Diachronic Approach Research Articles

Language change and (im)politeness in film discourse

Abstract The paper examines language change based on evidence from the Corpus of Greek Film Dialogue, an extensive corpus of dialogues from 105 Greek films, spanning nine decades (from 1938 to 2018, approx. 900,000 words in total). Keywords are identified for each decade of film dialogues with reference to the corpus as a whole, as well as with reference to conversational and other data from Greek corpora. Language change in the data is found to be crucially related to (im)politeness, involving terms of address, intimacy markers, address verbs, politeness formulae and response forms. Findings point to a general trend towards more informal, less hierarchical and more intimate and offensive vocabulary, similarly to what has been found in the literature on telecinematic discourse in other languages. Overall, the corpus-based diachronic approach followed suggests that (im)politeness is especially foregrounded in film dialogues, as compared to non-scripted conversation.

Living with chronic structural vulnerability: A biopsychosocial-structural formulation of a patient exhibiting "medical noncompliance" in the setting of historical trauma and social suffering.

Living with chronic structural vulnerability: A biopsychosocial-structural formulation of a patient exhibiting "medical noncompliance" in the setting of historical trauma and social suffering.

Tombs as Evidence of Religious Diversity in the Sacred Valley, Peru (ca. AD 1000–1532)

Abstract This article articulates a regional, diachronic approach to precontact central Andean tombs by interpreting differences in materiality and function as evidence for distinct religious traditions. I analyze a sample of 788 tombs from 30 sites in the Sacred Valley and adjacent tributary valleys (Cusco, Peru), built and used during the Late Intermediate and Inka periods (ca. AD 1000–1532). Combining primary and published datasets, this sample includes a wide variety of tombs that variably facilitated or impeded certain interactions and relationships between the living, the dead, and the environment. To understand this diversity, I develop a typology comprising six tomb types based on morphological traits, which exhibit overlapping distribution patterns at local and regional scales. In contrast to studies that emphasized commonality and timelessness in central Andean mortuary practices, these data attest to considerable diversity in belief and value systems during half a millennium. As such, this study challenges existing models and presents new interpretations of late precontact tombs, considering that central Andeans across time and space held divergent beliefs about life and death. Recognizing diversity in past and present Indigenous societies is required for an empirical and decolonial archaeology that rejects stereotypes of cultural homogeneity.

WORD FORMATION AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE WORD

Word-formation structure exists exclusively in derivatives and compound words. It is important to distinguish between changes in word-formation structure at different stages of language development: The diachronic approach takes into account historical changes, while the synchronic approach studies the current state of the language. The differences between these approaches can be quite significant. The word-formation meaning and its formal indicator (derivative) form two sides of a single linguistic sign, i.e. derivateme, which is the signified and the signifier. Changes occur in language that affect morphemic structure and derivation. This includes such phenomena as etymologization, loss of morpheme productivity, haplology, folk etymology, and the law of analogy. KEY WORDS: structure of a word, morpheme, derivative, word-formation meaning, diachronic and synchronic approach.

Europhobia as a trajectory to hate speech normalisation? A diachronic analysis of Brexit media propaganda

ABSTRACT This article provides a diachronic analysis of how Europhobic discourses (with particular reference to Brexit) have emerged, consolidated and normalised in the British public sphere (media, institutions and the networked public). Identifying a discursive chain of legitimacy articulated in three interrelated phases (pre-legitimation, institutionalisation and normalisation) this article suggests that the legacy of Brexit can be found in a normalisation of exclusionary discourses which could have also become the rational basis for legitimising further discrimination in a self-reinforcing logic. By taking a diachronic approach, this article makes the case for analysing discriminatory discourses from ‘chained’ and diachronic perspectives to capture social dynamics beyond the normative aspect.

