Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale Research Articles

Correlation between self-efficacy and health status of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in primary health care

The health status of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients is observed to decrease simultaneously along with the length of time. Despite the various treatment management offered in primary care, a decrease in health status is also observed among patients in Indonesia as shown by the low self-care ability. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the relationship between self-efficacy and the health status of patients in primary care in Indonesia to provide evidence for the development of care management interventions for T2DM patients.The research used a descriptive analytical method with a cross-sectional design, including 327 T2DM patients in primary health care selected through cluster random sampling. Data collection used the Indonesian version of the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) and Short Form 12 (SF-12) questionnaires which had been tested for validity and reliability. The data obtained were analyzed using the Pearson Product Moment test with a significance value of 0.01.The results obtained an r-value of 0.485 with a p-value of 0.00, showing a significant relationship between self-efficacy and health status in T2DM patients (0.00<0.01; CI 99%).In conclusion, this study highlights a significant correlation between self-efficacy and the health status of individuals diagnosed with T2DM. The findings emphasize the pivotal role of self-efficacy in shaping the health outcomes of patients with T2DM.

Gambaran Self Efficacay pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Banyuanyar

Diabetes Mellitus sufferers continue to increase. The percentage of patients with type 2 DM in Surakarta city is 24%, this figure exceeds the national target of 20%, with the number of patients in Surakarta as many as 18,833 cases, in Banyuanyar Health Center as many as 2,404. Type 2 DM disease that is not properly managed will lead to complications. Efforts that can be made to prevent these complications by increasing self efficacy in its management.Objective; Knowing the description of self efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method; The type of research used is descriptive research, with a total of 86 respondents using purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used the Diabetes Management Self Efficacy Scale (DMSES).Results; From the results of the study, the majority of respondents' characteristics were based on age 40-64 years (74.4%), female gender (65.1%), high school education level (37.2%), self-employed work (43.0%), long suffering from DM ≥5 years (57.0%) and sufficient self efficacy category (41.9%). Conclusion; Self efficacy of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Banyuanyar Health Center working area is in the moderate category

The effect of training to diabetes patients according to planned behavior theory on self-efficacy and patient empowerment: A randomized study

AimTo examine the effect of training provided to type 2 diabetes patients according to the theory of planned behavior on self-efficacy and patient empowerment. MethodsThis study, pre-test-post-test active control group single-blind experimental design, was conducted in the internal medicine outpatient clinic of a state hospital between April and October 2023. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG; n = 45) and control group (CG; n = 47). The intervention group received a theory-based training program consisting of 5 sessions lasting approximately 40 min. each. Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale, Patient Empowerment Scale and the patient's laboratory results were used for data collection. ResultsIn the study, while the posttest self-efficacy and patient empowerment scores of the intervention group increased compared to the pretest, there was an decrease in HbA1C level. On the post-test measurements between groups, self-efficacy and patient empowerment scores were higher and effect sizes were higher in the intervention group, while no difference was found in HbA1C values. ConclusionThe training program provided according to the theory of planned behavior in diabetes patients provides positive contributions to disease management.

The relationship between self-efficacy in blood sugar management and self-management in type 2 diabetes patients at Subang General Hospital

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus requires effective self-management to prevent complications and maintain a healthy quality of life. Self-efficacy, or a patient’s belief in their ability to manage their condition, is recognized as a key factor influencing diabetes self-management. However, the strength and nature of this relationship remain understudied in the local context of patients receiving care at Subang General Hospital. Purpose: This study aims to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy in blood sugar management and self-management in type 2 diabetes patients at Subang General Hospital. Methods: A quantitative correlational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. Consecutive sampling was used to recruit 40 respondents. Data were collected using two standardized tools: the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) and the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ). The relationship between self-efficacy and self-management was analyzed using the Spearman-Rho statistical test. Results: Among the respondents, 80% (n=32) demonstrated high levels of self-efficacy, while 67.5% (n=27) exhibited good self-management practices. The statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and self-management (p=0.003). Conclusion: The findings indicate a significant relationship between self-efficacy and self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These results underscore the importance of enhancing self-efficacy as part of diabetes education and management strategies to improve patient outcomes. Future research should explore interventions that specifically target improving self-efficacy to optimize self-management behaviors.

