Development Of Trade Research Articles

Characterization of pollutant discharges from ships within 100 nautical miles of China's coastline and certain inland river ports, 2022.

Characterization of pollutant discharges from ships within 100 nautical miles of China's coastline and certain inland river ports, 2022.

Dynamic Evolution of Electric Vehicle Trade Network between China and Europe

China and Europe have promoted the development of electric vehicles to reduce carbon emissions and cope with climate change. In recent years, the sales share of Chinese electric vehicle brands in the European market has increased rapidly. Europe has become the largest export market for Chinese electric vehicles. However, the European Union implemented various temporary tariffs on Chinese electric vehicle brands in 2024, which posed a major challenge to the development of electric vehicle trade between China and Europe. The paper conducts a systematic examination of overall structural characteristics, node centrality metrics, core-periphery architecture and community detection of electric vehicle trade network between China and Europe from 2018 to 2022 by using social network analysis. The results indicate a general upward trend in tighter trade groups and increased connectivity efficiency within the network, while the network density and reciprocity display some fluctuations during this period. From a structural perspective, countries holding central positions in both centrality measures and core-periphery indicators show statistically significant convergence patterns in electric vehicle trade network between China and Europe. Moreover, there has formed different communities and undergone significant composition changes in electric vehicle trade network after 2020, highlighting the strengthening of connectivity within the trade network. This study has both theoretical and practical implications. It highlights the dynamic changes in electric vehicle trade network between China and Europe, and providing practical implications for Chinese policymakers and Chinese electric vehicle manufacturers through strategic frameworks to enhance bilateral cooperation, market adaptability, and sustainable trade reciprocity with European countries.

Study on the Influence of Cross-border E-commerce on China's High-tech Product Export Trade

In recent years, the global trade pattern has undergone profound changes, and cross-border e-commerce has flourished as a new trade mode. As the world's largest trading country in goods and the most dynamic digital economy, China has a strong momentum of cross-border e-commerce development and has become an important engine to promote high-quality foreign trade development, but at the same time, it also faces challenges such as intensifying international competition and increasing trade barriers. By summarizing the factors affecting the export trade of high-tech products, the difference between cross-border e-commerce and traditional trade, and the influence mechanism of cross-border e-commerce on the export trade of high-tech products, this paper finds that cross-border e-commerce plays an important role in the export field of China's high-tech products. It promotes the export of China's high-tech products, effectively promotes the product innovation of enterprises, enables products to enter the international market more smoothly, and promotes the process of Chinese economic globalization.

FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS OF UKRAINE WITH THE EU COUNTRIES

The article presents an analysis of the characteristics and prospects of Ukraine's foreign trade with the EU member states, which are identified as key trading partners. The article examines the specific features of institutional support for the advancement of foreign trade relations, with a particular focus on the liberalisation of mutual trade and the practical realisation of existing policy documents. This study examines the dynamics and current structure of Ukraine's foreign trade in goods with EU member states. The article identifies the countries with which Ukraine has the most extensive foreign trade relations and the commodity groups with which these countries engage in the greatest volume of trade. It also presents an econometric model that illustrates the relationship between Ukraine's GDP and the indicators of exports of goods to the EU and imports of goods from the EU for the period 2012-2023. It can be demonstrated that the growth of exports of goods to the EU and imports of goods from the EU has a positive impact on Ukraine's economic growth. Dynamic series of indicators and corresponding trend models have been constructed for Ukraine's commodity exports to the EU and imports from the EU. The current features and problems of Ukraine's foreign trade development are elucidated, both in the context of global factors and in the context of russia's full-scale invasion. The significance of using potential opportunities for integration into European markets and the primacy of European collaboration in Ukraine's foreign economic policy are underscored.

Impact of COVID-19 in price fluctuations of shipping freight in Malaysian maritime industry

PurposeThe study aims to investigate the factors influencing the fluctuations in shipping costs due to Covid-19 in the Malaysian shipping industry and provide recommendations to mitigate future price fluctuations during pandemics. It analyses the causes of shipping freight price fluctuations, assess their impact on the industry.Design/methodology/approachThis is a qualitative study using inductive content analysis to examine shipping costs in the maritime transport industry in the Southeast Asian context. The study conducted desk research to gain a deeper understanding and insight into the maritime industry.FindingsThe maritime sector plays a crucial role in global trade as it oversees the transport of various goods by sea, making it a significant industry worldwide. Strict lockdowns during Covid-19 affected economies around the world, which negatively impacted the shipping sector and affected freight rates, as the demand for ships correlates with the economy.Research limitations/implicationsIt contributes to the literature that expands the knowledge of global trade and the maritime industry. They are interrelated as they are precursors to the development of global trade in countries.Practical implicationsThe findings show that the use of dynamic pricing, the use of Lean Six Sigma and the setting of a minimum and maximum price could strengthen the resilience of the industry. Nevertheless, tactics need to be regularly re-evaluated to respond to changing circumstances as the pandemic evolves and changes. This paper intends to be a resource for further research on this topic.Originality/valueThis is the first qualitative study to shed light on the relationship between price volatility and Covid-19 in the maritime industry in the context of Southeast Asian Malaysia.