Dojrzałość, ale jaka? Egzamin maturalny z języka polskiego a wyzwania współczesności

This article seeks an answer to the question of how the Polish matriculation exam formula determines linguistic and cultural competencies and, above all, what impact it has on the development of the sense of subjectivity and self­agency in secondary school students. The starting point of the analysis is the formula of the Polish matriculation examination from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The diachronic approach is confronted with the analysis of the current examination formula. To achieve this, a survey was conducted among matriculation examiners concerning the current examination system and its adequacy to the challenges facing Polish language education in the twenty­first century.

The Subgenre Classification of Modern Japanese Novels Using Topic Modeling (LDA) ：An Exploratory Study

This paper explores the application of topic model-based document classification to the study of literary history, focusing on the classification of modern novels into thematic categories that function as “subgenres.” By conducting a topic model analysis on a dataset of full-text digital files of modern novels from the National Diet Library of Japan, I investigate how topics can be interpreted as potential subgenres within the broader literary context.Section 1 reviews traditional perspectives on genre in literary criticism and research, establishing a foundation for identifying and positioning subgenres within the framework of topic modeling. Section 2 builds upon this by defining the criteria and methodologies for determining subgenres through topic models. In Section 3, we conduct a concrete analysis using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to examine a selection of full-text files of modern novels from the 1870s to the 1940s, employing a diachronic approach. Section 4 then narrows this diachronic analysis by examining decade-specific trends across the same period. While this study remains in a preliminary phase, Section 5 discusses the potential implications and future directions that topic modeling analysis may offer to literary historical research.

Pluractionality and diachrony: The case of -nkéd in Old and Middle Hungarian

AbstractThis paper contributes to our cross-linguistic understanding of pluractional adverbials through an in-depth, corpus-assisted study of the N(um)-nkéd construction in Late Old and Early Middle Hungarian. We argue that N(um)-nkéd pluractionals are (i) mereological-only, (ii) they can be associated with the agent, theme, time or location of the eventuality, (iii) they can modify states as well as events and (iv) they cannot instantiate pluractional comparisons across substates. These findings call for a more fine-grained cross-linguistic approach to pluractional adverbials, especially in terms of the mereological-scalar dichotomy: in addition to (i) context and (ii) the type of the N(um)-denotation, (iii) the morphosyntactic makeup of the pluractional also has to be taken into account. Adopting a diachronic approach will also enable us to shed light on a somewhat neglected aspect of pluractional adverbials: their functional load, especially in terms of the division of labour vis-à-vis universal quantifiers (‘day-by-day’ vs. ‘every day’) and distributive operators (‘all the boys one-by-one’ vs. ‘each boy’). By observing changes playing out in the Late Old Hungarian to Early Middle Hungarian as evidenced in corpora, we will show that the development and spread of bona fide universal quantifiers and of the partitive-distributive suffix -ik indeed happened in tandem with a sharp reduction of the frequency of the relevant types of pluractional adverbials.

Latin and Cyrillic alphabets in the ergonimicon of the central streets in Kazan: Etymology of names as a reflection of problems and perspectives of graphic representation

This research aims to investigate the graphic features of the central streets’ ergonimicon in Kazan through the application of the linguistic landscape description method, etymological analysis and the method of continuous sampling, which have not been combined in the research of commercial names so far. Their combination is conditioned by the need to confirm the Research Hypothesis: The choice of the alphabet, representing an ergonym, depends on its origin and linguistic affiliation. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the close attention to the linguistic landscapes of the Russian Federation due to the fact that foreign languages and Latin often dominate in this case. The hypothesis and purpose of the study generate the following research questions: RQ1 – Is there an explanation for such an extensive use of Latin script in the linguistic landscapes of the Russian Federation; RQ2 – Is there a pattern in the use of Latin and Cyrillic; RQ3 – Is the prospect of more names in Cyrillic likely to be implemented. The Research Results demonstrated the fruitfulness of combining these methods in ergonimicon research, the hypothesis of the study was confirmed: RR1 – Names belonging to the native lexicon of official languages are transmitted in Cyrillic in the predominant number of cases; RR2 – For ergonyms-internationalisms, the word of the foreign language corresponding in external form and content is almost always chosen; RR3 – Еrgonyms-proper names are written in Latin more often than in Cyrillic; RR4 – Ergonyms-foreign words are represented in Latin. The obtained results led to the following conclusions and opened directions for the research (Conclusions and Directions for Future Research): CDFR1 – the hypothesis of the study should be confirmed on a larger research material; CDFR2 – the search for new approaches to nomination with an emphasis on the native lexicon is recommended; CDFR3 – the need exists for a diachronic approach to the research of linguistic landscapes of the Russian Federation; CDFR4 – the application of programming methods to the description of ergonyms with the aim to solve linguistic problems is required.