Daily spiritual experiences and self-efficacy of diabetic elderly: A cross-sectional study

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between daily spiritual experiences and self-efficacy of diabetic elderly. A cross-sectional study was undertaken involving a cohort of 135 elderly individuals diagnosed with diabetes in 2023. The instruments utilized for data collection encompassed a demographic questionnaire querying variables such as age, gender, marital status, age of diabetes onset, educational background, and occupation. Additionally, the study incorporated the Daily Spiritual Experience and Spiritual Health questionnaire, as well as the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES). The research units reported an average of 42.37 (standard deviation [SD]=11.11) spiritual experiences, and the self-efficacy rate among the elderly with diabetes was 80.47 (SD=11.37). A Spearman's correlation coefficient test was conducted to examine the relationship between daily spiritual experiences and adherence to a drug regimen. The results did not indicate a significant correlation (P=0.19, r=0.11). Recognizing spiritual needs as a crucial facet of health, it is incumbent upon healthcare professionals to enhance the health and quality of life of patients. This is particularly pertinent for the self-efficacy of elderly individuals with diabetes. By identifying and bolstering daily spiritual experiences, healthcare workers can make a significant contribution to the well-being of these patients. This approach underscores the importance of a holistic perspective in healthcare, where spiritual needs are addressed alongside physical ones.

The impact of the Le-Diabet application on self-efficacy and blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus patients

Le-Diabet is an Android mobile application developed for diabetes management whose effectiveness has remained unknown. This research aimed to investigate its impact on self-efficacy and blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes. Employing a quasi-experimental approach, the study utilized a pretest and posttest control group design. The sample included 28 respondents in the control group and 34 in the intervention group, selected through purposive sampling based on criteria such as diagnosed diabetes, smartphone usage, and 6 weeks of using the Le-Diabet application. Self-efficacy was measured using the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale, while blood glucose levels were monitored with a glucometer. Data analysis involved paired and unpaired t-tests. The results revealed a significant increase in self-efficacy scores by 3.1 points [p=0.000, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -6.006 to -1.876] in the intervention group, whereas the control group experienced a decrease of 1.9 points. Both groups exhibited an increase in blood glucose levels, with a significant rise of 35.6 mg/dL (p=0.035, 95% CI = -68.578 to -2.636) in the control group and a non-significant increase of 3.59 mg/dL (p=0.076, 95% CI = -22.759 to 15.582) in the intervention group. The research concludes that the use of the Le-Diabet application enhances self-efficacy and maintains blood glucose level stability; however, it has not shown an impact on metabolic syndrome indicators in diabetic patients. Further research is needed, utilizing a larger and more diverse sample from various age groups and extending the duration of the study to evaluate the long-term impact of the applied intervention.

THE EFFECT OF DIABETES SELF MANAGEMENT EDUCATION (DSME) ON SELF EFFICACY IN TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a health problem in the world. Currently, the number of DM cases globally has reached 537 million people, and Indonesia ranks fifth highest in the world. Low knowledge and dietary compliance are a problem that continues to contribute to new cases and relapses of old cases characterized by uncontrolled increases in blood sugar. This is caused by low self-efficacy which is characterized by feelings of hopelessness. Objectives: The aim of this research was to determine the effect of Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) on self-efficacy in type II Diabetes Mellitus patients. Methods: This study used a Quasy-experimental design, with a pretest posttest equivalent control group design, the sample size was 68 type II DM patients, consisting of 34 intervention groups and 34 control groups. Self-efficacy data was collected using the DMSES (Diabetes Management Self Efficacy Scale) questionnaire. Univariate analysis was used to describe the frequency distribution of respondents, mean, median and standard deviation. Next, bivariate analysis used the Wilcoxon test. Results: There was a significant difference in the difference in mean value self-efficacy between before and after intervention with p-value 0.000 < 0.05. Conclusion: Diabetes Management Self Efficacy Scale is effective increase self-efficacy. Thus, DSME can be an alternative intervention to overcome problems and prevent complications in DM patients.

