Epidemiology Of Diabetes Research Articles

Epidemiological Patterns of Diabetes Mellitus in The United States of America: An Observational Multicenter Analysis From 1990 to 2024

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus represents a significant public health challenge, however, the current trends in its epidemiology remain incompletely characterized. This study aimed to analyze epidemiological changes and demographic patterns in diabetes incidence and prevalence across the United States from 1990 to 2024. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing the TriNetX Global Health Research Network, analyzing de-identified electronic health records from 52,922,301 patients across 92 U.S. healthcare organizations. Time-based changes in disease trends regarding diabetes incidence and prevalence were targeted, and stratified by age, sex, race, and diabetes type. Results: Combined diabetes incidence increased from 3.98 per 1,000 in 1990-1994 to 60.98 per 1,000 in 2020-2024, while prevalence doubled from 6.26% to 12.00%. T2DM showed a twenty-fold increase in incidence (3.52 to 59.30 per 1,000), while T1DM peaked at 7.46 per 1,000 in 2010-2014 before declining to 4.59 per 1,000. Significant disparities were observed across demographic groups, with the highest rates among Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (incidence: 94.75 per 1,000; prevalence: 20.65%) and consistent male predominance (incidence: 69.40 vs 54.07 per 1,000). Conclusions: These findings reveal concerning trends in diabetes epidemiology, characterized by a prominent and significant elevation in disease burden and persistent demographic disparities. The results call for the urgent need for optimized preventive strategies, targeted interventions for high-risk populations, and systematic changes in healthcare delivery to address this growing public health challenge effectively.

Current views on etiology, diagnosis, epidemiology and gene therapy of maturity onset diabetes in the young.

MODY, or maturity-onset diabetes of the young, is a group of monogenic diseases characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance of a non-insulin-dependent form of diabetes that classically manifests in adolescence or in young adults under 25 years of age. MODY is a rare cause of diabetes, accounting for 1% of all cases, and is often misdiagnosed as type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It is of great importance to accurately diagnose MODY, as this allows for the most appropriate treatment of patients and facilitates early diagnosis for them and their families. This disease has a high degree of phenotypic and genetic polymorphism. The most prevalent forms of the disease are attributed to mutations in three genes: GCK (MODY 2) and (HNF)1A/4A (MODY 3 and MODY 1). The remaining MODY subtypes, which are less prevalent, have been identified by next generation sequencing (NGS) in the last decade. Mutations in the GCK gene result in asymptomatic, stable fasting hyperglycemia, which does not require specific treatment. Mutations in the HNF1A and HNF4A genes result in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, which in turn causes hyperglycemia. This often leads to diabetic angiopathy. The most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of hyperglycemia are sulfonylurea derivatives. Nevertheless, with advancing age, some patients may require insulin therapy due to the development of resistance to sulfonylurea drugs. The strategy of gene therapy for monogenic forms of MODY is still an experimental approach, and it is unlikely to be widely used in the clinic due to the peculiarities of MODY structure and the high genetic polymorphism and clinical variability even within the same form of the disease. Furthermore, there is a lack of clear gene-phenotypic correlations, and there is quite satisfactory curability in the majority of patients. This review presents the main clinical and genetic characteristics and mutation spectrum of common and rarer forms of MODY, with a detailed analysis of the field of application of AVV vectors in the correction of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.

Diabetes in China: epidemiology, pathophysiology and multi-omics.

Although diabetes is now a global epidemic, China has the highest number of affected people, presenting profound public health and socioeconomic challenges. In China, rapid ecological and lifestyle shifts have dramatically altered diabetes epidemiology and risk factors. In this Review, we summarize the epidemiological trends and the impact of traditional and emerging risk factors on Chinese diabetes prevalence. We also explore recent genetic, metagenomic and metabolomic studies of diabetes in Chinese, highlighting their role in pathogenesis and clinical management. Although heterogeneity across these multidimensional areas poses major analytic challenges in classifying patterns or features, they have also provided an opportunity to increase the accuracy and specificity of diagnosis for personalized treatment and prevention. National strategies and ongoing research are essential for improving diabetes detection, prevention and control, and for personalizing care to alleviate societal impacts and maintain quality of life.