The Legacy of Early Translation Theory: Challenges and Contemporary Perspectives

This article critically examines the origins of translation theory, underscoring the essential role of historical context in understanding contemporary debates and methodologies. It delves into foundational intellectual confrontations, such as those between the followers of D’Ablancourt and the Jansenist pedagogues of Port-Royal, which continue to inform current discussions on fidelity, creativity, and the problem of untranslatability. The paper advocates for a diachronic approach to translation theory, recognizing the lasting influence of early theorists like De Méziriac and Tytler on the field. By revisiting these historical intellectual exchanges, the article demonstrates how enduring issues related to translation’s nature—whether as a science, an art, or a practice—continue to shape modern translation studies, influencing contemporary methodologies such as skopos theory and interpretive frameworks.

One had to learn that Albion was awfully perfidious: the reception and influence of British cinema on Portuguese film culture

ABSTRACT The relationship between the British and Portuguese film industries and cultures has received limited scholarly attention. Throughout the 20th century, the reception of British films in Portugal was ambivalent, oscillating between admiration and a certain condescending attitude shaped largely by the influence of French film criticism. This article takes a transnational approach to uncover the connections between Portuguese and British cinemas, with a particular focus on the period between the 1940s and the 1960s. This era witnessed significant shifts in how Portuguese audiences engaged with British cinema. I argue that British film culture left an imprint on the Portuguese cinephilic scene and exerted an influence, although modest, in certain aspects of the Portuguese New Wave. The first section of this article examines the reception of British cinema in Portugal (1940s-1950s), while the second explores its direct influence on Portuguese New Cinema (Novo Cinema) in the 1960s. Although studies on Novo Cinema often emphasise the impact of Italian and French film cultures, the role of British cinema has been largely overlooked, despite the fact that many Portuguese filmmakers having studied in London (e.g. Fernando Lopes). By adopting a diachronic approach, this article addresses this gap, tracing the shifting reception and influence of British cinema in Portugal.

Teaching artists or live performers? Early careers after a Jazz Master’s graduation in French-speaking Switzerland

This article presents the results of the “Jazz Alumni” survey conducted in 2022 on the career beginnings of the musicians who obtained a jazz master’s degree at HEMU—Haute école de musique in French-speaking Switzerland between 2011 and 2017. Based on a mixed-methods diachronic approach, the study included 45 graduates (38 men and 7 women). Like most performing artists, they experience professional instability and are faced with low incomes compared to their level of training. Our study indicates that jazz graduates predominantly rely on teaching to mitigate the risks associated with the precarious nature of their profession, thereby improving their working conditions and generally avoiding non-musical work. Further findings identify two distinct approaches to balancing teaching and performing. Possible explanations for these different career paths include socialization to different national regulatory regimes and gender inequalities.

Empréstimos culinários no português:uma abordagem lexicográfica e diacrónica

Culinary loanwords in Portuguese: a lexicographical and diachronic approach: This article aims to present and lexicographically examine culinary loanwords in Portuguese. Our study shows that dictionaries do not always match what we can see in the language. However, we also found that borrowings have a big impact on Portuguese culinary vocabulary. The main aim of examining the selected examples is to detect some grammatical, spelling, and semantic inaccuracies. Dictionaries exhibit hesitation in spelling certain loanwords, as well as hesitations regarding the grammatical numer of borrowed terms and divergencies in the integration of foreign terms.