Examining the interplay of self-efficacy and emotional autonomy on diabetic control index

AimThis study aims to explore the relationship between self-efficacy, emotional autonomy, and diabetic control index in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. MethodsFrom January to September 2023, this cross-sectional study involved 112 adolescents aged 14–18 with type 1 diabetes who were seeking medical check-ups at the Medical Faculty Hospital in Konya, Turkey. Data collection included demographic information, the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes, the Emotional Autonomy Scale, and diabetic control index values based on their most recent Hemoglobin A1c levels measurement. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software, with statistical significance set at a p-value <0.05. ResultsThe results showed a good overall self-efficacy score, indicating a balanced level of confidence in diabetes management. The emotional autonomy findings revealed a moderate level of independence, emphasizing a healthy process of differentiation from parents while acknowledging them as individuals. The ability of adolescents to openly discuss their diabetes may be associated with more favorable glycemic outcomes. However, high emotional autonomy was significantly associated with high Hemoglobin A1c levels. ConclusionThis study highlights positive outcomes in adolescent diabetes management, with strong self-efficacy and balanced emotional autonomy. Open communication about diabetes correlates with favorable glycemic outcomes, but caution is necessary as high emotional autonomy is linked to elevated Hemoglobin A1c levels. The importance of receiving parental support in managing diabetes, especially in adolescents with high emotional autonomy should be highlighted.

Supernatural Beliefs-Based Intervention to Improve Type-2 Diabetes Self-Management: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial from China.

China has over 100 million people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Interventions framed around pre-existing personal beliefs in the supernatural may improve T2DM self-management, but such interventions are lacking in China. This pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessed the feasibility of a full-scale RCT to evaluate the efficacy of a supernatural beliefs-based intervention on T2DM management self-efficacy in China. In 2019, 62 T2DM patients were enrolled at two hospitals in Suzhou, China. Participants were randomly assigned to view a 30-s control or intervention video at baseline. The control video showed general diabetes self-management information. The intervention video showed identical information, but also indicated that some diabetics with supernatural beliefs (chao ziran xinnian) have lower glycemic levels, because their beliefs enhance their confidence in diabetes self-management. Development of the intervention was guided by the theory of planned behavior and literature on spiritual framing health interventions. Baseline and follow-up measures after two weeks were assessed by interviewer administered surveys in-person and by telephone, respectively. Diabetes management self-efficacy was assessed with the diabetes management self-efficacy scale. Randomization of intervention allocation appeared to be successful. However, follow-up retention was low, especially for the intervention group (3% vs. 31%). A full-size efficacy RCT using the current study design is unlikely to succeed. T2DM patients shown the supernatural beliefs-based intervention had significantly higher loss to follow-up that was insurmountable. T2DM patients in Suzhou, China may not be receptive to brief, non-tailored supernatural beliefs-based interventions delivered to a general population in clinical settings.

The effect of social support, diabetes management self-efficacy, and diabetes distress on resilience among patients with type 2 diabetes: a moderated mediation analysis

BackgroundDiabetes can result in distress. Improving Resilience is important in managing these conditions. It is also important to consider the mediating role of diabetes management self-efficacy (DMSE) between diabetes distress (DD) and Resilience. Likewise, understanding how social support (SS) buffers the impact of diabetes distress on Resilience is equally important.MethodsThe present study used a cross-sectional design and included 403 participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The study was conducted in the south of Iran. The participants were selected through convenience sampling from July 2022 to January 2023. Self-reported questionnaires, namely the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS), Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSE), Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), and Resilience Scale, were used for data collection in the present study. Structural equation modelling was used for moderated mediation analysis.ResultsThe results of the Pearson correlation analysis were indicative of a significant negative correlation (p < 0.01) between diabetes distress and diabetes management self-efficacy (r = − 0.607), social support (r = − 0.417), and Resilience (r = − 0.552). The findings further revealed that diabetes management self-efficacy had fully mediated the correlation between diabetes distress and Resilience. Moreover, the results indicated that social support had a moderating role in the DD-resilience link.ConclusionsThe present study’s findings offer a new theoretical framework for T2DM that can benefit intervention designers. The results further suggest that promoting diabetes management self-efficacy can be an effective strategy to enhance Resilience and decrease diabetes distress. Also, nurses and other healthcare providers must pay close attention to support resources to improve the patients’ Resilience and evaluate the distress associated with diabetes.

Factors influencing gestational diabetes self-care among pregnant women in a Syrian Refugee Camp in Jordan.

The main objective of this study is to identify the level of self-care practices and the determinants of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) among pregnant women residing in one of the refugee camps in Jordan. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenient sample of forty women diagnosed with GDM from the high-risk maternity clinic in one of the Syrian refugee camps in Jordan. The study used the Gestational Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (GDMSES), Diabetes Knowledge (DMK) assessment, and Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire (SDSCA) to measure the variables of interest. Descriptive analysis and Multiple logistic regression were used to assess for significant factors. Significant associations were found between the subcategories of diet, exercise, and blood sugar control in both the self-efficacy and self-activity scales (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.05), respectively. Two factors were associated with higher GDM self-care: diabetes knowledge and higher self-efficacy toward GDM self-care (p < 0.05). The findings of this study highlight that pregnant women with GDM who have higher levels of self-efficacy and diabetes knowledge are more likely to achieve higher levels of GDM self-care. Beside developing health promotion programs to enhance women's self-efficacy in adhering to GDM care, adequate support and relevant resources to facilitate GDM management among refugee women are recommended. Future research for identifying other potential factors affecting GDM self-care among refugees is highly recommended.

