Development Of Renewable Energy Systems Research Articles

The Green Synthesis of Nanostructured Silicon Carbides (SiCs) from Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as Anodes in Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries: A Review Paper

Silicon is a promising anode material for the increased performance of lithium-ion batteries because of its high elemental composition and specific capacity. The application of silicon on a commercial scale is restricted due to the limitation of volume expansion. Silicon is also expensive, making it difficult for large-scale commercialisation. Different methods were used to address these issues, including a sintering process and the sol–gel method, to form silicon carbide (SiC), a hard chemical compound containing silicon and carbon. The silicon carbide anode not only acts as a buffer for volume expansion but also allows for better infiltration of the electrolyte, increasing charge and discharge capacity in the battery. Like silicon, silicon carbides can be costly. The development of renewable energy systems is very important, especially in the development of energy storage systems that are not only efficient but also cost-friendly. The cost of the energy storage devices is lowered, making them easily accessible. Silicon carbides can be synthesised from sugarcane, which is the fibrous waste that remains after juice extraction. This could be beneficial, as we could never run out of such a resource, and it offers low carbon with a high surface area. Silicon carbides can be synthesised by carbothermal reduction of silica from sugarcane bagasse. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of silicon carbides and synthetic processes. The innovative use of waste to synthesise materials would reduce costs and comply with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 (affordable and clean energy) and 13 (climate action).

A review on research and application of multi-energy complementary system containing high proportion of renewable energy based on different attributes

To better understand the latest development of renewable energy systems, recent studies on multi-energy complementary power systems with a high proportion of renewable energy are reviewed in this paper. The connection modes of power grids and economic system analysis are summarized and discussed respectively, putting forward some suggestions on the system design and operation optimization. Firstly, the characteristics and differences between an integrated system and an off-grid system are reviewed, concluding that an integrated system is more reliable and costeffective based on a few case studies. Secondly, the commonly used economic parameters and cost evaluation methods of the hybrid power system are reviewed. Those methods offer crucial tools to optimize the system, and they are able to analyze the system feasibility, enabling the most economical configuration. The results of several cases prove that the hybrid multi-energy system is more economical than the single-energy system. Finally, there are few articles focusing on technical details assessments and environmental impacts, which leaves room for future study.

Comparing the Utility of Coupled Aero-Hydrodynamic Analysis Using a CFD Solver versus a Potential Flow Solver for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines

There has been a great effort towards development of renewable energy systems to combat global warming with significant interest towards research and development of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs). With commercial projects such as Hywind Scotland, Hywind Tampen and others, there is a shift of industry attention from bottom-fixed offshore turbines to FOWTs. In this work, we focus on comparing industry standard Potential Flow (PF) methods versus Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers for a scaled version of the IEA 15 MW turbine and associated FOWT system. The results from the two solvers are compared/validated using experimental thrust values for the fixed turbine. The motions and the thrust for the FOWT system are then compared for the two solvers along with hydrodynamic properties of the floater hull. The wake features downstream of the turbine are analyzed for the fixed and floating turbine using the CFD solver. The wake from the CFD solver is also compared with a simplified PF model. Finally, a simplified cost-benefit analysis is presented for the two solvers to compare the usefulness and utility of a CFD solver as compared to presently used industry-standard PF methods.

The Concentrator for Single-Phase Inverters with Three-Phase Output Using Magnetically Coupled Reactors

This paper presents a passive concentrator for single-phase inverters with a three-phase output, which uses magnetically coupled reactors. Due to the development of renewable energy systems, the proposed systems may enable the easier integration of converters in the form of inverters with the power system. Two variants of cooperation of the concentrator with single-phase voltage inverters were considered. The first variant proposed a system topology in which three single-phase full-bridge inverters were connected to the concentrator, while the other variant proposed six half-bridge inverters. A control system of the inverters that does not use PWM was developed. A common star point was created for the supply voltages in the form of a capacitive divider covering all the inverters. An analysis of the concentrator system was presented, taking into account the cooperation with inverters. The overall power of the TDSλ system was defined and the relationship for its determination was given. Simulation studies were described, presenting the obtained voltage and current waveforms. The impact of changing the supply voltage of the inverters on the operation of the concentrator and the shape of the output voltages was assessed. The proposed systems allow you to connect 3 or 6 single-phase inverters. The use of magnetically coupled reactors enables the use of a magnetic system of lower power and size. The described concentrators enable the generation of multi-level three-phase output voltage with a low THD content.

Improving the High-Temperature Energy Storage Performance of Epoxy Films: Moderately Reducing Unsaturation for Extremely High Efficiency.

