Soybean Development Research Articles

Influence of Bacillus sp. on soil chemical and microbiological attributes and development of soybean and maize

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inhabit the rhizosphere of several cultivated plants. Bacteria of the genus Bacillus have great functional importance in plant development. The objective of this research was to evaluate different doses of Bacillus sp. in the development of soybean and corn crops and in the chemical and microbiological attributes of the soil. The essays were conducted in the field in the 2016/2017 harvest. The soybean and corn seeds were treated with two doses of Bacillus sp. at a concentration of 109 CFU ml-1, with 10 and 20 ml of 100 kg of seed used in soybeans and 80 and 100 ml of 100 kg of seed in corn. The experiments were completely randomized in block with four repetitions. Chemical and microbiological attributes and plant development were evaluated. The results showed that the microbial activity was achieved at the dose of 20 ml of Bacillus sp. and positively influenced the weight of the grains and soybean productivity. In corn crops, the dose of 80 ml of Bacillus sp. showed better performance on chemical and microbiological attributes, resulting in increased shoot and root mass, and a significant increase in productivity. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the use of Bacillus sp. it is a viable alternative for sustainable agriculture, and the dose of 20 ml and 80 ml of 100 kg of soybean and corn seeds, respectively, presented better results in microbial activity and in the development of plants.

Effect of Sowing Date on Soybean Development in South-Western Poland

Soybean is a thermophilic and photophilic plant very sensitive to weather course during the vegetation period. This trait limits soybean cultivation in higher latitude countries. This field study aimed to evaluate the effects of three sowing dates on the development, the duration of vegetative and generative stages, and the yield of two soybean cultivars (Lissabon and Merlin) under conditions in south-western Poland in the years 2016–2019. The sowing date determines the temperature and the day length available for soybean plants, influencing development and yield. Delaying the sowing date by 20 days in relation to the earliest (16–21.04) resulted in the shortening of the length of the vegetative development by 12 days and the shortening of the entire vegetation period by 14 days. The delayed sowing date (06–19.05) under the conditions of south-western Poland (Lower Silesia) contributed to a significant decrease in yield. Lissabon produced greater soybean yield than Merlin. Special attention should be paid to proper seed sowing dates in soybean agriculture practice. It is necessary to breed soybean genotypes adapted to day length and thermal conditions of the cultivation area to achieve the maximum seed yield.

A basic scheme of soybean transformation for glyphosate tolerance using Agrobacterium tumefaciens through an approximation of patents: a review

Concern has been expressed on the control of agricultural biotechnology through patents that may adversely affect the development of competing crops. Soybean is one of the most important crops around the world (~287 million t per year), above potatoes (45 million t per year), tomatoes (23 million t per year), or wheat (116 million t per year), with prices for American producers ranging between USD 278.8 and USD 650.3 t-1. Soybean belongs to the Fabaceae family and has been genetically modified (GM) to improve its tolerance to herbicides, including glyphosate, its resistance to insect pests, and the quality of soy oil. Glyphosate-tolerant soybean has received a gene coding for the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). There are a number of variables that contribute to the development of a GM soybean event. Such variables include tissue culture, selection methods, cloning vectors, and Agrobacterium strains that affect transformation efficiency and can be associated with patents. Chlorine gas disinfection is the most appropriate technique for plant material. Production of explants with shoots and molecular and phenotypic features (e.g., antibiotic susceptibility) of bacterial strain must be assessed. A long-term glyphosate selection arrangement is the most suitable and a consistent approach for the selection of events of GM soybean with tolerance to glyphosate. Freedom-to-operate evaluation must be carried out to find the specific elements neccesary for GM plant development that do not infringe the rights of third parties. These rights come into effect from the patent application date for a definite geographical region involving construct design and its synthesis, transformation vector, bacterial strain, methods, or reporter gene. In this review, the protocols relating to experiments for the development of GM soybean using an epsps gene are included, and considerations relating to intellectual property rights are involved. The major elements associated with each stage of the development of patents are described including the following: the soybean genotype, seed disinfection, genetic construct design and its synthesis, tissue culture protocols, selection strategy without gene reporter, and Agrobacterium strain. This review is a guide for carrying out technical procedures when the desired product is the off-patent GM soybean with tolerance to glyphosate.

