Development Of Global Standards Research Articles

STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS CLIMATE-NEUTRAL ECONOMY

The article presents a strategic framework for digital transformation aimed at achieving a climate-neutral economy. It proposes digitalization as the primary driver of the green-digital transition, essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and optimizing energy use. The study identifies potential barriers and risks associated with this transition and offers strategic dimensions to harmonize digital and green initiatives of global economy. This approach emphasizes the need for international cooperation, the development of global standards, and the importance of bridging the digital divide. The article also highlights the critical role of innovation in key industries to support climate neutrality in both the short and long term. The research underscores the necessity of integrating social, economic, and ethical considerations into the green-digital transition, ensuring that sustainable digitalization contributes to long-term economic growth and environmental sustainability.

AI Ethics: A Call for Global Standards in Technology Development

The development of global standards for ethical AI is not merely a technical issue but a moral imperative that demands immediate and concerted action from all stakeholders involved in AI development and deployment. To navigate the ethical complexities of AI and ensure its benefits are maximized while minimizing its risks, a comprehensive and inclusive approach to AI ethics is essential. This approach must prioritize transparency, accountability, safety, and fairness, and include diverse perspectives to create a truly global ethical framework for AI. As we stand at the crossroads of technological innovation and ethical responsibility, the call for global standards in AI development cannot be overstated. It is time for researchers, policymakers, industry leaders, and the global community to come together to forge a path that ensures AI technologies are developed and used in a manner that upholds the highest ethical standards, respects human rights, and promotes the well-being of society and the environment. In conclusion, the journey towards ethical AI is a collective endeavor that requires the wisdom, insight, and cooperation of the global community. By embracing the challenge of developing and implementing global ethical standards for AI, we can ensure that this transformative technology serves as a force for good, driving progress and innovation in ways that are responsible, ethical, and sustainable.

Lessons Learned or Forgotten? Impacts of COVID-19 on the Future Direction of Global (e-)Mental Health Care.

Purpose of ReviewThe COVID-19 pandemic has impacted lives globally, posing unique challenges to mental health services exposing vulnerability and limitations within these systems. During the course of the pandemic, telecommunications technologies (e-mental health care) have served a critical role in psychiatric care. It is important to understand current lessons learned in e-mental health care and implications for global mental health systems for both emerging from the pandemic and after the pandemic has ended.Recent FindingsThere are significant regulatory, policy, and evaluation challenges for global e-mental health impacting patients, clinicians, health systems, and decision-makers. These include complex regulatory issues, difficulties of providing care across boundaries, and keeping pace with the implementation of new technologies in behavioral health.SummaryThe collaborative development of global standards along with policies, appropriate regulations, and developing new models of research and development opens the possibility of improved access to care across national boundaries.

Higher performance and lower complexity turbo decoding scheme for 4G-LTE using unpunctured turbo trellis-coded modulation

<p>Thanks to the success of smart phones and mobile-ready laptops, data traffic has recently grown exponentially, and the demand for mobile data has risen very dramatically. These requests in large capacity can only be satisfied by a high efficiency and a very good optimization of the infrastructures of the mobile networks, while taking into account the constraints which are the power, bandwidth and a limited complexity. The task of developing mobile technologies has also evolved from a national or regional focus to a complex and growing mission, supported by global standards development organizations such as 3GPP (3rd Group Partnership Project). Through this research, we present everything related to the simulation of the 4G mobile network system (LTE), which can provide high data flow with good quality, through three model channels known as (EPA, EVA, ETU). In this work we focus on the block ‘iterative decoding channel encoder’ in the LTE system, where the iterative channel coding called ‘Turbo-code’ (TC) is substituted by the iterative coding channel called ‘Unpunctured Turbo Trellis-coded Modulation’ (UTTCM). The simulation results showed that with less decoding complexities, UTTCM's LTE system gives good performance (in terms of BER).</p>

Global Standards for Securities Holding Infrastructures: A Soft Law/Fintech Model for Reform

This Article outlines a “soft-law-to-hard-law” approach for the development and implementation of reforms to systems for the holding of publicly traded securities. It proposes the development of global standards for securities holding systems (“Global Standards”), to be led by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (the “IOSCO”). This approach contemplates that States would be encouraged and expected to implement the Global Standards by adopting “hard law” reforms through statutory and regulatory adjustments to their securities holding systems as well as modifications of the architecture of their securities holding systems. The successes of past IOSCO initiatives inspire this Article’s proposal, as do the relatively successful development and implementation of harmonized standards for supervision and capital adequacy for depository institutions (for example, banks) through the operation of the Basel Committee.