The rapid development of renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and pulsed equipment requires energy storage media to have a high energy storage density and efficiency in a wide temperature range. The state-of-the-art biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film is insufficient to meet the growing demand for energy storage devices due to its low energy storage density and working temperature, which make it a research hotspot for developing dielectric energy storage materials. In this manuscript, based on the epoxy materials that have been shown as a potential energy storage medium, we aim to reduce the influence of the benzene ring delocalization structure on the energy storage losses and enhance the efficiency by gradually replacing them with cyclohexane structures to adjust the segment unsaturation of epoxy materials. The results show that by partially reducing the unsaturation of the curing agent, the epoxy material achieves an excellent high-temperature energy storage density of 2.21 J/cm3 at 150 °C and 300 MV/m while maintaining an extremely high energy storage efficiency of 99.2%. Leakage current density and high-voltage dielectric spectroscopy tests confirm that a moderate reduction of the segment unsaturation of epoxy materials can greatly inhibit polarization loss at high temperatures, which may explain their high energy storage efficiency.

Development of renewable energy system for low power underwater devices

Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) are an emerging field in the research area as they have potential applications starting from pollution monitoring to defense and ocean exploration. Ocean monitoring is of great importance in marine scientific research. However, battery-operated devices utilized in such systems have limited power and maintenance is difficult. So, devices used underwater suffer from many research challenges and energy issues. Apart from all the problems, harvesting energy underwater is the main limiting factor. Nonrenewable energies come from sources that may not be replenished in our lifetime. Hence, it is very much essential to use renewable energy sources. Ocean has an unlimited amount of energy like wind energy, solar power, and tidal energy. Obtaining sufficient energy is sort of difficult since devices are underwater. Researchers are continuously working on it. Water energy is quite environmentally friendly, and it is a sustainable solution for a secure energy system. This paper implements a renewable energy system using piezoelectric (PZT) sensor, which generates sufficient power for lowpower underwater devices by employing two stage amplifier circuits. Experimental outcome shows the proposed energy harvesting system can generate a maximum voltage of 10.6 V and current of 10.1 mA which is sufficient to run low power underwater device.

A Systematic Literature Review of the Interplay between Renewable Energy Systems and Occupant Practices

The development of renewable energy systems offers a potential solution to energy consumption in the residential sector. These systems face many barriers and challenges regarding the nature of home energy demand and behaviors of household occupants. These barriers are discussed in innovation theory, which describes how people assess new technologies. A systematic literature review of 123 journals was conducted to explore the interrelationship between energy systems, home energy demand and occupant practices. This identified key gaps in the literature and important takeaways from past research showing the limitations of renewable energy systems in integrating into everyday lives. There are numerous personal and social barriers that inhibit behavior change and limit the penetration of renewable systems. Additionally, the development of social norms and institutional rhythms have resulted in people living in a lock-in lifestyle, with limited flexibility for change. This review discusses the role of technology, consumers and policies, and how they must all interact to create a sustainable and effective energy solution to this climate emergency. The next step is to reevaluate the design of home automation and energy management systems to consider the impacts of different lifestyles and routines.

Grid Flexibility Provision by Optimization of Fast-Charging Demand of Battery Electric Vehicles

The development of renewable energy systems and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is essential for achieving carbon neutrality. However, the large-scale introduction of photovoltaics (PV), whose generation fluctuates, necessitates high grid flexibility. BEVs can provide flexibility by controlling the charge/discharge of batteries. This study focuses on the provision of grid flexibility by public fast-chargers. The aim of the study is to develop an optimal charging model, which considers user convenience, and estimate the provided grid flexibility by BEV fast-charging. The addition of an economic incentive to the charging rates encourages users to change their charging behavior. The charging model optimizes the charging period and amount of charge based on the charging rates. User convenience factors, such as the charging frequency and user psychology on charging, are considered. Simulations are performed using road traffic data, and the provided grid flexibility is evaluated. Three cases with different incentive rates and five groups with different user psychologies toward charging are examined. The simulation results indicate that BEV fast-charging can be used to provide grid flexibility. The fast-charging demand during the evenings and nights on weekdays, when electricity shortage is a concern, can be shifted to daytime on weekends when there is surplus electricity due to PV overgeneration.

