Plate Device Research Articles

A Large-Scale True Triaxial Apparatus with Rigid-Flexible-Flexible Boundary for Granular Materials

The true triaxial apparatus is applied to test the deformation properties of coarse soil under three principal stress loadings without mutual interference. In this paper, based on the true triaxial apparatus mechanism under a vertical rigid boundary and an orthogonal two-direction flexible boundary on the horizontal plane loading, the small-scale true triaxial instrument with a specimen size of 70 by 70 by 70 mm and 70 by 70 by 140 mm is further developed into a large-scale true triaxial instrument with a specimen size of 300 by 300 by 600 mm. The two characteristics of the chamber loading mechanism are the adjacent flexible hydraulic capsule isolated by the balance plate device and servo hydraulic loading with Proportional-Integral-Differential (PID) closed control algorithm. The problem of mutual interference between two orthogonal flexible capsules on the horizontal plane is solved by using the isolation balance plate device. PID closed control optimization algorithm is used to solve the stability problem of an automatic control system. Finally, to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of a large-scale true triaxial instrument, a series of coarse soil tests were carried out to investigate the strength and deformation characteristics of geotechnical materials.

Morphometric variations of the lateral surface of calcaneus: Can standard plate sizes fit all?

PurposeDisplaced intraarticular fractures of the calcaneum often require plate fixation. The complex fractures are usually fixed with standard lateral plates and are approached via the extensile lateral approach which is fraught with the risk of wound complications. Oversized calcaneal plates produce tension on the wound closure site and can, thus result in wound healing problems. The current study analyses the morphometry of the lateral surface of the calcaneus for the ideal configuration of the calcaneal plates for Indian patients using a CT based analysis of intact calcanei. MethodsFifty CT based studies of normal calcanei were retrospectively analyzed using Horos® software version 3.3.5. The cross-section of the lateral third of calcaneum was assessed for the morphometric measurements relevant to the dimensions of the standard plating devices for calcaneum. We measured the overall plating length of calcaneum, the vertical heights at the anterior process and calcaneal tuberosity, the height of the posterior facet, the lengths of the anterior process, and the posterior facet. The inclination angles of the posterior facet, cuboid facet were also measured. The findings were compared between male and female cases. ResultsThe mean plating length of the calcaneus was 60.06 ± 4.05 mm. The mean vertical height of the anterior process and the calcaneal tuberosity were 24.3 ± 2.71 mm and 39.48 ± 4.73, respectively. The length of the anterior process and the posterior facet were 21.36 ± 1.72 and 25.02 ± 4.17, respectively. The mean Gissane angle and the angle of inclination of posterior facet in relation to the plating length were 118.04 ± 5.99° and 47.3 ± 5.20°. The mean anterior slant angle of the cuboid facet was 96.64 ± 4.39°. Significant differences were observed in the measurements among male and female groups except for the angular parameters. ConclusionThe current analysis suggests the individual morphometric variations of the lateral plating surface of the calcaneus. Although female calcanei have smaller dimensions compared to male calcanei, the angular parameters are comparable among the two groups. Considering the wide variations in the majority of the morphometric parameters, it is difficult to standardize the plate dimensions. However, a few serial increments in the plate dimensions can help in providing the best fit rather than an ideal fit. Also, the plates should be available with multiple inclination angles of the facet limbs according to the local population variations.

A comparative analytical study on reagent-fused silica gel plate and wax painted paper-based microfluidic device for serological testing

The detection and identification of body fluids at a crime scene shed light on the events which might have occurred and the people involved in the crime; the techniques used being lengthy, makes the on-scene detection a tough process to carry out and handle. This study aims to develop an on-spot detection method for serological testing using silica gel encapsulation technique and a modified microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPADs). Kastle-Meyer reagent was incorporated into the μPAD and Silica Gel plate and was subsequently validated for the detection of blood. This study revealed that the μPAD was a better option. The emerging technique of μPADs allows a cost-effective and simple method of detection for body fluids. The fibrous network of the paper is manipulated to fabricate a guided channel for the fluid flow. The guided channels in the modified μPADs were fabricated by patterning a hydrophobic barrier out of wax. The analyte of interest for this study is blood but the principle can be modified to include other biological fluids.