IoT Standards

The universe of standards issues that affect IoT development and implementation is vast and complicated, involving many organizations, technologies and interests. This article discusses the intersection of three elements of the IoT Standards Ecosystem, namely: the principal organizations that drive Global Standards Development, Standards for Functionality and Compatibility, and Standards for Security and Privacy. These topics are evolving rapidly and, like the Internet of Things, constantly morphing as technology solutions are developed and implemented. Not being able to swallow the whole thing, our plan is to eat the standards watermelon a bit at a time over the next several issues of IEEE Internet of Things Magazine. So, for this inaugural article, I’ve chosen to briefly introduce the standards players by some admittedly subjective, broad, divisions: The Standards Development Organizations (SDO) Space, the Government Space and the Industry Space.

Structural Banking Reforms in the Age of the BRICS: Transatlantic Cooperation Within a Multilateral Framework

Abstract The Volcker Rule could potentially apply to the global structure of a foreign bank with US branches or any business of foreign banks with US counterparties. In light of the rise of emerging markets such as China and India as key players in the global economy (and the growth in general of the BRICS countries), concerns of an adverse extraterritorial impact of the Volcker Rule are relevant. This article emphasizes that, even when there is no global standard – as in current structural reforms – mutual recognition based on equivalence (as adopted in the European Union reforms) would be a slow, complex process toward harmonization, but it might work. The purpose of this article is to explore the prospects of harmonization and the development of global standards via extraterritoriality in structural banking measures, providing a view on the role of national regulations as a potential source of international financial law.

The Role of SMEs and Startups in Standards Development

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and startups are widely recognized as playing an important role in the global economy. They are traditionally known to be responsible for generating the majority of jobs and disruptive innovation. To achieve continued economic growth, SMEs and startups must be able to meaningfully contribute to the development of new technologies that will advance technology standards that bring much sought after network effects. Global standards development, however, involves hundreds of companies, and often requires heavy and upfront investment in research and development, as well as the cost of attendance in standards groups. This has led some policy makers and commentators to express concern about whether SMEs and startups are meaningfully able to contribute to and leverage the standard-setting process in traditional standards development organizations. This paper addresses this issue empirically and concludes SMEs and startups have been able to participate in and contribute to leading technology standards, although there is a continued need to promote and encourage such activities. By focusing on information from a rich dataset of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), that is responsible for developing global second, third, and fourth generation (2G, 3G, 4G) cellular standards, this paper estimates the participation and technical contribution by 3GPP members. The empirical findings establish that although SMEs and startups contribute up to 15% of the overall participation in the creation of 3GPP standards, the likelihood that such technical contributions will be accepted is similar to contributions from non-SMEs or non-startups. This result indicates that the rules governing 3GPP and similar open, voluntary SSOs afford effective means for active participation of SMEs and startups in the important process of standards development. Therefore, policy makers should encourage efforts by SSOs to adhere to traditional concepts of open and balanced voluntary participation for all standards development stakeholders, and also increased SME and startup participation in - and contribution to - standards efforts, in the knowledge that these entities will be in a position to earn fair returns on their investments to develop technologies and contribute them to standards, which may then be successfully implemented.

International short-term medical missions: a systematic review of recommended practices.

To identify practices for conducting international short-term medical missions (STMMs) recommended in the literature and examine how these link STMMs to recipient countries' existing health systems. Systematic review of PubMed-indexed articles on STMMs and their bibliographies using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. Recommendations were organized using the World Health Organization Health Systems Framework. In 92 publications, 67% offered at least one recommendation that would link STMMs to the recipient country's health system. Among these recommendations, most focused on service delivery and few on health financing and governance. There is a lack of consensus around a proper standard of care, patient selection, and trip duration. Comprehensive global standards are needed for STMM work to ensure that services are beneficial both to patients and to the broader healthcare systems of recipient countries. By providing an overview of the current recommendations and important gaps where practice recommendations are needed, this study can provide relevant input into the development of global standards for STMMs.