Updated Insights on Childhood Diabetes Epidemiology 2019-2021 and Projections to 2045

This cross-sectional study examines global childhood diabetes trends to guide health care policies, resource allocation, and targeted interventions.

Prevalence and Epidemiology of Diabetes in West Africa: Trends and Challenges

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has emerged as a major public health concern in West Africa, marked by a notable rise in prevalence due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle changes, and socioeconomic factors. This review examines the current epidemiology of diabetes in the region, discussing key trends, risk factors, and the socioeconomic determinants contributing to its rising prevalence. Urbanization has led to sedentary lifestyles and increased consumption of energy-dense diets, significantly raising Type 2 diabetes cases. Epidemiological analysis shows that factors such as genetic predispositions, obesity, and socioeconomic disparities impact diabetes risk and management. Diabetes management faces numerous challenges, including limited healthcare infrastructure, low public awareness, and financial barriers that hinder access to essential care, diagnostics, and medications. Addressing this growing crisis requires a multifaceted approach, involving improved healthcare systems, targeted awareness campaigns, and socioeconomic support to foster early detection and promote healthier lifestyle choices. This review emphasizes the urgency for collaborative efforts to mitigate the diabetes burden and improve outcomes for affected populations in West Africa. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, West Africa, prevalence, epidemiology, Type 2 diabetes, public health, urbanization.

Comprehensive Review of Pharmacological Therapies and Clinical Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus: A Depth Study

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a colossal burden in global health, its prevalence increases steadily throughout the world. This systematic review explores the pathophysiology and epidemiology of diabetes, which describes the interactions that implicate that is the result of the play between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors in the development and progression of the disease. The review also describes a plethora of pharmacological treatments available to manage diabetes, with the oral agent, insulin regimens, and new approaches to therapy. Integrating the wisdom of the best clinical guidelines, those are from American diabetes association (ADA), European association for the study of diabetes (EASD), and International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Since these reviews are consistent with normative standards for evidence-based recommendations of optimal care of diabetes. The review goes further to cover technological advances in the management of diabetes. They include Continuous Glucose Monitoring, advanced insulin delivery systems, and Artificial Pancreas Systems. Such technologies hold more promising routes to better glucose control and patient quality of life. All this comes along with challenges that their deployment and maintenance that run through economic, adherence issues, and unequal access to healthcare. The future research and innovation in the battle against DM will include the application of personalized medicine and the development of advanced digital health solutions. This article will become a treasure for health professionals, researchers, and policymakers who have dedicated themselves to battling the adversities of diabetes mellitus.

Cohort profile: the Nanjing Diabetes Cohort database – a population-based surveillance cohort

PurposeTo study epidemiology, complications, risk factors, clinical course and treatment patterns of diabetes, the Nanjing Diabetes Cohort (NDC) was established using anonymised electronic health records from 650 hospitals and primary...

Factors Associated with Achieving HbA1c Targets in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major global public health concern, particularly due to its complications and associated mortality and morbidity. Ethnic differences in the epidemiology of diabetes necessitate population-specific studies to identify factors influencing glycemic control. Objectives: This study aimed to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with achieving HbA1c targets in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at the Yazd Diabetes Center in Iran. Methods: In this retrospective study, data were extracted from the medical records of 3,454 patients with type 2 diabetes at the Yazd Diabetes Research Center (March 2020 - December 2022). Data analysis was performed using chi-squared tests, t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and logistic regression in R version 4.0.2. Results: The cohort, predominantly female (59%) and primarily educated at the elementary level (65%), had an average age of 59.5 years (SD = 10) and a mean diabetes duration of 10.7 years (SD = 7.6). In the multivariable logistic regression model, older age (B = 0.03, OR = 1.03 per year, P < 0.001) and higher education level (secondary school B = 0.664, OR = 1.94, P < 0.001; academic education B = 0.834, OR = 2.30, P < 0.001) remained significant independent predictors of achieving HbA1c < 7%. The interaction term revealed that each additional year of diabetes duration led to a 3% greater reduction in the odds of achieving HbA1c < 7% for females compared to males (B = -0.029, OR = 0.97, P = 0.011), indicating gender-specific impacts of diabetes duration. Conclusions: This study found that demographic factors, including older age and higher education levels, were significantly associated with better glycemic control. The duration of diabetes negatively affected HbA1c outcomes, with a more pronounced impact in females than in males.