A Standard Methodology for Evaluation of Mechanical Maize Seed Meters for Smallholder Farmers Comparing Devices from Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia

Precision planting represents an opportunity for farmers to increase income. Seeders and associated seed meters are prerequisite to achieve optimal plant density. However, to assure seed meter performance in smallholder conditions, a comprehensive procedure is lacking. This study develops a methodology for mechanical maize meter evaluation that compares diverse meters in terms of seed singulation, seed damage, and spatial distribution. An experiment assessed 10 m, representing roller types, and inclined, vertical, and horizontal plates collected from various continents and representative of commonly used devices by smallholders. A conveyer-belt setup allowed for seed distribution analysis and the influence of vibration and topography on the seed singulation was determined. Results revealed that a rotational velocity of 20 revolutions per minute (RPM) was optimum for most meters, while all complied with the norm NMX-O-168-SCFI-2009 in terms of seed damage. Independent of the singulation mechanism, devices with the ability to adjust to seed size performed better. The Fitarelli horizontal plate, followed by the BARI-9 inclined plate meter, are considered ‘best-bet’ performers. Although, considering absolute efficiency, two inclined plate devices worked at near-perfect performance with large seeds. Our study develops a low-cost methodology, easily replicated and implemented, and provides a baseline for continued research on seed meter evaluation.

Analysis on the impact characteristics of grounding device considering spark effect

Under the effect of lightning current which is with large amplitude, the grounding device and surrounding soil will have spark effect, which makes device show complex impact characteristics and affect the current dissipation process. In this paper, using the parallel plate device, the quantitative relationship between the resistivity of sandy and brown yellow soil and the field strength is obtained, which is expressed as a piecewise function. Considering this relationship, a finite element model of impact dissipation for grounding device is established. A test platform is built, and the impact test data of different topological forms is used to compare with the results of the model, which can verify that the model can effectively analyse the spark effect of the grounding body. After carrying out simulation for the grounding body of different topological forms, this paper analyses the impact dissipation characteristics of the horizontal grounding body and the grounding body with short conductors.

CLINICAL GAIT ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS WITH TRANS-FEMORAL AMPUTATION USING POLYCENTRIC FOUR-BAR LINKAGE PROSTHETIC KNEE JOINT

Background: Adequate research is not reported so far to underline the influence of commonly used polycentric knee joints on gait performance of subjects with trans-femoral amputation. Objective: The intent of this investigation is to analyze prosthetic gait of unilateral traumatic trans-femoral amputees with polycentric four-bar linkage knee and compare it with normal subjects for evaluating any asymmetry in gait performance. Methods: Objective three-dimensional gait analysis of 15 subjects [mean (age): 36.4 (10.7) years] were performed in gait lab through force plate and optoelectronic devices to measure temporal-spatial parameters, kinematic and kinetic performances. Gait patterns of amputees were compared with those of 15 individuals with normal gait to analyze distinct functionalities of existing polycentric knee. Results: Asymmetry in gait was observed between amputees and normal subjects for all variables concerned ([Formula: see text]). Amputee gait was with significantly lesser velocity, cadence with shorter step and stride length. There was significantly less hip, knee and pelvic motions, however, pelvic obliquity and rotation did not show significant difference from the normal subjects. The vertical component of the ground reaction force differed significantly between prosthetic and intact limb [49.7 (8.5)% and 90.4 (7.4)% body weight] and also from normal subjects [107.5 (2.4)% body weight] during stance ([Formula: see text]). Interpretation and Conclusion: This difference may be attributed to nonproportionate loading of limbs and mechanical adaptations for counteracting deficiencies of prosthetic side. This study will help to explain gait asymmetry in trans-femoral amputees and to identify underlying mechanisms to enhance the quality of the existing design of prosthetic knee through optimizing design parameters and utilizing appropriate materials.

Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching and Electroless Deposition for Fabrication of Hard X-ray Pd/Si Zone Plates.