Towards a Processual Social Movement Theory: Diachrony, Dialectics, and Danda

Interest in temporality and the effects of social movements over periods of time has increased over the past few years. This has created the need for diachronic approaches to the study of movements and accounts for how movements create social change and have an impact on the course of history. There have been some struggles to account for history in existing approaches to social movements, with eventful or ruptural accounts of social change remaining prominent in some recent works. This article proposes a conversational philosophy between African philosophies such as ubuntu and ibuanyidanda and Marxist humanism as an approach that can allow us to explore dynamic ontologies. Marxist approaches to social movement studies have so far yielded the most dynamic approaches to social change. I contend that ubuntu and ibuanyidanda offer ontological perspectives that allow us to understand humans and the societies they create as dynamic, changing, and interrelated, in a way that can complement, and enhance, the historical materialist model of a society created by collective human agency, albeit not in circumstances that they choose.

Nicola Di Cagno: Contributions of a master to the accounting academy and society

Introduction: This study presents the biography of Professor Nicola Di Cagno: a master who contributed to the Accounting Academy and society, favouring the relationship between research and practice and between university and local territory. Aim of the work: This study mainly aimed to expand and deepen the knowledge of Nicola Di Cagno's contribution to accounting studies, mainly relating to two fruitful lines of research: financial reporting and European accounting directives (this line of research started between the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s and continued for more than 30 years with several publications) and insurance companies (this line of research started at the end of the 1980s and concluded in the 2000s). This biographical work is also useful for explaining the reasons for, and factors influencing, research directions undertaken by Professor Di Cagno. Methodological approach: This article is placed in the field of biographical studies and adopts a diachronic approach. First, it presents a brief analysis of the environment in which Di Cagno lived and related circumstances influencing his life and career, followed by an exploration and a horizontal reading of all his publications to identify the evolution of his ideas and theories. Main findings: This biographical analysis allows us to identify the common threads of Di Cagno's academic and institutional contributions and explains the development of his research fields and the unconformity and distinctiveness of his main lines of research with respect to the orientation prevailing at the national academic level at that time (between the end of the 1970s and the 1990s). Originality: This study presents the contributions of Di Cagno, which have never been explored in the literature. This biographical study also highlights the circumstances, personal decisions, and political influences that determined the master's scientific research and academic career.

A diachronic approach to the functional transposition of ALONG and ALONGSIDE in the English language

The paper investigates the evolution of the prepositions and adverbs ALONG and ALONGSIDE as subjects to the process of functional transposition. The research investigates the formation of ALONG as an adverb during the Middle English period and its functional transposition into the category of the preposition in late Middle English. The correlation between the initial and transposed categories has stabilized, and they are more or less equally represented in Present-Day English. ALONGSIDE appeared as an adverb at the end of Early Modern English; in Late Modern English, it was transposed into a preposition, which is almost suppressing the initial category of an adverb in Present-Day English.

Internet Control and Disinformation Across Regime Types During and After the Covid‐19 Crisis

The unprecedented scale of mitigation measures taken by governments during the Covid-19 pandemic raised concerns about if and to what extent democracy would be affected. Empirical accounts show that media freedom was the most vulnerable. This article concentrates on interference in digital media, as attacks on the digital realm during the pandemic were particularly harmful given that media activity moved from print to online all over the world. This large-n study makes various important contributions. Firstly, it uncovers whether regime types differ in their reactions to the Covid-19 pandemic regarding the digital media sector. Secondly, it takes a diachronic approach and examines the period before 2020, during the pandemic in 2020 and 2021, and after the pandemic (2022–2023). This longitudinal exploration enables us to make nuanced statements about the post-Covid-19 developments in digital media. Thirdly, the analyses take into account different degrees of measures: less and more repressive as well as disinformation strategies. The results add value to the debate because they demonstrate that all regime types, including democracies, resorted to control mechanisms during the Covid-19 pandemic. Equally relevant is the behavior of these regimes after the pandemic: While democracies by no means cut back on all measures, autocracies did not strengthen all measures. Most remarkably, full democracies are the only regime type where governments increasingly engaged in disinformation after the pandemic. Thus, an important finding is that the pandemic did not constitute a catalyzing event for all regime types to the same extent. But the most worrisome effects are associated with the democracies.