Soybean pest control in tidal swamp, South Kalimantan

Pest is one of the problems in soybean development area on tidal swamp. Every year, pest attacks cause 15-20% soybean production lost. The study was conducted within oil palm plants, on tidal swamp, Barito Kuala, Southern Kalimantan, in the dry season of 2016. The research was arranged in a randomized block design each treatment was replicated 6 times nested within treatment. Treatment consists of: 1. Untreated plot, 2. Bioinsecticides (Mixed SBM 50 g/l + SlNPV 2 g/l) based on monitoring (4x), 3. Bioinsecticides (Mixed SBM 50 g/l + S/NPV 2 g/l) weekly (6x), 4. Chemical insecticides based on monitoring (4x). The results showed that the pests found were Spodoptera litura, Plusia calsites, Lamprosema indicata, Riptortus linearis, Nezara viridula and Etiella zinckenella. All of them with low population numbers. But at 65 days after planting (DAP), population of S. litura was very high and caused plant damage up to 80%. Monitoring based bioinsecticides and weekly bioinsecticides application effectively suppressed low population and plant damage than chemical treatment based on monitoring. Soybean productivity achieved were 1.623 t/ha; 1.8 t/ha and 1.725 t/ha by monitoring based bioinsecticides, weekly bioinsecticides and chemical control based on monitoring respectively

Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of TOPP-type protein phosphatases in soybean (Glycine max L.) reveal the role of GmTOPP13 in drought tolerance.

In response to various abiotic stressors such as drought, many plants engage different protein phosphatases linked to several physiological and developmental processes. However, comprehensive analysis of this gene family is lacking for soybean. This study was performed to identify the TOPP-type protein phosphatase family in soybean and investigate the gene's role under drought stress. Soybean genome sequences and transcriptome data were downloaded from the Phytozome v.12, and the microarray data were downloaded from NCBI GEO datasets GSE49537. Expression profiles of GmTOPP13 were obtained based on qRT-PCR results. GmTOPP13 gene was transformed into tobacco plants via Agrobacterium mediated method, and the drought tolerance was analyzed by water deficit assay. 15 GmTOPP genes were identified in the soybean genome database (GmTOPP1-15). GmTOPP genes were distributed on 9 of 20 chromosomes, with similar exon-intron structure and motifs arrangement. All GmTOPPs contained Metallophos and STPPase_N domains as well as the core catalytic sites. Cis-regulatory element analysis predicted that GmTOPPs were widely involved in plant development, stress and hormone response in soybean. Expression profiles showed that GmTOPPs expressed in different tissues and exhibited divergent expression patterns in leaf and root in response to drought stimulus. Moreover, GmTOPP13 gene was isolated and expression pattern analysis indicated that this gene was highly expressed in seed, root, leaf and other tissues detected, and intensively induced upon PEG6000 treatment. In addition, overexpression of GmTOPP13 gene enhanced the drought tolerance in tobacco plants. The transgenic tobacco plants showed regulation of stress-responsive genes including CAT, SOD, ERD10B and TIP during drought stress. This study provides valuable information for the study of GmTOPP gene family in soybean, and lays a foundation for further functional studies of GmTOPP13 gene under drought and other abiotic stresses.

Title: Hypermethylation of miRNA Genes During Nodule Development.