Sex disparities in the prevalence, incidence, and management of diabetes mellitus: an Australian retrospective primary healthcare study involving 668,891 individuals

BackgroundIn Australia, diabetes is the fastest growing chronic condition, with prevalence trebling over the past three decades. Despite reported sex differences in diabetes outcomes, disparities in management and health targets remain unclear. This population-based retrospective study used MedicineInsight primary healthcare data to investigate sex differences in diabetes prevalence, incidence, management, and achievement of health targets.MethodsAdults (aged ≥ 18 years) attending 39 general practices in Western Australia were included. Diabetes incidence and prevalence were estimated by age category. Health targets assessed included body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, blood lipids, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Medical management of diabetes-associated conditions was also investigated. Time-to-incident diabetes was modelled using a Weibull regression. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model investigated risk-adjusted sex differences in achieving the HbA1c health target (HbA1c ≤ 7.0% (≤ 53 mmol/mol)).ResultsRecords of 668,891 individuals (53.4% women) were analysed. Diabetes prevalence ranged from 1.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2%-1.3%) in those aged < 50 years to 7.2% (95% CI 7.1%-7.3%) in those aged ≥ 50 years and was overall higher in men. In patients younger than 30 years, incidence was higher in women, with this reversing after the age of 50. Among patients with diabetes, BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 was more prevalent in women, whereas current and past smoking were more common in men. Women were less likely than men to achieve lipid health targets and less likely to receive prescriptions for lipid, blood pressure, or glucose-lowering agents. Men with incident diabetes were 21% less likely than women to meet the HbA1c target. Similarly, ever recorded retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary heart disease, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease and peripheral artery disease were higher in men than women.ConclusionsThis research underscores variations in diabetes epidemiology and management based on sex. Tailoring diabetes management should consider the patient's sex.

A Bibliometric Review of the Utilization of TILDA Data in the Literature

Abstract Background The TILDA dataset refers to the data collected as part of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. It is a nationally representative longitudinal study of aging in Ireland, focusing on people aged 50 and older and it includes information on demographics, health status, cognitive function, psychological well-being, social support, lifestyle factors, and use of health services. Methods Bibliometric methods are used in several research domains to assess the impact of the field, specific researchers, papers, journals, and to identify knowledge inputs, research gaps and future opportunities. The study examines 609 scientific documents from 2011 to 2023 published on Web of Science (WoS) utilizing “TILDA” as keywords, aiming to identify prevalent themes and their evolution over time. Through thematic maps, clusters were generated to visualize thematic shifts. The Sankey plot illustrates temporal trends, revealing significant themes and their development. Results We defined three different time slices to clearly distinguish the themes present in scientific production. Initially (2011-2015), there's a focus on treating frailty, orthostatic hypotension, and physical interventions. Emerging themes include the analysis of cognitive functions and return migrants. In the second time slice (2016-2019), mental health concerns like depression, anxiety, and loneliness gain prominence. Essential aspects of aging such as mobility, self-care, and cognitive decline are also explored. Alcohol consumption and retirement experiences become significant topics. In the latest time slice (2020-2023), quality of life and biomarker studies emerge as prominent themes, along with continued exploration of frailty and fundamental health aspects like cancer and diabetes epidemiology. Conclusion The analysis shows the shifting research priorities evident in scientific output utilizing the TILDA dataset. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dataset's implications and inform future research directions, emphasizing its significance in advancing scientific knowledge.

Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus in School-Aged Children in Qena Governorate

Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus in School-Aged Children in Qena Governorate

Enhancing Chronic Disease Management: Personalized Medicine Insights from Rural and Urban General Practitioner Practices.