The Evolving EU Anti-Money Laundering Regime

Over the past twenty-five years, the European Union has developed a far-reaching legal regime aimed at countering money laundering. The evolution of this regime has been linked inextricably with the parallel development of global standards in the field, most notably by the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF). This article will critically evaluate the content of EU anti-money laundering law, by putting forward a comprehensive typology of the EU anti-money laundering regime as outlined in the successive EU Anti-Money Laundering Directives and consisting of three elements: the criminalization of money laundering and terrorist finance; the prevention of money laundering via the imposition of a series of duties on the private sector; and the focus on financial intelligence, via the establishment and co-operation of financial intelligence units responsible for receiving and analysing reports received from the private sector. The article will examine the evolution of EU law as regards all elements of anti-money laundering law, by focusing in particular on the changes brought forward by the post-Lisbon Fourth Money Laundering Directive. The article will cast light on the influence of the FATF in shaping these standards and will highlight the impact of the ever expanding EU anti-money laundering legal framework on fundamental rights and the rule of law.

Toward Greater Pragmatism? China's Approach to Innovation and Standardization

Why China’s approach mattersOnly a few years ago, China’s approach to innovation and standardization barely played a role in international economic diplomacy. With its economic power on the rise, that assessment has changed dramatically. Today, China’s innovation policy and its perceived threat to American innovation and competitiveness are a hot topic in U.S.-China economic relations, adding further to contentious disputes about exchange rates, trade, and foreign direct investment. The role of standardization, together with intellectual property rights and government procurement, are at the center of this conflict.As the United States and China display fundamental differences in their levels of development and in their economic institutions, they pursue quite different approaches to standards and innovation policy. The American consensus is that market forces and the private sector should play a primary role in innovation and standardization. China, on the other hand, relies much more on the government to define the strategic objectives and key parameters.In the United States, there is a widespread expectation that further reforms of China’s standards system will “naturally” converge to (almost) full compliance with a U.S.-style, market-led, voluntary standards system. That expectation can be found, for instance, in the “United States Standards Strategy,” approved by the Board of Directors of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) on December 8, 2005, which proposes a “universal application of the globally accepted principles for development of global standards” which is based on the U.S. voluntary standards system.Limited ConvergenceYet, as documented in a new study , China’s evolving standards system provides little evidence that convergence to the American system is likely to materialize. When Chinese reformers argue for a transition to a more market-driven standards system, they emphasize that the government will continue to play an important role as a promoter, enabler, and coordinator of an integrated standards and innovation policy.

Principles-Based Regulations: A Model for Legal Reform in the Nigerian Insurance Industry

AbstractThe development of global standards has led to a convergence in domestic regulations in the financial services sectors. Principles-based regulations (PBRs) have become essential for effective regulatory efforts in insurance and other financial services because of their flexibility, support for regulatory efficiency and the development of a good compliance culture amongst the regulated. The legal framework of the Nigerian insurance industry mainly contains prescriptive and performance-based regimes that have become ineffective as regulatory strategies. This article recommends the adoption of PBRs from available models found in international standard setting organizations such as the International Association of Insurance Supervisors, other jurisdictions such as the UK's Prudential Regulation Authority and Financial Conduct Authority, together with international trade regimes such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services. It reviews aspects of Nigerian insurance industry regulations supporting PBRs and highlights laws not supportive of PBRs and therefore requiring reform.

Essential requirements of information technology for primary care

Policy, economics and technology are driving primary care with unprecedented speed. Responding to this rapidly changing environment is essential for maintaining state-of-the-art care delivery. Although Health Information Technology (HIT) offers much promise to primary care, electronic health records (EHRs) have produced only modest improvements in quality. To understand how HIT could better meet the needs of primary care, the North American Primary Care Research Group (NAPCRG) gathered a select group of Family Medicine physicians from across North America and Europe with a broad range of informatics expertise. Over several months, the group discussed existing standards, classifications, modelling, communications, data structures, coding systems and how each of these enabled or hindered primary care delivery. During the discussions, a broad consensus emerged on HIT requirements essential to the primary care domain. This summary provides the author’s interpretation of the identified technical challenges in ontology, terminology, continuity and portability in terms more familiar to most Family Physicians. Although standardized EHR capabilities are described by Health Level Seven International [(www.hl7.org) a global standards development organization for health information], little is known about specific capabilities important to primary care. The committee characterized information services in terms of the capacity to support Family Medicine core values. Enhancement of continuing, comprehensive, compassionate and personal care provided an indication of responsiveness to primary care. The recommendations below reflect the most important challenges identified and provide a qualitative measure to discriminate HIT support for essential primary care services. The committee focussed on areas with known problems in order to guide providers, promote research and spur development by vendors.

