessive adjectives, relative clauses, and prepositional phrases equivalent to the genitive. We then consider the peculiari-ties of the possessor as a syntactic function introduced in the Basic Grammar of the Romanian Language, focusing on the parts of speech by which it can be expressed. Regarding the corpus, we first address the substitution class of the possessor. We then describe complex nominal groups in which possessors co-occur with other syntactic positions, namely deter-miners, modifiers, and quantifiers. We discuss the internal structure of each nominal group and provide examples to support our analy-sis. Overall, the examination of the corpus reflects the complex possibilities for structuring the nominal group and illustrates the di-versity of syntactic constructions in Old Romanian with respect to the possessor.

The aim of the paper is to investigate evidence of colonial lag through the use of second person singular pronouns (SPSPs) in Colombian Spanish, a post-colonial language which developed as a result of language transplantation. The study uses Marckwardt’s (1958) and Görlach’s (1987) definitions of colonial lag, and Trudgill’s (1999, 2004), Hundt´s (2009) and Schreier´s (2013) observations on language transplantation as a basis for the investigation. A secondary aim is to demonstrate evidence of linguistic formality within the post-colonial society which can be linked to its colonial history and post-colonial development. The study employs a diachronic approach in which data collection was carried out via three sources in Bogotá: historical documents from 1800 – 1900, novels published between 1999 and 2002, and in-person, face-to-face exchanges carried out in 2009. SPSPs found in the data were analysed firstly to establish the meaning conveyed in each exchange and to determine if and how the use of SPSPs has changed across time. The examples of pronoun use were then analysed using GOLDVARB to ascertain how personal characteristics such as gender, age and socio-economic status influence their use. The results of the study posit that colonial lag, one of three predicted outcomes in the evolution of post-colonial languages, can be observed in the use of SPSPs in Bogotá, Colombia. It likewise provides evidence of formality in linguistic behaviour within Bogotá society which is reminiscent of the post-colonial society. Keywords: post-colonial languages, Colombian Spanish, colonial lag

Purpose: This study examines how principals’ exercise of individual autonomy and discretion shapes their roles as street-level managers, bridging the gap between strategic goals and operational demands in precarious institutional contexts. The paper contributes to an emerging area of research and offers valuable empirical evidence. Research Methods: A longitudinal qualitative design involved semi-structured interviews with 14 purposively sampled school principals over three years. Grounded theory principles guided data analysis, employing synchronic and diachronic approaches with open and axial coding. Triangulation and comparative category analysis were conducted iteratively. Findings: The analysis traces the evolution of principals’ strategies during the implementation of the Chilean New Public Education Law. In response to perceived abandonment by the middle tier, unclear guidelines, and community demands, principals exercised autonomy through three adaptive strategies: Collective Influence to strengthen systemic impact; Territorial Networks to secure essential resources; and Pedagogical Improvement to sustain educational quality despite challenges. These practices illustrate how principals adapted to the improvised reform and transformed institutional contexts. Implications for Research and Practice: This study contributes to the understanding of principals as street-level managers by documenting how their use of individual autonomy evolves to adapt and respond to educational reforms and institutional changes. It highlights the need for longitudinal research to capture how principals’ adaptive strategies influence policy design and implementation.

Abstract This study explores mobility in the Monti Lucretili district (Lazio, Italy) through a microregional perspective and a diachronic approach. We model historical pathways beyond primary routes, integrating secondary networks critical to the region’s socio-economic articulation. The model is tested against legacy data and reveals the persistence of mountain routes, shaped by geomorphological constraints and economic activities such as transhumance, agriculture, charcoal production and snow trade. GIS cost analysis and network science allow us to simulate movement patterns, highlighting how mobility facilitated resource exploitation and settlement dynamics from prehistory to modern times. The results challenge traditional historiographical perspectives that prioritise monumental settlements in fertile valleys. The model emphasises the role of upland landscapes in shaping regional connectivity. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of historical mobility networks and demonstrate their stability and functional adaptation over time.

Abstract How did Chinese citizens imagine their political subjectivity under the zero‐COVID regime? Our patchwork netnography of social media discussions (2020–22) analyzes how China's pandemic governance generalized and intensified “biopolitical paternalism”—a mode of rule that fused security, care, and economic rationality under the figure of a protective state. Our discursive, dynamic, and diachronic approach traces how people engaged in scalar inquiries about responsibility and community, alternately embracing, enforcing, and critiquing state power while internalizing and interrogating its neoliberal logic. As the implicit social contract—trading compliance for protection—began to fray, citizens envisioned a national community of shared suffering and challenged the regime's necropolitics. These struggles reveal how biopolitical paternalism shapes citizenship imaginaries in contested, uneven ways, with implications beyond China's pandemic moment.