Health policies worldwide emphasize managing chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension through medication and lifestyle modifications. However, translating guidelines into practical application remains challenging, leading to suboptimal care and poor health outcomes, particularly in low-resource settings. This study aims to reveal significant differences between rural and urban patients requiring personalized approaches to chronic disease management based on geographical location and demographic data, considering the impact of emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from rural and urban general practitioner (GP) practices in Poland, covering four years from 2018 to the first quarter of 2021, focusing on diabetes and hypertension epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities, resource consumption, and disease burden. The findings revealed significant differences between rural and urban patients regarding age, number of patient visits, gender distribution, and types of diagnoses and visit modalities. Rural patients tended to be older, had a higher median number of visits, and exhibited different patterns of diagnoses and visit types compared to urban patients. The study also investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on chronic disease treatment, finding that while age at visits increased during the pandemic, there were no significant changes in gender distribution, but a noticeable shift in diagnoses and visit modalities with an increase in remote visits and changes in the prevalence of specific diagnoses. These disparities highlight the need for tailored approaches to chronic disease management based on geographic location and patient demographics. The study underscores the importance of understanding the unique challenges and opportunities in managing chronic diseases across different settings and during public health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, aiding healthcare providers and policymakers in developing targeted interventions to improve chronic disease prevention and management, ultimately leading to better health outcomes for individuals and communities. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of the pandemic on chronic disease treatment and assess the effectiveness of interventions to mitigate its impact.

Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and thyroid disorders: a cross-sectional survey and Mendelian randomization analysis.

Metabolic diseases are associated with thyroid disorders. Insulin resistance is the common pathological basis of metabolic diseases. We explored the relationship between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a simple insulin-resistance marker, and thyroid disorders. Eligible TIDE (Thyroid Diseases, Iodine Status and Diabetes Epidemiology) subjects (n = 47,710) were screened with inclusion/exclusion criteria. Thyroid disorder prevalence among different TyG index groups was stratified by sex. Logistic regression evaluated the correlation between the TyG index and thyroid disorders. Multiple linear regression evaluated the association between the TyG index and TSH. Additionally, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using published genome-wide association study data evaluated causality in the association between the TyG index and TSH. Men and women with greater TyG indices had a significantly greater prevalence of thyroid disorders than individuals with the lowest quartile (Q1) of TyG index (p < 0.05). Following adjustment for confounding factors, we observed that a greater TyG index significantly increased the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in men and women (men: Q2: odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.22 [1.07-1.38], p = 0.002; Q3: OR [95% CI] = 1.28 [1.12-1.45], p < 0.001; Q4: OR [95% CI] = 1.29 [1.12-1.50], p = 0.001; women: Q2: OR [95% CI] = 1.25 [1.12-1.39], p < 0.001; Q3: OR [95% CI] = 1.47 [1.31-1.64], p < 0.001; Q4: OR [95% CI] = 1.61 [1.43-1.82], p < 0.001). Only among women was the highest TyG index quartile associated with hypothyroidism (OR [95% CI] = 1.70 [1.15-2.50], p = 0.007). Additionally, in men, the association exists only in the more than adequate iodine intake population. In women, the relationship between the TyG index and thyroid disorders disappears after menopause. Furthermore, the TyG index exhibited a linear positive correlation with TSH levels. The MR analysis results revealed a causal relationship between a genetically determined greater TyG index and increased TSH (inverse-variance weighting (IVW): OR [95% CI] = 1.14 [1.02-1.28], p = 0.020); however, this causal relationship disappeared after adjusting for BMI in multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis (MVMR-IVW: OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.87-1.22, p = 0.739). A greater TyG index is associated with hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism and varies by sex and menopausal status. MR analysis demonstrated that the causal relationship between a genetically determined greater TyG index and elevated TSH levels is confounded or mediated by BMI.

Global epidemiology of diabetes from 1990 to 2019: A pan-database synthesis of risk factors and disease associations

Global epidemiology of diabetes from 1990 to 2019: A pan-database synthesis of risk factors and disease associations

Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus in Adults and Seniors in Rio Branco, Acre, Western Brazilian Amazon

(1) Background: To analyze the prevalence and factors associated with diabetes mellitus in adults and the elderly in Rio Branco, Acre, Western Brazilian Amazon. (2) Methods: The R software version 4.0.5 was used for estimating the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals. Multiple analysis was conducted through hierarchical variable selection. (3) Results: 1.095 individuals aged 18 years and older participated in this study, with 6.4% of the respondents showing prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was positively associated with a prior medical diagnosis of obesity (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.67–6.12), dyslipidemia (OR: 4.17; 95% CI: 2.08–8.36), and increasing age (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.05–1.09). Conversely, an inverse association was observed with higher education (12 or more years of study; OR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.07–0.61). (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, has significantly increased with advancing age. Education, obesity, and dyslipidemia were also identified as factors associated with diabetes mellitus in this population. Awareness campaigns regarding dietary patterns and lifestyle choices may serve as preventive and control measures.