Migrations of Turkic Tribes to the Caucasus in the 3-5 Centuries

The purpose of the research paper is devoted to the analysis of migrations of Turkic tribes in the Caucasus in the 3-5 centuries, their influence on the ethnic composition, socio-political structure and economic development of the region. The article examines the ways of movement of the Huns, Sabirs, Maskuts, Ugrians, Barsils and other tribes, their interaction with local peoples, as well as the role of external factors, including the Byzantine-Sasanian rivalry. Special attention is paid to the processes of integration of Turkic tribes into the social structures of the region, the influence of their culture and military presence on the further development of the Caucasus. The scientific novelty. Unlike traditional studies that focus on the conquests of nomadic peoples, this work analyses more complex processes of interaction between Turkic tribes and local ethnic groups. The study shows that these migrations not only changed the balance of political forces, but also contributed to cultural exchange, the formation of new states and ethnic communities. The impact of these processes on the economy and trade routes of the region is also being studied, which was previously not fully considered. Conclusions. Migrations of Turkic tribes had a significant impact on the Caucasus, changing its ethnic and political landscape. These processes contributed to the formation of new state formations, the development of military affairs and the strengthening of cultural ties. Despite the conflicts, the Turkic tribes actively interacted with the local population, contributing to the development of crafts, trade and political organisation of the region. The Byzantine-Sasanian confrontation played an important role in the consolidation of some Turkic peoples in the Caucasus, which further influenced the ethnogenesis of the local population. The influence of these migrations can still be traced today in the language, traditions and cultural heritage of the peoples of the Caucasus, which indicates the long-term consequences of the ethnopolitical processes that took place during this period.

Study on the Impact of Cross-border E-commerce Development on China's Export Trade in “Silk Road E-commerce” Trading Partner Countries

In the context of globalization and digitalization, cross-border e-commerce has developed rapidly and become an important driving force for international trade. The “Silk Road E-commerce” cooperation under the “Belt and Road” initiative has brought new opportunities for trade between China and the countries along the route. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of cross-border e-commerce development of trading partner countries on China's import and export trade, by sorting out the development history and status quo, constructing an evaluation system, empirically analyzing the impact effects and impact paths, and putting forward targeted policy recommendations to promote the development of China's import and export trade and help the in-depth implementation of the “One Belt, One Road” Initiative.

The Dual Effects of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on Environmental Quality in Exporting Enterprises' Locations Mechanisms, Case Studies, and Policy Implications

The EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), as the world's first carbon tariff rule, exerts complex and multifaceted impacts on export-oriented enterprises in developing countries and their local environmental quality. Based on theories of environmental regulation, carbon leakage, and international trade, this paper constructs a dual-effect theoretical framework for CBAM's influence on environmental quality, revealing its promoting and inhibiting effects on regional environmental quality through pathways such as "technology forcing" and "market relocation." Case studies of typical regions like Inner Mongolia and Guangdong, as well as industries such as steel and aluminum, demonstrate that in the short term, CBAM forces enterprises to upgrade technologies and adopt green electricity substitution, thereby reducing carbon emission intensity and improving air quality. However, in the long run, it may trigger the relocation of high-carbon industries to regions with laxer regulations, exacerbating global carbon leakage risks. Further research indicates that firm size, industry carbon intensity, and policy coordination are key factors moderating the environmental quality effects. Accordingly, this paper proposes differentiated governance strategies: enterprises should strengthen low-carbon technology R&D and supply chain management; governments should improve carbon pricing mechanisms and promote international mutual recognition of carbon standards; at the international level, the interests of developing countries must be balanced to prevent unilateral carbon barriers from worsening trade imbalances. This study provides theoretical foundations and policy references for developing countries to address CBAM challenges and achieve coordinated development of environment and trade.