ABSTRACT The Kalang indigenous community, rooted in cultural and historical heritage, developed distinctive architectural styles embodying social identity and craftsmanship as builder specialists. Among these, the principal facade holds particular significance as the most publicly visible aspect of a building and serves as a reflection of social narratives. However, due to the community’s insular nature, Kalang architecture remains underexplored in scholarly discourse, necessitating a systematic codification of its principal facade. This study aims to decipher and codify the architectural anatomy of the principal facades of traditional Kalang houses from the 19th to early 20th centuries, employing archival studies, field surveys, and architectural analysis. A historical diachronic approach guides the organization of case studies. Fieldwork conducted during 2023–2024 involved architectural drawings, semi-structured interviews, and photographic surveys of surviving Kalang houses. Analysis was carried out by identifying the architectural elements that define these facades. As a result, five salient features were identified as recurring patterns. Showcased kuncungan, transoms, columns, balustrades, and internal eaves as unique features in Kalang houses studied. By codifying within an analytical framework, advanced efforts to decode Kalang architectural heritage in Surakarta offer a foundational reference for future research and contribute to the conservation of the Kalang community settlement.

Introduction: The noun has traditionally been defined in linguistic theory, following Dionysius and subsequent grammarians, as denoting subjects or objects. However, this definition fails to account for the multifunctionality of nouns in actual language use. This study questions the scientific validity of the traditional definition and explores its philosophical origins, arguing that ancient metaphysical assumptions continue to shape grammatical theory. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical grounding of this study builds upon the philosophical paradigms of Plato and Aristotle, whose metaphysical doctrines laid the foundation for ancient grammars. We examine how philosophical worldviews on the relationship between language, thought, and reality shaped the definition of grammatical categories. Methodology: The research adopts a diachronic approach, combining textual analysis of ancient philosophical and grammatical works with comparative observation of noun usage in modern languages. Illustrative data is drawn from Georgian, English, Russian, and Turkish. Results and Discussion: The study reveals that in many languages, nouns express not only subject meaning but also predicative, attributive, and adverbial meanings. The Dionysian definition, influenced by Platonic metaphysics, fails to accommodate this linguistic reality. Furthermore, the persistence of this narrow definition has been reinforced by logical traditions equating sentence structure with thought structure. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for a new theoretical model of noun definition, one that recognizes its multifunctional nature and moves beyond metaphysical assumptions rooted in ancient philosophy.

ABSTRACTThis study proposes a diachronic approach to dissecting media representations of displaced peoples in Türkiye, revealing the dynamic interplay between media discourse, public sentiment, and policies over time. Focusing on four different migration episodes—the Bulgarian Turks and Romani (1950–1951), Iraqi Kurds and Turkmens (1991), and Syrians (2014–2017; 2022–2023)—and presenting findings from a corpus of news texts from two mainstream Turkish newspapers printed over 66 years, it unravels the temporal evolution of narratives surrounding forcibly displaced people and their implications for societal attitudes and legislative actions. In addition to reporting the historical trajectories of reference terms, their frequencies and collocates, we also present extracts illustrating the narratives and themes surrounding the displaced peoples. The diachronic lens we develop as an extension to the discourse historical approach offers insights into the genesis and progression of discourse, allowing us to compare the framing of displaced people from different groups over decades. Our findings reveal that preferential treatment of displaced people is reflected in the naming of displaced people in the news media, fostering environments of societal inclusion or exclusion of migrants. In light of our findings, we argue that a new news‐media policy is needed; one that oversees the equitable representation of migrants in the news.

The article analyzes the activities of the recreated Crimean Regional Branch of the international public organization "Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society" (hereinafter - MOO IPPO, or IPPO) over a ten-year period in comparison with the activities of the pre-revolutionary Tauride Department of IPPO. The subject area of the research includes the study of all areas of activity, both modern and pre-revolutionary representation in Crimea and the nearby Northern Black Sea region. The research is based on a wide and diverse source base, consisting of a corpus of modern sources generated by the regional branch, and pre-revolutionary documents - statistical reports (IPPO Reports), periodicals, and foundational documents. The literature, on the contrary, has a small nomenclature due to the narrowness of the particular dimension of the study and is represented by a small group of researchers in national historiography. Using a comparative method and a diachronic approach, the author draws parallels in the formation of the pre-revolutionary Tauride Department and the Crimean Regional Branch, as well as analyzes the activities of the representations in modern and pre-revolutionary Crimea based on the main areas of operation: educational, pilgrimage, historical and cultural. The author of the article makes the first attempt in modern historiography to summarize the ten-year experience of the recreated Crimean Regional Branch, which undoubtedly gives it absolute novelty, complemented by compositional originality, consisting of the first comparison of representations in a diachronic context. This work may be useful for all those interested in the history of IPPO, its regional branches, Crimean studies, the history of pilgrimage, and the Holy Land. In the course of the conducted research, the author confirms the hypothesis that the modern Crimean Regional Branch is a direct continuation of the traditions and legal successor of the pre-revolutionary Tauride Department. The objective set and the tasks solved allowed finding similarities in the main areas of activity of the two representations of the Society that existed in different epochs. The comparative analysis concludes that the Crimean Regional Branch at the present stage has a stronger scientific component, with its popularization activities aimed at studying the pages of domestic history, while the pre-revolutionary Tauride Department was more knowledgeable in matters of pilgrimage activities.