DNA methylation has recently emerged as a powerful regulatory mechanism controlling the expression of key regulators of various developmental processes, including nodulation. However, the functional role of DNA methylation in regulating the expression of microRNA (miRNA) genes during the formation and development of nitrogen-fixing nodules remains largely unknown. In this study, we profiled DNA methylation patterns of miRNA genes during nodule formation, development, and early senescence stages in soybean (Glycine max) through the analysis of methylC—seq data. Absolute DNA methylation levels in the CG, CHH, and CHH sequence contexts over the promoter and primary transcript regions of miRNA genes were significantly higher in the nodules compared with the corresponding root tissues at these three distinct nodule developmental stages. We identified a total of 82 differentially methylated miRNAs in the nodules compared with roots. Differential DNA methylation of these 82 miRNAs was detected only in the promoter (69), primary transcript region (3), and both in the promoter and primary transcript regions (10). The large majority of these differentially methylated miRNAs were hypermethylated in nodules compared with the corresponding root tissues and were found mainly in the CHH context and showed stage-specific methylation patterns. Differentially methylated regions in the promoters of 25 miRNAs overlapped with transposable elements, a finding that may explain the vulnerability of miRNAs to DNA methylation changes during nodule development. Gene expression analysis of a set of promoter-differentially methylated miRNAs pointed to a negative association between DNA methylation and miRNA expression. Gene Ontology and pathways analyses indicate that changes in DNA methylation of miRNA genes are reprogrammed and contribute to nodule development through indirect regulation of genes involved in cellular processes and pathways with well-established roles in nodulation.

Mechanical and biological chiseling impacts on soil organic C stocks, root growth, and crop yield in a long-term no-till system

Soils under no-till (NT) in Brazil have been aimlessly chiseled mainly due to compaction symptoms. The impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) of these operations as well as the effects of more sustainable alternatives are still highly unknown. We hypothesized that the use of plants with deep root systems in the crop rotation could be a suitable alternative to mechanical chiseling for no-till fields. Thus, our objective in this study was to evaluate changes in SOC stocks, root development, and crop yield over time caused by mechanical and biological chiseling in a long-term no-till system (i.e., 18 years). The experiment was laid out as randomized blocks with four replicates and the treatments were as follows: 1) No-till system without any mechanical disturbance, cultivated with black oats + vetch in winter, here called “No-till cover crop (NT-CC)”. 2) No-till system with one mechanical disturbance through chiseling, also cultivated with black oats + vetch in winter, here called “No-till Mechanical Chiseling (NT-MC)”. 3) No-till without any mechanical disturbance cultivated with black oats + forage radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) instead of vetch, here called “No-till Biological Chiseling”. Compared to NT-CC, the use of NT-MC depleted the SOC stocks by -0.41 Mg ha−1 year−1. NT-MC also highly depleted proxies for microbial-related C pools such as hot-water and permanganate extractable C. It demonstrates the deleterious effects of the mechanical chiseling operations on the surface depths (0−30 cm depth) of our long-term no-till system and raises concerns about the use of these operations in highly weathered areas. On the other hand, the NT-BC promoted significantly higher sequestration rates of 1.29 Mg ha−1 year−1 (LSD test, p < 0.05). The NT-BC has also promoted significantly higher sequestration rates of proxies of microbial-related organic matter, and soybean and wheat root development (length and mass) than the other managements. For cumulative crop yield and biomass input, both NT-BC and NT-CC promoted significantly higher values than NT-MC during the four years of assessment. The root development of wheat and soybean significantly contributed to the increase of SOC stocks, observed by positive correlations (p < 0.01). The results demonstrated that the use of radish as an intercrop for alleviating soil compaction was a good alternative to replace mechanical chiseling in compacted NT fields due to its superior performance in increasing SOC stocks, promoting higher root development, and crop yield.

Climate risk of Asian soybean rust occurrence in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

One of the greatest challenges for the sustainability of soybean production in Brazil is the control of Asian soybean rust (ASR). This study aimed to assess the climate risk of ASR occurrence throughout the period recommended for sowing in four locations of Rio Grande do Sul, considering different soybean relative maturity groups and the phases of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation phenomenon. The soybean development cycle and the climate favorability for ASR occurrence were simulated for the recommended sowing dates in the period from 1961 to 2020 in four locations of Rio Grande do Sul. Early cultivars, sown at the beginning of the period recommended by Agricultural Zoning of Climate Risk, usually exhibit less favorable climate conditions for ASR occurrence and less interannual variability in their cycle. The effect of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon varies across the studied locations, with the prevalence of more favorable conditions for ASR occurrence during El Nino years. However, neutral years show greater interannual variability for the risk of ASR occurrence.