From Sugar Spikes to Pressure Peaks: Navigating the World of Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, and Kidney Health.

Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are major public health challenges globally, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. The co-occurrence and interplay among these conditions exacerbate health outcomes, highlighting the need for an integrated understanding and approach to management. This narrative review aims to explore the complex relationships between diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and CKD, elucidating their collective impact on health. It discusses the epidemiological trends, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, genetic predispositions, current treatment strategies, and the future direction of research and therapy. An extensive review of current literature was conducted, focusing on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and CKD. Additionally, the review delves into the genetic and molecular biology underlying these conditions, the potential for personalized medicine, and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to care. The review identifies key areas where these conditions intersect, enhancing disease progression and complicating management. It highlights the role of genetic and environmental factors in disease etiology, the critical need for personalized treatment strategies, and the gaps in current management approaches. Innovations in pharmacotherapy, monitoring technologies, and the potential of pharmacogenomics are discussed as avenues for advancing patient care. Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and CKD are intricately linked, necessitating an integrated, patient-centered approach to care that goes beyond traditional treatment modalities. Future research should focus on collaborative models and interdisciplinary strategies to address the multifaceted challenges posed by these conditions. Emphasizing personalized medicine and leveraging technological advancements offer promising pathways to improve outcomes and reduce the global health burden of these metabolic disorders.

The epidemiology of gestational diabetes, gestation hypertension, and anemia in North Palestine from 2018 to 2020: A retrospective study.

In Palestine, women face a challenging environment and a demanding lifestyle, which puts them at a higher risk of experiencing complications during pregnancy. This study aimed to examine the risk factors linked with abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) levels, gestational diabetes (GD), and gestational hypertension (GH) among pregnant women. The results was compared between women residing in cities or villages areas and those in refugee camps. Medical records (N = 7889) for pregnant women at primary healthcare centers in the North West Bank were reviewed for sociodemographic and medical data along with the reported fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin, and blood pressure in the first and second trimesters from July 2018 to July 2020. However, only 6640 were included in the analysis as 1249 were excluded for having multiple pregnancy or lost to follow up. Complications and risk factors were defined according to the available global guidelines. Then, descriptive analysis was used to show the percentages of different risk factors and complications among them. The correlation between the several characteristics and variables with these complications was assessed by calculating the odds ratios (OR) using logistic regression. P-values of <0.05 were considered significant. The prevalence of adolescent pregnancy was the highest among women living in rural areas (9.8%) and grand multigravidity among refugee women (22%). The overall prevalence of anemia was higher in the second-trimester (16.2%) than in the first-trimester (11.2%), with anemic women in the first-trimester being more likely to be anemic in the second-trimester (OR = 8.223, P-value<0.001). Although anemia was less common in the first-trimester among refugees than among women living in urban areas (OR = 0.768, P-value = 0.006), it was more prevalent in the second-trimester (OR = 1.352, P-value<0.001). Moreover, refugee women were at lower risk than women living in urban areas of having GD (OR = 0.687, P-value<0.001) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.472, P-value<0.001) in the second-trimester. GH was associated with GD (OR = 1.401, P-value = 0.003) and DM (OR = 1.966, P-value<0.001). The findings of this study provide evidence-based data on the considerable prevalence of pregnancy complications, anemia, GD, and GH among Palestinian pregnant women living in the north of the West Bank. Multi gravida, gestational age, Hb levels, and the type of settings were strong predictors of pregnancy complications. Therefore, a national plan is needed to ensure adequate maternal care for all, especially disadvantaged women, those in rural areas and refugee camps.

Quality assessment of glucose measurement with regard to epidemiology and clinical management of diabetes mellitus in Germany.