Efeito da intervenção de enfermagem com objetivos diversificados no período perinatal de pacientes com diabetes mellitus gestacional

Abstract Objective To assess the effect of goal diversified nursing intervention on the perinatal period of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods In this prospective study, 96 patients with GDM treated from February 2020 to February 2023 were selected and randomly divided into observation group (n=48) and control group (n=48). The patients in control group were given routine nursing, based on which those in observation group received goal-oriented diversified nursing intervention. The incidence rates of perioperative complications and adverse neonatal outcomes, and blood glucose indicators, the Chinese Version of the Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale (C-DMSES) score and the Diabetes Specific Quality of Life Scale (DSQL) score before and after intervention were compared between the two groups. Results The levels of fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in the observation group during delivery were lower than those in the control group and before intervention (P&lt;0.05). The C-DMSES score in each dimension in the observation group after intervention was higher than that in the control group and before intervention (P&lt;0.05). After intervention, the scores of treatment, physiology, psychology and social relationship in DSQL in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group and before intervention (P&lt;0.05). The incidence rate of perioperative complications in the observation group (10.42%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (31.25%) (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion Goal-oriented diversified nursing intervention can effectively control the blood glucose indicators, improve self-management ability, reduce the incidence of perioperative complications and adverse neonatal outcomes.

An intervention to improve self-care among people with diabetes mellitus: A quasi-experimental study

Abstract Background An increased self-efficacy promotes better diabetes self-care behaviours, which help in achieving glycemic targets among patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods A quasi-experimental study was conducted among patients with T2DM living in rural areas of Punjab, North India. A total of 283 in the intervention and 291 in the control arms were participated at baseline, and a total of 242 in the intervention and 237 in the control arms at endline assessments. Summary of diabetes self-care activities and diabetes management self-efficacy questionnaires were used at baseline and endline (after 6 months) surveys. Outcomes were net changes in proportion of population having diabetes self-management self-efficacy, overall diabetes self-care activities (health dietary habits, physical activity, adequate foot care, medication adherence and blood glucose monitoring) and net mean change in HbA1c. Data were analysed using per protocol analysis principle. Difference in difference analysis (DiD) using Generalized Estimating Equation model was done to adjust for confounders. p &amp;lt; 0.05 was considered as significant. Results There was a significant net increase in participants proportion (39%; 95% CI: 25% -52%, p &amp;lt; 0.001) on diabetes management self-efficacy scale. At the baseline assessment for overall self-care behaviours, only 4% of participants in the intervention arm were in the action stage and 12% were in the preparation stage; however, at the post intervention assessment, this proportion increased to 24% for action stage and 67% for preparation stage. There was a significant net increase in participants proportion (49%, 95%CI 37% -60%, p &amp;lt; 0.001) engaged in optimal diabetes self-care. There was a significant net decrease in mean HbA1c (-1.06%; 95%CI: -1.62 - -0.50, p &amp;lt; 0.001) at post intervention phase. Conclusions Diabetes self-care intervention was successful in promoting self-efficacy and self-care practices among patients with T2DM of rural areas. Key messages • Self-efficacy theory-based diabetes self-care intervention successfully improves the diabetes related self-care practices. • There is a need for a structured diabetes self-care management education programme to improve the ability of patients with T2DM who live in rural areas.

The Effect of Social Support on Treatment Adherence and Self- Efficacy in Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: To determine the effect of social support on adherence to treatment and selfefficacy in adult patients with type 2 diabetes. &#x0D; Material and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in at a university hospital’s inpatient diabetes clinic between January 2022-April 2022. The sample size of the study was determined as 431 as a result of the power analysis. In the study, Descriptive Characteristics Questionnaire, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Adherence Scale to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Treatment and Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale for Patients with Type 2 DM were used as the data collection tools. &#x0D; Results: It was determined that social support had positive effects on self-efficacy (p &lt; 0.05). It was determined that social support had positive effects on treatment adherence (p &lt; 0.05). Education level, complication, glycated haemoglobin A1c and body mass index were effective on self-efficacy of the patients. Education level, and complication were effective on treatment adherence of the patients (p &lt; 0.05). &#x0D; Conclusion: The results showed that social support had a positive effect on the self-efficacy and treatment adherence of the patients. It may be asserted that improving social support of the patients after they were diagnosed with diabetes was beneficial during the disorder and may enhance self-efficacy and treatment adherence levels of the patients.