Continuous Development and Cultivation of Soybean as A Result of Multigamma Irradiation through Final Purifying Method

Soybean was the first legumes in Indonesia with production more decreased, while fulfill of public societies were increased. In order that, it was necessary developed and cultivated with technology application. The main problem investigated in this work was the continuous development of Soybean as a result of multi-gamma irradiation on the first year of research. On the second, third, and the fourth year of research, varieties of mutants were purified by carefully selection while growth of plant until to harvest. The selection type was individual selections. In the same time was done multi-locations test. This work obtained five variations of superior varieties of mutant after purifying, which production range about 3.58 -5.12 t/ha, and the total average production about 4.48 t/ha. Range production of initial variety about 1.96-2.61 t/ha and average production of initial (control) soybean about 2.40 t/ha. Percentage rate production of superior selected mutant variety after purifying about 46.47%

Temperature Impact on Telenomus podisi Emergence in Field Releases of Unprotected and Encapsulated Parasitoid Pupae.

This work aimed to evaluate the influence of temperature on the emergence of Telenomus podisi throughout the soybean development cycle, using encapsulated and unprotected pupae releases, in four different possible locations where pupae can be deposited during release. The trial was carried out in a randomized block design in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme: two parasitoid pupae release strategies (encapsulated and unprotected) × four pupae locations (between soybean lines of planting, bottom third, middle third, or upper third of plant canopy) with 5 replicates. There were no significant interactions between the studied factors. In the vegetative stage (V2 and V9), a smaller percentage of emergence of parasitoid adults was observed between soybean lines of planting (37.1% and 23.4% for V2 and V9 , respectively). The highest maximum temperatures were recorded between the soybean lines, with the greatest variations in maximum and minimum temperatures (55.2°C and 21.3°C) in V2 and (52.8°C and 23.9°C) inV9. In the reproductive stages (R1, R4, and R7), the observed temperatures were lower when compared to those observed in the vegetative stages (V2 and V9), with no difference in the emergence of parasitoid adults, which was above 70% in stage R1 and above 80% in R4 and R7. Regarding the pupae (encapsulated or unprotected), both allowed similar adult emergence. Therefore, it can be concluded that both unprotected and encapsulated pupae can be released, but those releases during the soybean vegetative development stage should be avoided due to the high temperatures to which pupae can be exposed.

New isolates of soybean nodule bacteria in Central Siberia

In a vegetation experiment, the effect of inoculation with new strains of symbiotic nitrogen fixers on the development of soybeans was assessed. The comparison was carried out with the industrial strain 634 b of the All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and the autochthonous culture discovered in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe (Krasnoyarsk Territory). Two soybean samples were used: variety Zaryanitsa (characterized by high nodulation) and line G-23 with low nodulation capacity. Inoculation of five-day-old seedlings was carried out by immersing the roots in an aqueous solution obtained by washing the colonies from a semi-synthetic nutrient medium. The concentration of the microsymbiont is 1 × 107 cells/ml. The plants were planted in 5L pots filled with typical agrochernozem taken from soybean crops. The soil contained an average amount of mobile phosphorus, a high amount of potassium, and a low to medium amount of nitrogen. The count was carried out in the R3 phase of soybean development; for each variant, 16 plants in four vessels were analyzed. Significant differences in plant height, wet and dry weight of stem and root, maximum root length were established. In the G-23 line, the advantage was proven for strains 1–4 relative to the native culture (p < 0.003, 0.012, 0.006, 0.033), industrial drug (p < 0.002, 0.009, 0.004, 0.025), respectively. A significant difference in cultivar Zaryanitsa was obtained between strains 1, 2 and autochthonous culture (p < 0.036, 0.036), preparation 634 b and isolates 2, 3 (p < 0.012, 0.011). The maximum ranks were established for the Zaryanitsa variety for strains 1 (5.14), 2 (4.78), line G-23, strains 4 (5.4) and 3 (5.00). Consequently, new isolates of nodule bacteria are sources of increasing soybean productivity in northern agriculture.