A geospatial comparative analysis of solar thermal concentrating power systems in Greece

Solar concentrating power is an important weapon for facing the energy crisis and environmental issues. Greece is a country with great solar potential and thus it is an ideal candidate for the development of important solar concentrating power plants. These plants present the advantage of easy energy storage with thermal storage tanks, something beneficial for the production of a relatively stable electricity production profile, something critical for the further development of renewable energy systems. The objective of the present work is the detailed investigation of the solar concentrating technologies in different Greek locations in order to define in which locations solar concentrating power is a promising solution. Moreover, three typical solar concentrating technologies are studied and more specifically the parabolic trough collector (PTC), the linear Fresnel reflector (LFR) and the solar DISH. Thirteen different Greek regions are investigated by using hourly weather data from the typical meteorological year (TMY). The solar potential, the available irradiation, the useful heat production, the electricity production and the exergy production, as well as the respective efficiency indexes and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), are calculated. It is important to highlight that this study is focused on the systems of small capacity which are ideal for distributed renewable power production. It was concluded that the most efficient and economically feasible technology is the solar DISH, with the PTC to follow and LFR to be the last choice. Moreover, southern Greece is found to be a better choice for the installation of solar-concentrating power plants compared to northern Greece. More specifically, in the Southern Aegean Sea, it was calculated that the specific electricity production is 253.0 kWh/m2 with PTC, 160.7 kWh/m2 with LFR and 296.8 kWh/m2 with DISH, while the LCOE at 0.0882 €/kWh with PTC, 0.1046 €/kWh with LFR and 0.0843 €/kWh with DISH.

Development of Renewable Energy System for Enhancing Reliability of Power

Meeting global energy demands has been a major challenge due to the shortage of primary energy resources. Adding renewable energy resources to the grid has become increasingly popular. During peak hours of energy demand, the sun's irradiance is strong enough to generate a significant amount of energy. This paper will design a photovoltaic energy generating system that harnesses solar energy using the latest technological advancements available. A system like this one is an ideal solution to addressing rising energy demands and reducing carbon footprint. Renewable energy sources can minimize carbon emissions, operating costs, etc., but their intermittency and uncertainty make their reliability a serious concern. The objective of this paper is to improve the reliability of the power grid through the use of solar photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage systems (BESS), and distributed generation systems (DG).

ENHANCED DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT SIMULATION AND TESTING

Enhanced design and development simulation and testing using digital twins represent a significant advancement in the field of renewable energy systems. Digital twins, which are virtual replicas of physical assets, allow for comprehensive simulation and testing of various scenarios and new technologies within a virtual environment. This approach offers numerous benefits, including the ability to optimize designs, predict performance, and troubleshoot potential issues before actual deployment. By leveraging high-fidelity models and real-time data, digital twins provide an invaluable tool for improving the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of renewable energy systems. The use of digital twins in renewable energy extends across different stages of the project lifecycle. During the design phase, engineers can test multiple configurations and materials, ensuring that the final design meets all performance and durability requirements. This reduces the need for physical prototypes, saving both time and costs. In the development phase, digital twins enable the simulation of operational conditions, helping to identify and mitigate risks early. For instance, they can model the impact of environmental factors such as wind, temperature, and load variations on wind turbines or solar panels. Once the systems are operational, digital twins continue to play a crucial role in maintenance and optimization. They provide continuous monitoring and diagnostics, predicting failures before they occur and suggesting maintenance schedules that minimize downtime. This proactive maintenance approach enhances the longevity and efficiency of renewable energy assets. Moreover, digital twins facilitate the integration of renewable energy systems with existing power grids, ensuring smooth and efficient operation. The implementation of digital twins also supports the testing of innovative technologies and strategies, such as energy storage solutions and smart grid applications, in a controlled, virtual environment. This capability is essential for advancing renewable energy technologies and achieving higher levels of sustainability and energy efficiency. As the renewable energy sector continues to evolve, digital twins will undoubtedly become an integral part of the design, development, and operational processes, driving innovation and improving the overall effectiveness of renewable energy systems. Digital twins offer a transformative approach to enhancing the design and development of renewable energy systems. By enabling detailed simulation and testing in a virtual environment, they provide significant advantages in terms of optimization, risk mitigation, and operational efficiency, ultimately contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy solutions. Keywords: Design Optimization, Stimulation, Digital Twin, Virtual Environment.

Layered Perovskites BaLnnInnO3n+1 (n = 1, 2) for Electrochemical Applications: A Mini Review.

Modern humanity is facing many challenges, such as declining reserves of fossil energy resources and their increasing prices, climate change and an increase in the number of respiratory diseases including COVID-19. This causes an urgent need to create advanced energy materials and technologies to support the sustainable development of renewable energy systems including hydrogen energy. Layered perovskites have many attractions due to their physical and chemical properties. The structure of such compounds contains perovskite layers divided by layers with different frameworks, which provide their properties' features. Proton-conduction layered perovskites open up a novel structural class of protonic conductors, potentially suitable for application in such hydrogen energy devices as protonic ceramic electrolysis cells and protonic ceramic fuel cells. In this mini review, the special features of proton transport in the novel class of proton conductors BaLnnInnO3n+1 (n = 1, 2) with a layered perovskite structure are observed and general regularities are discussed.