ABBAS SƏHHƏT – UŞAQ ƏDƏBİYYATININ ƏVƏZSİZ SİMASI

Abbas Sahhat – the Independent Face of Children's Literature Summary The mobility that began in the first decades of the 19th century gained serious content in the literary and cultural environment with enrichments throughout the century, with the arrival of new creative forces in science, culture, and literature. It explains what is standing in the general flow of coming to the twentieth century and also the specifics of the directions. A.Sahhat with all its activity, exuberant and rich talent becomes an example of this awakening, of demonstrating high cultural intelligence as a concept of national self-awareness. School, textbook, science, education, upbringing of the young generation, etc. multifaceted activities carried out in the directions clarify the irreversibility of the peripheral content and the specificity of the strengthening trends to the national aspect. "Farmer", "Ziya", "Kashkul", "Eastern Rus", etc. the problems raised on the pages of such press organizations, as well as the correspondence of large groups of intellectuals and the piling up of ongoing difficulties brought the solution to the forefront at different levels, and also focused attention on it. A.Sahhat's rich literary heritage, the content covered by him at the level of children's poetry aims to explain them with complete clarity. Rooted in the romantic spirit, this river specifies mobility over the riches of the people as a rock. Analyzing them in a broad context necessitates synchronic and diachronic approaches. Key words: A.Sahhat, children's poems, story, fable, play, article

Sea Ice Dynamics and Planktonic Adaptations: A Study of Terra Nova Bay’s Mesozooplanktonic Community during the Austral Summer

Phytoplankton and zooplanktonic communities form the base of the Antarctic food web. This study examines the evolution of the mesozooplanktonic system in Terra Nova Bay during the austral summer (December–February), focusing on the impact of sea ice dynamics and the resulting phytoplankton blooms. Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea) offers a valuable context given its high productivity and ecological variability. Using a diachronic approach, we analyzed data spanning twelve years to understand how the system’s structure and functionality change over time. A novel key metric, Days since Sea Ice Melting, was employed to track shifts in phytoplankton community development and trophic dynamics. The results indicate that the system enters the summer season increasing primary productivity and creating the support for the development of a more complex and organized system during the season. The phytoplankton bloom recorded during mid-season, coped by an increase in biomass, is followed by the establishment of a well-organized grazing system. A secondary phytoplankton bloom is observed towards the end of the summer, but it does not significantly affect mesozooplankton communities. Overall, this study highlights the dynamic nature of Terra Nova Bay’s mesozooplanktonic community and evaluates the influence of climate change on Antarctic marine ecosystems.

Evolving Representations of Childhood: A Diachronic Analysis of the Lexeme Child in British Newspapers from the 18th To 21st Centuries

This article investigates the semantic evolution of the lexeme CHILD in British newspaper discourse from the 18th to the 21st centuries, employing a diachronic approach and cognitive semantics framework. The study utilizes lexical analysis and frame modelling methodologies to trace changes in the lexical meaning of the lexeme CHILD during the mentioned period, drawing on dictionaries and newspaper archives. Findings reveal a dynamic semantic structure characterized by the emergence of new meanings and the persistence of core components like 'person' and 'juvenile'. The analysis identifies shifts influenced by societal, cultural, and ideological factors, reflecting changes in societal perceptions and linguistic representations over time. This research contributes to understanding how a language mirrors and shapes societal attitudes towards childhood across centuries, emphasizing the role of newspaper discourse in framing cultural norms and perceptions.