Policy scenario of sustainable local soybean development in banyuwangi regency

Banyuwangi Regency is the largest soybean producer in East Java with an average harvest area of 29,149 ha / year in the 2008-2018 period. The fluctuation of soybean production in Banyuwangi Regency, which tends to decline by an average of 6% / year and a decrease in harvested area by an average of 7% / year in the 2008-2018 period, encourages the need for a study of soybean performance. The decline in soybean production and harvested area was caused by several factors, including fluctuations in soybean prices, a very good perception of imported soybeans and trade offs with rice cultivation. To overcome the management of agricultural resources that are increasingly threatening the aspects of sustainability, this research tries to find a solution by finding the leveraging attributes and formulating development policy scenarios as the basis for a sustainable increase in local soybean production and harvest area in Banyuwangi Regency. With the development of policy scenarios, it is hoped that the agricultural sector will remain strong in providing food for the community, especially in the current Covid-19 pandemic conditions. The data analysis technique used is multidimensional analysis followed by Leverage analysis and Monte Carlo analysis. The results showed that the sustainability status of local soybean development in Banyuwangi Regency was 55.10 (the social dimension was quite sustainable), 49.17 (the economic dimension was less sustainable), and 46.90 (the quality dimension was less sustainable). The local soybean development policy scenario includes: changing the food management system. become corporate farming, expand marketing access, and conduct periodic analysis and evaluation.

Antioxidant Contributors in Seed, Seed Coat, and Cotyledon of γ-ray-Induced Soybean Mutant Lines with Different Seed Coat Colors.

The development of soybean with high antioxidant activities for use in the food and cosmetics industries is a target of breeding programs. In soybean, antioxidants are associated with seed color, although the metabolic basis for seed coloration remains incompletely understood. We selected six γ-ray-induced mutant lines that exhibited black, partially black, brown, partially brown, or yellowish-white pigmentation in the seed coat. Antioxidant activity and contents of anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, and isoflavones were evaluated in the seed coat and cotyledons. The lines with black or brown seeds showed the highest antioxidant activities. The cotyledons showed no significant differences in seed coat components or antioxidant activities among lines. Black and brown seed coat components showed the highest antioxidant activities. The black seed coat contained five anthocyanins, whereas seed coats of brown- and yellow-seeded lines entirely lacked anthocyanins. Both black and brown seeds were rich in flavan-3-ols, including catechin and epicatechin, which were the predominant antioxidant contributors in brown seeds. Isoflavone contents showed weaker correlations with antioxidant activity than anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols. These results demonstrated that antioxidant activities were determined by anthocyanins in black seeds and flavan-3-ols in brown and black seeds, whereas relatively low antioxidant activities in yellow seeds reflected their high isoflavone contents.

‘BMX Ativa’ soybean responses after application of biofertilizer associated or not with glyphosate

Even with the development of glyphosate-resistant soybean, there are cases in which harmful effects of intoxication occur, especially when the herbicide is applied in mixture with other products. The objective of this work was to verify the efficiency of biofertilizer as a glyphosate stress reducer in the soybean “BMX Ativa”. The experiment was installed in a randomized block design, in a 3 × 5 + 1 factorial scheme, with four replications. In factor A, soybean development stages (V4, V8 and V4 + V8) were allocated, and in factor B the application of 0.1 L ha-1 of biofertilizer, 1,080 and 2,160 g ha-1 of a.e. of glyphosate, applied in isolated mode and/or mix in tank, plus one control without application as an additional treatment. The evaluated variables were phytointoxication, number of grains per plant, number of pods per plant, thousand grains mass and soybean grain yield. The application of double the dose of glyphosate (2,160 g ha-1) alone or in mixture with the biofertilizer in stages V4, V8 and V4 + V8 caused visual injuries to soybean ‘BMX Ativa’ until 28 days after application, but without affect the productive characteristics of the crop. The biofertilizer did not affect soybean plants and neither mitigate the negative effect of the highest dose of glyphosate.