Advances in the Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Metal Nanoclusters-based Materials.

With the development of renewable energy systems, clean hydrogen is burgeoning as an optimal alternative to fossil fuels, in which its application is promising to retarding the global energy and environmental crisis. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), capable of producing high-purity hydrogen rapidly in electrocatalytic water splitting, has received much attention. Abundant research about HER has been done, focusing on advanced electrocatalyst design with high efficiency and robust stability. As potential HER catalysts, metal nanoclusters (MNCs) have been studied extensively. They are composed of several to a hundred metal atoms, with sizes being comparable to the Fermi wavelength of electrons, that is, < 2.0 nm. Different from metal atoms/nanoparticles, they exhibit unique catalytic properties due to their quantum size effect and low-coordination environment. In this review, the activity-enhancing approaches of MNCs applied in HER electrocatalysis are mainly summarized. Furthermore, recent progress in MNCs classified with different stabilization strategies, that is, the freestanding MNCs, MNCs with organic, metal and carbon supports, are introduced. Finally, the current challenges and deficiencies of these MNCs for HER are prospected.

Renewables in Antarctica: an assessment of progress to decarbonize the energy matrix of research facilities

AbstractThis paper tracks the progress of renewable energy deployment at Antarctic facilities, introducing an interactive database and map specifically created for this purpose. Goals, challenges and lessons learnt from these operations are also reported. The data and assessments presented are based on a literature review of government reports, academic articles, online resources, news outlets and interviews conducted with personnel of Antarctic stations. As of 2021, 29 facilities have incorporated renewables in their energy systems, but only one permanent and four summer stations use renewables to meet more than 50% of their energy needs. Four main goals behind the development of renewable energy systems have been identified: fuel cost savings; reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions footprint in alignment with national decarbonization targets; electricity supply for scientific equipment during the winter months; and the development and/or testing of new technologies. The extreme weather conditions and complex logistics of Antarctica put both solar and wind systems under huge stress, which generates operational, technological and budgetary challenges that are also explored in this work.

Energy storage

Aim: The aim of this paper is to explore Energy Storage requirements and options to suit the needs of systems and transport fed from renewables. The variability of wind and solar sources in particular and the demand for transport energy are seen as key issues.&#x0D; Design / Research methods: The paper outlines the need for energy storage and compares the energy density and power density of a selection of storage options.&#x0D; Conclusions / findings: The results illustrate the difficulties of finding storage mechanisms to rival fossil fuels in both energy density and power density. Moreover finding the natural resources to provide sufficient storage will be a serious challenge even though the economic costs of storage systems are falling..&#x0D; Originality / value of the article: The article demonstrates the importance of energy storage to the successful development of renewable energy systems, and of the economic and physical characteristics that such energy storage schemes should have.&#x0D; Implications of the research: Energy storage as a topic should be given a high priority for research and development.&#x0D; Limitations of the research: This article is not comprehensive and a review of best practice internationally would be a valuable extension to this work.&#x0D; JEL: Q42

Energy Landscape and Renewable Energy Resources in Nigeria: A Review

Renewable energy resource utilisation is becoming more prevalent in society and can be a sustainable method to meet rising energy demand and consumption. The International Renewable Energy Agency reports that presently, approximately 33% of total electricity output around the world is from renewable energy sources. However, in Nigeria, the World Bank reported this figure as 18.2% in 2015. It is important to understand how Nigeria can raise this average as the world moves towards less use of fossil fuels. Therefore, the aim of this work was to provide a review of the established literature, which can then be used to support the development of renewable energy systems in Nigeria. The methodology employed for the study of the literature involved a systematic review method, including identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion criterium steps. Understanding the national energy landscape is essential to support potential projects, and consequently, energy supply, demand and consumption in Nigeria are observed. The review examined renewable energy sources in Nigeria with a focus on solar and biomass/bioenergy. The levelised cost of electricity from renewable technologies was analysed, and the paper identified and evaluated past projects centered on solar and biomass, presenting three main case studies. The results indicate that solar and biomass have the most potential for energy generation in Nigeria, with 4–6.5 kWh/m2 of solar irradiation available per day and approximately 2.3 × 109 GJ bioenergy potential per year. However, solar PV is currently of most interest in Nigeria due to the lower cost of on-grid solar PV electricity, which can comfortably compete with fossil fuels. Nevertheless, costs still need to be lowered to compete fully. Finally, the findings also indicate that there is an omission in the literature surrounding the existing renewable projects and technologies in Nigeria.