Does Green Finance Facilitate the Upgrading of Green Export Quality? Evidence from China’s Green Loan Interest Subsidies Policy

In the global pursuit of sustainable development and climate change mitigation, reconciling export growth with environmental protection has emerged as a universal challenge. As the world’s largest developing economy, China has traditionally relied on a resource-intensive development model to fuel rapid foreign trade growth. However, this extensive growth pattern has not only led to environmental pollution domestically but has also encountered hurdles from international green trade barriers. Finance, as a key driver of stable economic growth, plays a pivotal role in achieving high-quality trade development. Against this backdrop, the Chinese government has introduced the green credit interest subsidies policy. This policy aims to coordinate government financial resources and guide capital toward green production, alleviating financing constraints and fostering the upgrading of export product quality. Utilizing data from the World Bank, China Customs statistics, and provincial panels from 2011 to 2020, this study employs a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) model to examine the causal impact of the green credit subsidies policy on efforts to upgrade the export quality of green products across China’s regions. The benchmark regression results indicate that the green credit interest subsidies policy has significantly improved the export quality of green products across China’s manufacturing industries. Heterogeneity analysis shows that this policy has had a more pronounced positive impact on green product quality in industries with quality-based competition strategies, in regions with well-coordinated local finance and financial policies, as well as in countries that have concluded environmental clauses with China. Mechanism analysis reveals that, on the export side, the policy enhances green product quality by easing financing constraints, increasing green credit, boosting productivity, and upgrading industrial structures. On the import side, the policy promotes green product quality by expanding the scale, variety, and quality of green intermediate goods. This research offers valuable insights for developing countries aiming to establish export-oriented green transformation and upgrading strategies.

The Impact of New Quality Productive Forces on the High-Quality Development of China’s Foreign Trade

The high-quality development of foreign trade is both an inherent need for China’s economic transformation and upgrading and a vital driver for global economic recovery and sustainable development. Analyzing how new quality productive forces empower high-quality trade development and its mechanisms is significant. Drawing from the theoretical framework of new quality productive forces and the principles of high-quality foreign trade development, this study uses panel data from 30 Chinese provinces (2011–2021) to construct entropy-based indices for new quality productive forces and the high-quality development of foreign trade. A System GMM dynamic panel model is applied to examine their relationship and underlying mechanisms. The empirical results indicate that new quality productive forces significantly promote the high-quality development of foreign trade. Furthermore, their positive impact is more pronounced in eastern regions, provinces implementing the Belt and Road Initiative, and areas with lower resource endowments. Mechanism analysis further reveals that new quality productive forces enhance the high-quality development of foreign trade by optimizing factor matching, deepening industrial division, and intensifying market competition. This study contributes to the literature on the economic effects of new quality productive forces and provides theoretical insights and practical implications for promoting the high-quality development of foreign trade across regions.

Application of nanomaterials in the detection of pesticide residues in spices.

Application of nanomaterials in the detection of pesticide residues in spices.

Strengthening resilience through trade: Development of service trade and enhancing export resilience

Strengthening resilience through trade: Development of service trade and enhancing export resilience

Study on the influence of digital trade barriers on international trade and countermeasures

This study examines the impact of digital trade barriers on internation-al trade and proposes countermeasures, which holds significant theo-retical value and practical significance. The research context is that ex-isting literature often fo-cuses on traditional trade barriers while lacking systematic analysis of unique policy tools in digital trade. This study aims to refine the theoretical framework for digital trade governance and assist companies in managing cross-border dig-ital trade risks. Us-ing a mixed research approach, including literature review and case studies the study systematically analyzes the types, motivations, and economic impacts of digital trade barriers on international trade. The main conclusions highlight that digital trade barriers significantly hin-der the cross-border flow of digital services and products, increase compliance costs for businesses, and affect the competitiveness of ser-vice exports and the smooth operation of global value chains. Policy recommendations emphasize building a flexible regulatory system, etc. to address the challenges posed by digital trade barriers and promote the healthy development of international trade.

Study on the Influence and Strategy of Low-carbon Economy on International Trade Development

With increasingly severe global climate change, a low-carbon economy has become an inevitable trend in the development of the international community. Low-carbon economy is not only related to environmental protection but also has a profound impact on international trade. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of a low-carbon economy on the development of international trade and put forward corresponding strategy suggestions. By analyzing the connotation, characteristics, and mechanism of the low-carbon economy on international trade, this paper reveals the important role of the low-carbon economy in promoting the optimization of international trade structure, promoting green technology innovation, and strengthening international cooperation. At the same time, given the challenges brought by a low-carbon economy, this paper puts forward strategies such as strengthening policy guidance, promoting green technology innovation, and improving international trade rules to provide a reference for the sustainable development of international trade.