Thermomagnesium as a fertilizer for soybean: carbohydrate metabolism, silicon–magnesium fertilizer, and grain yield

Thermomagnesium (TM) or magnesium (Mg) silicate (MgSiO3) is a byproduct of the nickel (Ni) industry. As a fertilizer, TM elevates the pH of acidic soils as well as provides Mg and silicon (Si) to plants. This novel practice can be a pivotal sustainable strategy to enhance soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] development, particularly in tropical environments. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of TM application on the chemical properties of soil; Mg and Si contents in soil and plants; contents of reducing sugars, sucrose, and starch in leaves; and yield of soybean. The experiment was performed under controlled conditions in a greenhouse during the 2016–2017 cropping season. Two soil types (clayey and sandy) and five TM rates (0, 55, 273, 709, and 2,018 mg kg−1 of TM, and 0, 293, 410, 645, and 1,260 mg kg−1 of TM, respectively) with four replicates were used. In both soil types, pH as well as Mg and Si contents increased with increasing TM rates. Similarly, leaf contents of Mg, Si, reducing sugars, and sucrose as well as yield of soybean increased with increasing TM rates. Conversely, leaf starch content decreased with increasing TM rates. Therefore, TM positively affects whole-plant carbohydrate partitioning, thereby improving soybean development, grain filling, and yield.

Influence of PRE-emergence herbicides on soybean development, root nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Widespread occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds has further limited effective POST-emergence herbicide options in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leading to an increased adoption of PRE-emergence herbicides. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of 11 commonly used PRE herbicides on soybean development, root nodulation, and symbiotic N fixation. Soybean plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in pots (10 L; 4 plants per pot) filled with silt loam soil and treated one day after planting with a labeled field rate of imazethapyr, chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, metribuzin, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, saflufenacil, acetochlor, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, pyroxasulfone and no herbicide (nontreated control). Sulfentrazone reduced soybean canopy at the VC growth stage but no canopy reduction was observed at the V2 growth stage from any of the herbicide treatments. At the R2 growth stage, herbicides had no effect on soybean development (root and shoot biomass), root nodulation (# nodule per plant, nodule diameter, and nodule biomass) and symbiotic N fixation (acetylene reduction assay and 15N natural abundance). According to our findings, although PRE herbicides may slightly affect early-season soybean development, the impacts on plant growth, root nodulation, and symbiotic N fixation were negligible. Thus, when sprayed according to the label, the benefits of PRE herbicides for weed control likely outweigh any potential concern regarding soybean development, root nodulation, and N fixation.

Volunteer Brassica napus (L.) interference with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]: management thresholds, plant growth, and seed return

Canola (Brassica napus L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are currently two of the three most common crops grown in Manitoba, which comprises the eastern regions of the Canadian Prairies. Volunteer B. napus is a prominent weed in soybean in Manitoba and glyphosate-resistant (GR) volunteer B. napus often is the only weed remaining after in-crop weed control with glyphosate in soybean. Additive-series field experiments were established at three locations in Manitoba in 2012 and 2013 to study volunteer B. napus interference with soybean and develop action and economic thresholds for this weed. Soybean were planted in narrow (25 cm) or wide (75 cm) row spacing and glyphosate-resistant B. napus seed was broadcast at densities of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, and 640 seeds·m−2 at the time of soybean planting. Development of soybean and volunteer B. napus were determined throughout the growing season and seed yield of both species was determined at their respective physiological maturity. Volunteer B. napus is highly competitive with soybean, as action (&lt;9 plants·m−2) and economic (&lt;5 plants·m−2) thresholds were low. At these action thresholds, volunteer B. napus seed return to the weed seedbank was on average 14 400 seeds·m−2 and 10 400 seeds·m−2 in narrow- and wide-row soybean, respectively.

Influence of Meloidogyne javanica parasitism on soybean development and chemical composition