Association of Diabetes Management Self-efficacy with Adherence to Medication, Glycemic Control, and Disease Outcomes Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Background: Diabetes management self-efficacy (DMSE) positively affects diabetes self-care behaviors and can lead to better glycemic control and improved disease outcomes in diabetes patients. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate DMSE level and its relationship with medication adherence, glycemic control, and diabetes complications among type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2019 to January 2020 on T2D patients who attended the Diabetes Center of the Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using two validated questionnaires including the diabetes management self-efficacy scale (DMSES) to evaluate DMSE level and the eight-item Morisky medication adherence scale (MMAS) to assess adherence to medication. The SPSS statistical software version 22 was employed for data analysis. Results: Of 440 T2D patients entering the study, 72% were female with a mean (SD) age of 59.60 (10.48). The mean (SD) DMSE score of the respondents was 5.76 (1.87). A significant negative correlation was observed between DMSE with HbA1c (r = -0.289, P &lt; 0.0001) and also with FBS (r = -0.229, P &lt; 0.0001), but there was a significant positive correlation between DMSE and adherence to medication (r = 0.208, P &lt; 0.0001). FBS level (β = -0.252, P &lt; 0.0001), number of visits by specialty or subspecialty physicians (β = -0.139, P = 0.002), medication adherence score (β = 0.165, P &lt; 0.0001), neuropathy (β = 0.142, P = 0.002), marital status β = 0.125, P = 0.004), household income (β = -0.126, P = 0.004), and blood glucose checks at home (β = 0.109, P = 0.013) were considered predictors of DMSE score. Conclusions: Diabetes management self-efficacy is considered suboptimal among T2D patients. Patients with higher DMSE have better adherence to medication, better blood glucose control, lower risk of neuropathy, and fewer visits by specialty and subspecialty physicians.

Health-related quality of life in Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multicenter cross-sectional study

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic and life-threatening disease. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is vital for individuals with T2DM. However, little is known about the impact of psychological stability factors on HRQoL among individuals with T2DM in mainland China.MethodsThis multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in five tertiary grade-A hospitals in Chongqing, China, from January to December 2019. A total of 385 individuals with T2DM were included by the convenient sample method. Fear of Progression (FOP) Questionnaire-short Form, Hypoglycemia Fear Survey II, diabetes-management self-efficacy scale, and EuroQol-5 Dimensions were used for data collection.ResultsThe mean age of the 385 individuals was 57.65 (SD = 15.15) years, three-quarters of whom had a high school or above education level. The participants in our study had moderate HRQoL and were more likely to have poor scores in the pain/discomfort dimension. The FOP level was moderate on average, and 23.1% of individuals suffered from psychological dysfunction. The participants had higher levels of fear of hypoglycemia (FOH) and self-efficacy (SE). Multiple steppage-regression analysis predicted that higher levels of FOP and FOH, reduced SE, older age, longer duration since diagnosis, lower educational attainment, higher levels of HbA1c, and living with comorbid conditions were related to lower HRQoL.ConclusionThis study showed that the HRQoL among Chinese T2DM patients may be impaired by increased FOP and FOH, decreased SE, and poor glycemic control. In addition, as the patient’s age and duration since diagnosis increase, their HRQoL further declines. We recommend improving HRQoL by encouraging individuals to attain more health education and resilience skills to enhance SE and reduce negative emotions among individuals with T2DM.

Longitudinal relations of sleep quality with depressive symptoms, diabetes distress and self-efficacy in young people with type 1 diabetes

PurposeTo examine the longitudinal, bidirectional associations of sleep quality with depressive symptoms, diabetes-specific distress and diabetes management self-efficacy among adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes. MethodsCross-lagged analyses used baseline, three-, six- and nine-month data from a randomized trial among 60 young people. Self-report measures included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depressed Mood scale, Problem Areas in Diabetes Teen version, and Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale. ResultsLower sleep quality at baseline was associated with higher three-month depressive symptoms (b = 0.21, p = 0.005) and lower diabetes self-efficacy (b = −0.18, p = 0.014), but not diabetes distress (b = 0.06, p = 0.403). Similar patterns were found at six and nine months. Three-month psychological functioning was not associated with six-month sleep quality. ConclusionsAmong adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes, lower sleep quality predicted subsequent depressive symptoms and lower diabetes self-efficacy rather than vice versa. Sleep deserves a central place in diabetes care.