Zone plates are diffractive optics commonly used in X-ray microscopes. Here, we present a wet-chemical approach for fabricating high aspect ratio Pd/Si zone plate optics aimed at the hard X-ray regime. A Si zone plate mold is fabricated via metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) and further metalized with Pd via electroless deposition (ELD). MACE results in vertical Si zones with high aspect ratios. The observed MACE rate with our zone plate design is 700 nm/min. The ELD metallization yields a Pd density of 10.7 g/cm, a value slightly lower than the theoretical density of 12 g/cm. Fabricated zone plates have a grid design, 1:1 line-to-space-ratio, 30 nm outermost zone width, and an aspect ratio of 30:1. At 9 keV X-ray energy, the zone plate device shows a first order diffraction efficiency of 1.9%, measured at the MAX IV NanoMAX beamline. With this work, the possibility is opened to fabricate X-ray zone plates with low-cost etching and metallization methods.

Cyclic response sensitivity of energy dissipating steel plate fuses

Steel plate devices are commonly used for the seismic energy dissipation and damage mitigation of structures. Particularly, butterfly-shaped steel plate fuses are essential components in controlled rocking frames, which have been shown as promising self-centering systems for minimizing financial losses due to repair costs and downtime in strong earthquakes. The cyclic behavior of a steel plate fuse varies depending on design factors related to its geometry and material. This paper aims at assessing the effect of seven factors on the cyclic response of steel plate fuses. These factors include the fuse length, mid-width, end-width, thickness, band zone length, fuse yield strength, and modulus of elasticity. Detailed finite element models are first developed and validated against past experimental test results. A design of experiment method is used to statistically evaluate the effects of the design factors and their interactions on the cyclic response characteristics of steel plate fuses in terms of initial stiffness, yield strength, ultimate stiffness, effective damping, maximum strength, and ductility. The results show that the most significant effects are the fuse end-width, thickness, and length.

Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) in treatment of distal meta-physeal fractures of tibia: A study on Complications

‘Biological’ internal fixation avoids the need for precise reduction, especially of the intermediate fragments, and takes advantage of indirect reduction. This principle applies equally to locked nailing, bridge plating, and internal fixator-like devices. Indirect reduction aims only to align the fragments. It avoids exposure of the bone thus reducing the surgical trauma. Flexible fixation is advocated to induce formation of callus and is achieved by using wide bridging of the area of the fracture. The patients were followed up at intervals of three weeks for up to 6-10 months to assess the radiological union. After the 1st follow up of 4 weeks patient is allowed to partially bear weight. The fracture was designated as united, when there was periosteal bridging callus at the fracture site at least in three cortices in the antero-posterior and lateral views. Trabeculations extending across the fracture site was also taken into consideration. Partial and full weight bearing were allowed. Two of the patients developed superficial skin infections, which were treated with daily dressings and appropriate antibiotics according to the culture and sensitivity reports. All the infections subsided on the above said treatment. We had 1 patient with ankle stiffness. Probably due to the lack of compliance to the advised physiotherapy at home after discharge of the patient. Ankle stiffness ranged from restriction of ankle movement from 20-40%.

Evaluation and Analysis of Different Types of Prosthetic Knee Joint Used by above Knee Amputee

Four prosthetic knee joints (polycentric knee weight activating-4bar and friction, extension assist controlled),(single axis knee weight activating and friction, internal extension assist controlled), (single axis knee weight activating-4bar and hydraulically, controlled) and (polycentric knee geometric locking-6bar, hydraulically controlled) for a trans-femoral patient were tested. The tests were conducted to find the maximum velocity as well as discussing the most comfortable prosthetic forthe patient and walking stability for these prosthetic knees by examining the gait cycle and measuring the ground reaction force (GRF), using force a plate device. Also, the interface pressure was measured between socket and stump muscles by using F-socket device to get the stress distribution during walking with a prosthetic knee. Results manifested that the polycentric knee geometric locking - 6bar, hydraulically controlled is the best because of the good homogenous distribution of GRF between the healthy and prosthetic limb, during which the difference between both the healthy and prosthetic limb is with the least value (4%).And, K4 gives the minimum value of differences in contact pressure between the left and right limb with a value of (24%), it alsoimparts the maximum symmetry between the left and right limb according to the gait cycle parameters.The best results of the interface pressures and kinovea velocity are achieved whenK4 is used with (132.4KPa, 0.71m/s), respectively. Finally, the polycentric knee geometric locking - 6bar, hydraulically controlled is the best according to the ANSYS results during which it yields the minimum values of Von-Mises stress with 14.24MPa and a maximum factor of safety of 3.11.