During the last decade, Germany has seen an increased prevalence and a redistribution from undetected to diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Due to this substantial epidemiological development, the number of people with documented type 2 diabetes was 8.7 million in 2022. An estimated two million undiagnosed subjects are to be added. Beyond that, the life expectancy of diabetic subjects is increasing due to more responsive health systems in terms of care. Possible reasons include improved screening of at-risk individuals, the introduction of HbA1c for diagnosis in 2010, and the higher use of risk scores. Additionally, quality aspects of the laboratory methodology should be taken into consideration. Epidemiology and clinical management of diabetes in Germany are presented in the light of publications retrieved by a selective search of the PubMed database. Additionally, the data from German external quality assessment (EQA) surveys for the measurands glucose in plasma and HbA1c in whole blood, reviewed from 2010 until 2022, were evaluated. Above this, data concerning the analytical performance of near-patient glucometer devices, according to the ISO norm 15197:2013, were analyzed. Two laboratory aspects are in good accordance with the observation of an increase in the diabetes mellitus prevalence when retrospectively reviewing the period 2010 to 2022: First, the analytical performance according to the ISO norm 15197:2013 of the glucometer devices widely used by patients with diabetes for the glucose self-testing, has improved during this period. Secondly, concerning the EQA program of INSTAND, the number of participating laboratories raised significantly in Germany. The spreads of variations of the specified results for plasma glucose remained unchanged between 2010 and 2022, whereas for HbA1c a significant decrease of the result scattering could be observed. These retrospectively established findings testify to an excellent analytical quality of laboratory diagnostics for glucose and HbA1c throughout Germany which may be involved in a better diagnosis and therapy of previously undetected diabetes mellitus.

Oral health's role in diabetes risk: a cross-sectional study with sociodemographic and lifestyle insights.

Diabetes, a key chronic non-communicable disease, poses a substantial public health burden. The role of oral health as a determinant in the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus, particularly in the Central Eastern European region, remains underexplored. This research aims to examine the impact of specific oral health parameters, including gum bleeding, active dental caries, tooth mobility, and tooth loss, on diabetes prevalence. Additionally, it seeks to clarify the moderating effects of socio-demographic and lifestyle variables on this relationship. Data were extracted from the 2014 and 2019 datasets of the Hungarian European Health Interview Survey, comprising a combined nationally representative sample of 11,429 participants. Descriptive statistics were presented as weighted proportions and unweighted counts, and weighted Pearson's chi-squared tests were employed for assessing associations and goodness-of-fit. Significant predictors were integrated into weighted multiple logistic regression models for analysis. Sensitivity analysis was then conducted to confirm the robustness of the findings. The study identified 'Bad' self-perceived oral health as a diabetes risk (OR=1.35; 95% CI: [1.04-1.75]), with filled teeth being protective (0.65 [0.51-0.84]). Subgroup analysis revealed higher diabetes odds among individuals with primary education (1.41 [1.02-1.96]) and rural residents with tooth loss from decay (3.54 [1.36-9.19]). The bootstrap analysis with 1,000 iterations reaffirmed the model's stability and predictive accuracy for diabetes. Enhanced oral health is associated with lower risk factors for diabetes. This research highlights the importance of including oral health measures in comprehensive diabetes management approaches.

A Narrative Review Unveiling Novel Molecular Targets in Advancing Antidiabetic Medications: An Emerging Perspective

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a persistent metabolic disorder characterised by elevated glucose concentration in blood. Approximately, 422 million individuals globally suffer from diabetes, with the majority residing among middle-class and lower-class countries as per the reports of World Health Organisation (WHO) 2023. Strict blood sugar control in conjunction with high-dose insulin therapy might potentially prevent or delay the progression of microvascular issues, lower overall mortality, and lessen the chance of macrovascular problems. These conclusions were supported by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and the large longitudinal investigation known as the epidemiology of diabetes and its complications. Numerous drugs and receptors involved in glucose metabolism are currently being used to treat diabetes, including α-Glucosidase inhibitors, dopamine D-2 agonists, biguanides, glinides, amylin analogues, Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors (PPARs), Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), and biguanides. Due to the associated side effects and the financial difficulties in obtaining traditional antidiabetic regimens, the current review has placed a higher priority on investigating novel molecular targets for the development of antidiabetic medications intended to manage the progression of the illness. This emphasises how important it is to find new molecular targets associated with the illness’s onset instead of only treating its symptoms or outward signs.