Ethical Considerations for Renewable Energy Systems on Māori Land

Sustainable engineering projects often involve renewable energy systems. Attempts to develop renewable energy systems on Māori land can cause ethical conflicts. This report examines Māori values and perspectives relevant to the development of renewable energy systems on Māori land. A code of ethics is developed taking these values into account to assist in the design process of such projects. This code of ethics is applied in a case study of installing a renewable energy system for a marae. This code of ethics promotes a greater awareness of the impacts the system will have on environment and community, and promotes a respect for the individual values of the impacted iwi.

A review of 100% renewable energy scenarios on islands

AbstractGlobally, more than 740 million people live on islands which are often seen as ideal environments for the development of renewable energy systems. Hereby, they play the role to demonstrate technical solutions as well as political transition pathways of energy systems to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The growing number of articles on 100% renewable energy systems on islands is analyzed with a focus on technical solutions for transition pathways. Since the first “100% renewable energy systems on islands”‐article in a scientific journal in 2004, 97 articles handling 100% renewable energy systems on small islands were published and are reviewed in this article. In addition, a review on 100% renewable energy systems on bigger island states is added. Results underline that solar PV as well as wind are the main technologies regarding 100% RES on islands. Not only for the use of biomass but for all RES area limitation on islands needs to be taken more seriously, based on full energy system studies and respective area demand. Furthermore, it is shown that there is still not the same common sense in the design approach including and starting at the energy needs as well as on multi‐sectoral approach. The consideration of maritime transport, aviation, cooling demands, and water systems beyond seawater desalination is only poorly considered in existing studies. Future research should also focus on developing pathways to transform the existing conventional infrastructure stepwise into a fully renewable system regarding also the interconnections with the mainland and neighboring islands.This article is categorized under: Policy and Economics &gt; Green Economics and Financing Energy Systems Economics &gt; Economics and Policy Energy Systems Analysis &gt; Economics and Policy Energy Systems Analysis &gt; Systems and Infrastructure

Techno-Economic Analysis and Optimization of an Off-Grid Hybrid Photovoltaic–Diesel–Battery System: Effect of Solar Tracker

Increment in energy demand, limitation of fossil fuels and fluctuations in their price, in addition to their pollution, necessitate development of renewable energy systems. Regarding the considerable potential of solar energy in Iran, this type of renewable energy has developed more compared with other renewable energies. Hybrid technologies consisting of photovoltaic (PV) cells, diesel generator, and battery are one of the efficient solutions to resolve the issues related to the energy supply of rural areas. In this study, a hybrid PV/diesel/battery system composed of the mentioned components is applied to supply the off-grid power with capacity of 233.10 kWh/day with peak load of 38.38 kW in a rural region in South Khorasan, Iran. The purpose of this study is to reduce the net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), CO2 reduction, renewable fraction (RF) enhancement and increase reliability. In order to improve the performance of the system, different tracking system, including fixed system, horizontal axis with monthly and continuous adjustment, vertical axis with continuous adjustment and two-axis tracker, are analyzed and assessed. The results indicate that the vertical axis with continuous adjustment tracker is the most suitable option in terms of economic and technical requirements. In this work, a sensitivity analysis is performed on different parameters such as PV cost, interest rate, diesel generator cost, battery cost, and price of fuel, and the outcomes reveal that the hybrid system with vertical axis continuous adjustment is very sensitive to costs of fuel and the battery, i.e., NPC decreases by 5% in case of 20% variations in costs of battery and fuel. In addition, it is found that diesel generator and inverter costs significantly influence NPC of the system.

Black-box Modeling of Converters in Renewable Energy Systems for EMC Assessment: Overview and Discussion of Available Models

The development of renewable energy systems interfaced with the grid by power electronic converters leads to increasing issues of electromagnetic coexistence between power and communication lines, as well as severe power quality issues, such as total harmonic distortion at the consumer side. Therefore, high-frequency modeling of renewable energy systems is of great importance to guide the design and development of distribution networks involving renewable sources. Owing to system complexity, black-box modeling approaches offer more advantages than traditional circuit modeling, as far as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis and filter design are the targets. In this study, different black-box modeling techniques for power converters are introduced and systematically analyzed. First, the general theory of black-box modeling is explained. Subsequently, three different modeling approaches are compared in terms of accuracy and the required experimental setup. Finally, the possible limitations of black-box modeling of power converters are investigated and discussed.