Halluks Valgus Cerrahisinde Distal Metatars Chevron Osteotomisinin Kilitli Plak ve İntramedüller Cihaz ile Tespitinin Geriye Dönük Olarak Karşılaştırılması.

Objective: Recently, an innovative intramedullary device was introduced for the fixation of the capital fragment in the distal metatarsal chevron osteotomy. The aim of the present study was to compare the outcomes of locking plate and intramedullary device fixation in the distal metatarsal chevron osteotomy in the surgical treatment of hallux valgus.Material and Methods: We reviewed 29 patients (29 feet) treated with distal metatarsal chevron osteotomies fixated by locking plate or intramedullary device for hallux valgus. Locking plate fixation were used for 14 patients (14 feet) and intramedullary device fixation were used for 15 patients (15 feet).Results: The mean follow-up period was 31 (6–56) months. The locking plate and intramedullary device groups did not differ significantly with respect to age, affected side, surgical time, duration of hospital stay, follow – up period or postoperative American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society scores (p>0.05). The hallux valgus angle and the intermetatarsal angle decreased significantly in both the locking plate and the intramedullary device groups (p<0.01). Two patients (14.3%) in the locking plate group and 5 patients (33.3%) in the intramedullary device group had implant removal surgery because of implant irritation but the difference in implant removal rates were not statistically significant. Conclusion: We found both locking plate and intramedullary device fixation methods were effective in the fixation of distal metatarsal chevron osteotomy for correction of moderate hallux valgus. However, both locking plate and intramedullary device fixation methods were associated with a relatively high implant removal rate.

Patellar Fixation Following Fracture: A Retrospective Review of Outcomes Following Varying Surgical Interventions

Purpose: Patella fractures are a common injury in trauma patients and can be treated with a multitude of different fixation methods. With so many fixation techniques available, no current consensus exists on best practices for patients presenting with this injury. The purpose of this analysis is to review the multiple different patella fixation strategies and to evaluate the outcomes and complications associated with each. Methods: One hundred and fifteen patients who underwent patellar fracture fixation at an urban Level I-Trauma center were retrospectively reviewed. Operative treatment included open reduction and internal fixation with plate and screw devices, tension band wiring (TBW), cannulated screw tension band wiring (CS-TBW), isolated interfragmentary screw fixation, or partial patellectomy with soft tissue repair and tendon advancement. Patient demographics, fracture and injury characteristics, operative variables, radiographic information, and post-operative outcome measurements were recorded for each patient assessed in the study. Results: Results demonstrated that plating techniques had the highest overall rate of union. Furthermore, a significant decrease in implant removal with utilization of isolated suture/wire was appreciated compared to other fixation groups (p < 0.01). Conclusion: We conclude that plate utilization achieves high radiographic union compared with other fixation methods.

Focusing Properties of Bent Micro-Channel Plates in the X-Ray Range

Compact and flexible Micro-Channel Plate (MCP) devices are versatile optical systems suitable to condense and shape intense X-ray beams. Studies on propagation of both soft and hard X-ray radiations through these devices are of continuous interests because of increasing demand of synchrotron radiation X‑ray sources, in particular, to enhance the spot stability and to optimize the beam for specific experiments. In this work synchrotron radiation sources as well as a conventional X-ray tube coupled to polycapillary lenses have been used to characterize the transmission and the angular distribution of thin flat or spherically bent MCPs with different curvature radii. It is shown that the radiation beam from both synchrotron radiation and conventional X-ray sources can be efficiently condensed by thin spherically bent MCPs.

The Isometric Horizontal Push Test: Test-Retest Reliability and Validation Study.