A Comparative Analysis of the International Competitiveness of China’s Digital Service Trade

In the context of accelerated globalization and the rapid development of the digital economy, the scale of China’s import and export trade continues to expand. Enhancing the international competitiveness of China’s digital service trade is of significant importance. This article will analyze the current state of China’s digital service trade development based on relevant theoretical concepts and provide a discussion on proposals for improving the international competitiveness of China’s digital service trade, to offer a reference for the development of digital service trade in China.

Study on the Path of Foreign Trade Development of Manufacturing Industry in Chengdu-Chongqing Area Empowered by Digital Economy

Study on the Path of Foreign Trade Development of Manufacturing Industry in Chengdu-Chongqing Area Empowered by Digital Economy

The Legal Responsibilities of Multinational Corporations in Human Rights Protection

With the development of international trade, multinational corporations plays a vital role in commercial activities. However, the multinational corporations profit-based mentality makes the forced labor problem really severe, which violates the workers basic human rights. Based on the principle of personal responsibility, corporate social responsibility and the balance of interests, multinational corporations have a necessary and irreplaceable responsibility to prevent forced labor issues and protect labor rights. Therefore, this article explores the causes of human rights violations by multinational corporations in international commercial transactions. Specifically, the complicated supply chains of multinational corporations make it difficult to supervise human rights violations. Meanwhile, they often evade their responsibilities by using independent legal personality irrational and failing to conduct their due diligence. Based on the analysis of these reasons, the article proposes to set up a well-developed system for piercing the veil of legal entities, improving supply chains transparency, and adopting uniform human rights assessment standards to avoid forced labor issues. In short, giving labor protection suggestions for multinational corporations,this article can help multinational corporations better fulfill their human rights protection obligations.

The non-linear threshold effects of public investment on sustainable trade development in Africa: a panel smooth transition regression approach

The non-linear threshold effects of public investment on sustainable trade development in Africa: a panel smooth transition regression approach

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF INTERNATIONAL DERIVATIVES EXCHANGE TRADING IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

The article highlights the close connection between the development of international exchange trading in derivative contracts and the processes of globalization and especially its negative consequences, in particular global events, such as military conflicts and trade wars, which are currently ongoing. It is noted that globalization, as a world-wide process, cannot be stopped, even if it has negative consequences. Today, globalization covers all spheres of economic activity of market participants at both the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels. It is noted that one of the important and key conditions of globalization is its close connection with the political situation and political sentiments of society around the world. In our opinion, the impact of globalization on public opinion and international derivatives trading directly depends on the political situation and political decisions of countries, which significantly affect the globalization process. The impact of globalization intensified at the end of the last century. It is revealed that the openness and transparency of economic relations between market participants at the global level creates tension and instability, which leads to high price volatility on international exchanges. It is noted that the main tools in the fight against price risks are exchange-traded derivative contracts for the main types of commodity and financial assets. It is noted that the main directions of development of international exchange trading in derivative contracts include: growth in trading volumes in futures and options contracts; increased demand for exchange instruments due to the continuation of the war in Ukraine and other geopolitical changes; creation of favorable conditions for financial security to guarantee the execution of exchange transactions; expansion of the spectrum of exchange brokers duties; growth in the share of financial derivatives trading in the overall structure of international exchange trading; achievement of new record trading indicators on international exchanges; tokenization of exchange trading processes and use of A.I. in the development of innovative exchange strategies for trading in derivative contracts.

Coupling Between Sustainable Development of Cross-Border E-Commerce and E-Commerce Law Under the Belt and Road Initiative

Driven by technological advancements and economic integration, digital trade is reshaping transaction and production paradigms. Amidst the decline in conventional foreign trade, cross-border e-commerce (CBE) is a vital force in China's trade landscape. This paper presents a legal risk analysis model using deep learning to examine key factors affecting the sustainability of CBE within the Belt and Road Initiative framework. Through simulation experiments and grey correlation analysis, it explores the coupling and evolution of legal supervision mechanisms with e-commerce activities. Findings reveal that enhanced regulatory oversight, policy optimization, and information disclosure significantly improve legal supervision. The study shows a stable upward trend in the coupling of legal oversight with CBE, offering theoretical insights to mitigate legal risks and foster sustainable development in cross-border trade under the Belt and Road Initiative.