Effects of Education and Nurse-led Telephone Follow-ups (Telenursing) in COVID-19 Pandemic on Self-efficacy and Quality of life in Diabetic Patients Referred to Fatemieh Hospital, Hamadan

Background and Objective: Education is one of the most basic methods of prevention, treatment, and control of chronic diseases, including diabetes. Telephone follow-up plays an effective role not only in reducing costs but also in providing nursing care and patients’ self-efficacy. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of telenursing training and follow-up on the self-efficacy and quality of life of diabetic pregnant patients referred to the Fatemieh Hamadan Education-Treatment Center during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 83 mothers with diabetes were randomly divided into two control and intervention groups. The research tool was a 3-part questionnaire including a demographic/disease information form, Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale, and quality of life of diabetic patients. Initially, in the first meeting, both groups completed the questionnaire. In the intervention group, an in-person training session was held first. Telephone follow-up with training was done immediately after discharge, twice a week in the first month and once a week in the second month in the intervention group. Then, at the end of the intervention, the questionnaire was completed again by both test and control groups. SPSS version 23 software was used for data analysis. Results: The average self-efficacy and quality of life in both groups did not show a statistically significant difference before the intervention. After providing training to the intervention group, the average self-efficacy and quality of life in one month and two months later improved significantly compared to the control group (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: It seems that telephone follow-up, owing to its accessibility, can be used as a method of follow-up on training pregnant mothers with diabetes.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING SELF MANAGEMENT IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a common problem that occurs in people who have metabolic disorders characterized by increased blood sugar due to decreased secretion by pancreatic beta cells or impaired insulin function. Objectives: This study aims to determine what factors are associated with self-management in Type 2 DM patients at the Buduran Health Center.Design: This study was a quantitative research. The design in this study was a cross-sectional analytic with a sample of 80 people who were carried out at the endocrine polyclinic Puskesmas Buduran Sidoarjo. Research instrument used the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) developed by Schmitt et al (2013) to determine the self-management of type 2 DM patients and to measure the level of knowledge using the Diabetes Knoeledge Test (DKT) instrument developed by Burrough et al (2008), measure to physical activity using the Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities (SDSCA), measure to family support using Family Support Questionairre, and measure to self efficacy using Diabetes management Self Efficacy Scale (DMSES). The sample siza with simple random sampling method, and data analysis using spearman rank test. Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and self-management with a coefficient value (r=0.576), a significant relationship between activity ability and self-management with a coefficient value (r=0.612), a significant relationship between family support and self-management with a value of coefficient (r=0.592) and there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy and self-management with a coefficient value (r=0.660). Conclusion: Patients DM Type 2 can be overcome by providing education in every prolanis activity program which is expected to increase knowledge, activity abilities, family support and self-efficacy, so that patients are able to improve self-management well. This intervention is highly recommended for people with Type 2 DM by increasing the frequency of health education and involving the family of diabetes mellitus patients so that patients are able to carry out self-management well.

Tip-2 Diyabetli Hastalarda Öz Yeterlilik Düzeyinin Yaşam Kalitesine Etkisi

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of self-efficacy level on quality of life in patients with type-2 diabetes.&#x0D; Material and Methods: This descriptive type study was conducted with 150 patients with type-2 diabetes who received inpatient&#x0D; treatment in a University Health Practice and Research Center between October 2017 and February 2018. The data were collected using&#x0D; information form, Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale, and Short Form-36 (Short Form-36/SF-36) Quality of Life Questionnaire.&#x0D; Percentage, mean, Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests, and Spearman correlation analysis were used to analyze the data.&#x0D; Results: It was determined in the study that self-efficacy scale total score in diabetes was 54.16±14.65; the highest mean score among the&#x0D; subscales of the quality of life questionnaire belonged to mental health (20.17±4.79). It was determined that there was a positive significant&#x0D; correlation between the self-efficacy total score in diabetes of the patients and the physical functioning, physical role difficulty, general&#x0D; health, energy, social function, emotional role difficulty and mental health subscales of SF-36 quality of life questionnaire (p