To investigate the test-retest reliability and criterion validity of the isometric horizontal push test (IHPT), a newly designed test that selectively measures the horizontal component of maximal isometric force. Twenty-four active males with ≥3 years of resistance training experience performed 2 testing sessions of the IHPT, separated by 3 to 4 days of rest. In each session, subjects performed 3 maximal trials of the IHPT with 3 minutes of rest between them. The peak force outputs were collected simultaneously using a strain gauge and the criterion equipment consisting of a floor-embedded force plate. The test-retest reliability of peak force values was nearly perfect (intraclass correlation coefficient = ∼.99). Bland-Altman analysis showed excellent agreement between days with nearly no bias for strain gauge 1.2N (95% confidence interval [CI], -3 to 6N) and force plate 0.8N (95% CI, -4 to 6N). A nearly perfect correlation was observed between the strain gauge and force plate (r = .98, P < .001), with a small bias of 8N (95% CI, 1.2 to 15N) in favor of the force plate. The sensitivity of the IHPT was also good, with smallest worthwhile change greater than standard error of measurement for both the strain gauge (smallest worthwhile change: 29N; standard error of measurement: 17N; 95% CI, 14 to 20N) and the force plate (smallest worthwhile change: 29N; standard error of measurement: 18N; 95% CI, 14 to 19N) devices. The high degree of validity, reliability, and sensitivity of the IHPT, coupled with its affordability, portability, ease of use, and time efficacy, point to the potential of the test for assessment and monitoring purposes.

Development of a resistive plate device with micro-pattern technique

We present an RPC built with techniques developed for micro-pattern gaseous detectors. It consists in two equal electrode plates made of FR4 substrate with 250 Cu readout strips. A 50 μm insulating foil, carrying resistive lines, is glued on top of the substrate. Both the Cu and the resistive strips have a pitch of 400 μm and width of 300 μm. The plates are spaced by a 2 mm gap and rotated by 90∘, providing a 2D tracking capability.With such a device the surface resistivity can be tuned to values below the ones of existing RPC (either glass or phenolic-melamine). The thin separation layer between the electrodes and the readout strips provides a better capacitive coupling of the signal, allowing to operate the detector at lower gain. Moreover, the strip-shaped resistive pattern reduces the induced charge size in the direction perpendicular to the strips. All these features go in the direction of improving the rate capability.The basic concepts of this new device are described here, together with preliminary results of ongoing tests at CERN.

Continuous-variable entangled states of light carrying orbital angular momentum

The orbital angular momentum of light, unlike spin, is an infinite-dimensional discrete variable and may hence offer enhanced performances for encoding, transmitting, and processing quantum information. Hitherto, this degree of freedom of light has been studied mainly in the context of quantum states with definite number of photons. On the other hand, field-quadrature continuous-variable quantum states of light allow implementing many important quantum protocols not accessible with photon-number states. Here, we realize a scheme based on a $q$-plate device for endowing a bipartite continuous-variable Gaussian entangled state with nonzero orbital angular momentum. We then apply a reconfigurable homodyne detector working directly with such nonzero orbital angular momentum modes in order to retrieve experimentally their entire quantum-state covariance matrix, thus providing a full characterization of their quantum fluctuation properties. Our work is a step towards generating multipartite continuous-variable entanglement in a single optical beam.

Thermal Response of Mortar Panels with Different Forms of Macro-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials: A Finite Element Study

This paper presents a numerical investigation of thermal response of mortar panels, incorporating macro-encapsulated paraffin in different forms. Two types of macro capsules were fabricated and tested in this study using an instrumented hot plate device. The experimental results show that macro encapsulated paraffin reduced the temperature and increased time lag in the mortar panels due to the latent heat capacity of paraffin. Finite element models adopting the effective heat capacity method to model phase change effects were able to capture the overall thermal response of panels incorporated with paraffin well. Then, a parametric study was conducted using the validated finite element (FE) modelling technique to investigate the effects of different forms of macro capsules, the quantity of paraffin and the position of macro capsules. It was found that the tube and sphere macro capsules showed similar thermal responses, while the plate shaped capsules may cause a non-uniform temperature distribution in mortar panels. The quantity and position of paraffin have significant effects on the thermal response of the mortal panels. A higher paraffin content results in a significantly longer temperature lag and a lower temperature during the phase transition of paraffin. Furthermore, placing the paraffin away from the heating face can cause a longer temperature lag on the other face, which is desirable for building façade applications.