BackgroundSoybean is a major economic crop worldwide, but its yield and quality are greatly affected by root-knot nematode infection. This study aimed to assess the effects of Meloidogyne javanica parasitism on soybean growth, yield, and quality. Soybean plants were inoculated with 0, 1000, 2000, or 4000 eggs + second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica and evaluated for vegetative and nematode parameters. Grains from each treatment were analyzed for yield, proximate composition, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, isoflavone profile, and antioxidant capacity.ResultsPlants free of nematodes had lower vegetative growth and higher yield than nematode-infected plants. The maximum estimated reproduction factor was 34.85, achieved by inoculation of 2433 eggs + J2. Moisture, fiber, and protein contents decreased with increasing inoculum levels. Lipid content increased with inoculum level until reaching 22.59 g 100 g−1 of sample. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents decreased with increasing inoculum level up to about 2000 eggs + J2 and then increased until reaching 219.20 mg gallic acid equivalents 100 g−1 of sample and 121.67 mg quercetin equivalent 100 g−1 of sample, respectively, at 4000 eggs + J2. A similar behavior was observed for antioxidant capacity determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. The highest contents of malonylgenistin (539 mmol g−1), acetylglycitin (106 mmol g−1), and genistin (87 mmol g−1) were found in grains from plants inoculated with 4000 eggs + J2.ConclusionsM. javanica inoculum level affected soybean development, grain production, yield, composition, and antioxidant capacity.

RNA-seq-based identification of potential resistance genes against the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) HG Type 1.2.3.5.7 in ‘Dongnong L-10’

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a parasitic plant pathogenic nematode that severely affects the growth and development of soybean. Breeding SCN-resistant varieties is one of the safest and most effective ways to manage SCN. ‘Dongnong L-10’ is a well-known SCN-resistant variety in Northeast China, but the molecular mechanisms governing this resistance have not been determined. Hence, in this study, we transcriptome sequenced the roots of ‘Dongnong L-10’ (Resistant varieties of SCN race 4) and ‘Heinong 37’ (Susceptible varieties of SCN race 4) under the stress of HG Type 1.2.3.5.7 (SCN race 4). We obtained a total of 76.75 GB of the raw reads. A total of 4400 and 5724 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were related to the SCN resistance of ‘Dongnong L-10’ and ‘Heinong 37’. The analysis of DEGs showed that transcription factors (AP2/EREBP, WRKY, MYB, NAC, bHLH and C2H2) and plant hormone signal transduction pathways (the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid pathways) may be involved in the response of soybean to HG Type 1.2.3.5.7. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the relative expression levels of PR protein family gene GmRSCN4-1 (Glyma.05G204800) and cytochrome P450 family gene GmRSCN4-2 (Glyma.16G195600) in ‘Dongnong L-10’ were significantly higher than those in ‘Heinong 37’. Overexpression of GmRSCN4-1 and GmRSCN4-2 in soybean hairy roots resulted in increased HG Type 1.2.3.5.7 resistance in soybean hairy roots. Our results not only provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the resistance mechanism of ‘Dongnong L-10’ to HG Type 1.2.3.5.7, but also provide some genes resources for soybean molecular breeding for resistance to cyst nematode.

Herbicides in agronomic performance and chlorophyll indices of Enlist E3 and Roundup Ready soybean

Soybean DAS-44406-6 (Enlist E3) is tolerant to glyphosate, 2,4-D and glufosinate. However, more information is needed on selectivity of 2,4-D choline on Enlist E3 soybean, alone or in mixtures. The aim of this study was to evaluate herbicide effects on agronomic performance and chlorophyll indices of soybean. Glyphosate was applied at different stages of development of Enlist E3 and RR soybean. Furthermore, 2,4-D choline alone and in mixture with glyphosate or glufosinate were also applied on Enlist E3 soybean. Studies were conducted in 2016/17 and 2017/18 seasons. Experiment 1 consisted of application of glyphosate. The treatments were arranged in a 2x4 factorial (genotpes x growth stage). For genotypes, Enlist E3 and RR were used. For growth stage, control (without application), V4, V6 and R2 were used. Experiment 2 consisted of application of 2,4-D choline, glyphosate, glufosinate and associations, at V4 of Enlist E3 soybean. Crop injury, chlorophyll indices and agronomic performance were evaluated. The equivalent selectivity of glyphosate for Enlist E3 and RR soybean was verified, regardless of the stage. 2,4-D choline, alone or in mixtures, did not reduce chlorophyll indices and yield of Enlist E3 soybean after application at V4. Enlist E3 soybean was found to be tolerant to 2,4-D choline, glyphosate and glufosinate. The results showed that, in addition to glyphosate, Enlist E3 soybean may be an alternative for glyphosate resistant weeds