Starting from the approach of the Italian writer Gianni Rodari (1920-1980), this paper discusses the nature of grammar mistakes and the way to deal with them. The historical stages leading to the codification of the standard Italian language are retraced, from the Renaissance period with the fundamental text Prose della volgar lingua (1525) by Pietro Bembo, going through the perspective of the philosopher Benedetto Croce at the beginning of the 20th century, up to the most modern grammars of recent decades. The diachronic approach shows the changes in the conception of the Italian grammar and its teaching up to now. In the second part of the paper, the Italian use of hypothetical structures and their changes are analyzed, with special reference to the imperfect tense of the indicativo (indicative mood) used to express a certain margin of doubt or probability, but not yet fully considered as a correct structure in all communication situations. The dilemma between conservatism and progressivism in using grammar structures is discussed and addressed through the ironic and playful perspective of Gianni Rodari. His idea underlines the birth of a plurality of grammars embracing grammar mistakes as a way of reality’s knowledge and a source of creative processes.

The qualitative research entitled “Diachronic Analysis Swadesh Wordlist: Ngapak vs Java” will focus on examining historical linguistic changes and relationships between Ngapak and Javanese dialects using the Swadesh wordlist. The study will use a diachronic approach to analyze the evolution of vocabulary and phonological aspects over time, providing insight into the linguistic kinship and differences between these dialects. This research applies qualitative methods by utilizing historical-comparative linguistic approaches and corpus-based analysis to identify significant changes and retentions in core vocabulary. The results show that Ngapak dialect tends to retain more archaic phonological and lexical forms, while Standard Javanese undergoes innovation and simplification in a number of basic vocabularies. In addition, it was found that retention, innovation, and external influences distinguish the two dialects, both in terms of pronunciation and vocabulary selection. These findings enrich the understanding of the dynamics of Javanese language change, the importance of local dialect preservation, and contribute to the mapping of linguistic kinship in the Java region.

This study examines the challenges of historical semantics research in the Arabic language in the modern era. While historical semantics investigates the evolution of word meanings over time, existing literature often overlooks the complex social, political, and religious factors influencing these changes, especially within Arabic. The gap lies in limited integration of socio-political contexts and contemporary linguistic shifts in semantic analysis. This research aims to fill that gap by analyzing semantic changes in Arabic words through both synchronic and diachronic approaches, emphasizing the socio-cultural and religious dynamics involved. A qualitative method combining document analysis and semantic theory review was employed to trace semantic shifts and identify key problematics. The study reveals that modern influences such as colonialism, digitalization, and ideological conflicts significantly affect meaning transformations, posing methodological and ethical challenges for researchers. Findings highlight that the reinterpretation of key terms often reflects broader socio-political struggles and cultural negotiations. The study concludes that a nuanced, context-aware approach is essential for accurate semantic historical analysis of Arabic, balancing respect for traditional meanings with recognition of evolving usages. This contributes to a deeper understanding of language dynamics and offers a framework for future semantic research in Arabic and other languages with rich historical backgrounds

This paper analyzes the evolution of urban sprawl in the city of Béjaïa, located in northern Algeria, by examining land consumption from the country's independence in 1962 to the present day. Using a diachronic approach supported by Geographic Information Systems, the study highlights the increasing artificialization of land and its impacts on the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainable development. The results reveal a diffuse and uncontrolled urban expansion, characterized by fragmented urban fabric, the loss of agricultural and forested land, and growing spatial disparities. A critical analysis of urban planning tools reveals their limited capacity to manage this phenomenon and provide appropriate solutions. This paper aims to encourage local decision-makers to adopt a more forward-looking urban governance strategy, based on the strategic use of geographic information systems and a prospective approach, to promote a more sustainable and balanced urban development.