Cool Runnings

Using a combination of simulation tools innovative manufacturing methods and rig testingcan maximize the performance of cold plate devices

Prediction of MRI RF Exposure for Implantable Plate Devices Using Artificial Neural Network

The purpose of this paper is to present a fast method to predict the radio frequency (RF) exposure for multi-configuration implantable devices in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environment by using an artificial neural network (ANN). A synthesizing framework is developed to improve the ANN, of which the inputs are the geometric dimensions of the targeted device and the output is the peak 1-g average SAR (SAR1g) of the device. The synthesizing framework integrates feature selection and performance optimization techniques, achieved by using the mean impact value (MIV) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA), to identify the most impactful features and improve the performance of the ANN. The framework was implemented and validated with the samples of 576 implantable plate devices with various geometric dimensions. The dimensions of the device were determined by six parameters and the peak SAR1g of the devices was numerically calculated by using a full-wave electromagnetic solver based on the finite-difference time-domain method. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed framework were systematically evaluated. Comparing with the unimproved ANN, the mean square error (MSE) of the predicted peak SAR1g decreased by 28.06% for the ANN using MIV algorithm, while the MSE decreased by 55.29% for the presented synthesizing framework. The MSE of the predicted peak SAR1g was 8.16 W2/kg2 and the correlation between the predicted and calculated peak SAR1g was 0.994 for the improved ANN in the studied cases.

Copper-Based 3-Terminal Synaptic Cell with Multiple Resistance Levels

Synaptic elements capable of reversible multilevel analog switching have the potential to become key components in future neuromorphic computing technologies and exceed the practical limits of current digital technology. Artificial neural networks based on analog synapses could potentially deliver performance one step closer to the human brain which far surpasses the efficiency of current computing capabilities by many orders of magnitude. For example, this could be achieved by mapping the synaptic weights of deep neural net on the multi-bit device and performing the multiply-accumulate operation in-memory during learning or inferencing cycles [1]. While different types of 2-terminal emerging non-volatile memory, such as phase change memory (PCM) or resistive RAM (ReRAM), permit some degree of reversible analog tuneability, they exhibit significant stochasticity, and asymmetry which are detrimental to learning accuracy. In addition to precise and predictable control of the resistance state, decoupling the write and read cycle is a major challenge for the practical application of such devices. Memistor-based three-terminal devices allow decoupling the read and write steps, potentially permitting drastic increase in device operational precision and reliability. Electrochemical copper plating devices of this type for the purpose of “adaptive switching circuits” were conceived as early as the1960s in the ADALINE neuron element [2] and more recently as “atomic transistors” [3], however these devices utilized liquid electrolytes which are a big challenge for practical fabrication of an integrated chip. Other systems, such as lithium-based intercalation materials have been used for solid-state three-terminal synaptic devices and scaled to sub-micron dimensions [4], [5]. However. Li+ based systems are chemically reactive and sensitive to atmospheric exposure while also possessing a residual open circuit potential which opposes continued potentiation and creates challenges for voltage-driven neural networks. Here, we report a solid-state, lithium-free, Cu+-based 3-terminal synaptic device capable of reversible multilevel switching. Cu+ is driven in or out of a channel to create a conductance change and Cu+ ion transport is achieved through a solid electrolyte by writing pulses of only 100mV with near-zero open circuit potential. We analyze device performance, physical, and chemical characteristics, and provide insight into operation mechanisms and limitations. Exceptionally high ionic conductivity of 0.36S/cm (significantly higher than any reported solid-state lithium-based system) was measured in the electrolyte by impedance spectroscopy which is critical for high speed device operation. The first device prototypes were over 100 microns in size with very low dynamic range and channel resistance of only several hundred ohms, which is too low for practical applications. We demonstrate a path for increasing the dynamic range and channel resistance of our devices, as well as first steps towards transfer to sub-micron scale fabrication. Figure 1 Impedance spectrum of solid copper electrolyte with inset micrograph of completed device in measurement setup (a). Schematics of device structure and operation (b). Channel resistivity change during cycling measured between writing pulses (two consecutive cycles of 5, +100mV, and 5,-100mV pulses each). Reference: [1] T. Gokmen, Y Vlasov, Frontiers in Neuroscience 2016, 10, 333 [2] B. Wirdow. Technical Report No1553-2, Office of Naval Research 1960 [3] Xie et al. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 530–538 [4] Fuller et al. Li-Ion Synaptic Transistor for Low Power Analog Computing. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29 [5] J.Tang et al, presented at IEEE IEDM 2018, 13.1 Figure 1