IEEE and the CCSA Sign Memorandum of Understanding [Standards

The IEEE and the China Communications Standards Association (CCSA) have signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to collaborate in standards development activities. The IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) and CCSA will work together to promote mutual interests and facilitate faster and better global standards development. This partnership with the IEEE is important to us as it furthers our commitment to the harmonization of standards and reinforces the value of standards to industry, said Zemin Yang, secretary general of CCSA. The partnership between CCSA and IEEE will help CCSA to leverage the breadth of IEEE expertise to ensure greater interoperability of information and communications technologies on a global scale. Under the terms of the MOU, the IEEE-SA and CCSA will cooperate on standardization efforts such as joint training and education programs, research projects, and information sharing.

A Step Toward Unification

Contrary to the view of biodiversity informatics (BI) depicted in the News of the Week story “Biodiversity databases spread, prompting unification call” (C. Thomas, 26 June, p. [1632][1]), substantial progress has been made in the past few years, particularly since the advent of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) in 2001. GBIF is not a project, as depicted in the News story, but a multi-country agreement to establish an international organization, modeled on other international treaties. An initial 17 countries (mandated through their Science Ministries) negotiated the establishment of GBIF as a commonly owned and commonly funded mechanism to meet their common BI challenges. The Memorandum of Understanding that each country signs commits them to contributing financially and to supporting free and universal sharing of their data. As such, GBIF has a sustainable funding model to support an international secretariat and implementation of an agreed work program as well as the mandate to build the infrastructure needed to make biodiversity data freely accessible to all through the Internet. Through various community-owned initiatives and partnerships, GBIF has overcome many of the BI challenges highlighted in the News of the Week story as still problematic, including the development of global standards, data-sharing protocols, best practices in areas such as digitization and data cleansing, and increasingly, in developing metadata standards and registries, ontologies, and spatial analysis applications. GBIF is admittedly still a work in progress, yet it provides the international foundation through which solutions to these complex problems can be developed. In terms of collaboration and interoperability, GBIF has a growing membership of 51 countries and 42 international organizations (most of whom were represented at the e-Biosphere conference) and already provides access to over 180 million primary biodiversity records in more than 7600 data sets from more than 265 institutions around the world. This is undoubtedly a unification success story, albeit with much still to be done. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.324_1632

Breaking Boundaries: Quality E-Learning for the Global Knowledge Society

The ideas and issues raised in this paper reflect a global challenge to understand the nature of E-learning in a knowledge society so that appropriate quality frameworks can be developed for new educational environments. E-learning and virtual classes evolved from distance education and struggle to gain recognition in mainstream education as legitimate quality higher education providers. The increasing use of information technology advances, particularly the internet present new educational paradigms and models that challenge conventional assumptions and indicators of quality assurance. What is needed is the development of global standards and quality assurance frameworks that can improve pedagogy in diverse cultural, knowledge and delivery paradigms. This paper seeks to explore how quality is defined, who sets whose standards, who will teach what to whom with what effect in a world of competing paradigms and parallel worlds of reality and virtual reality.

How Standard Are Standards: An Examination of Language Emphasis in Project Management Standards

In light of current work toward the development of global standards for project management, this paper analyzes differences between a selection of various countries’ existing project management standards. The analysis is conducted using computational corpus linguistics techniques, resulting in the identification of similarities and differences between the standards of five countries.

The Changing Role of Customs: Evolution or Revolution?

Customs has traditionally been responsible for implementing a wide range of border management policies, often on behalf of other government agencies. The role of Customs has, however, changed signifi cantly in recent times, and what may represent core business for one administration may fall outside the sphere of responsibility of another. This is reflective of the changing environment in which customs authorities operate, and the corresponding changes in government priorities. The World Trade Organization, World Customs Organization and other international bodies are responding through the development of global standards that recognise the changing nature of border management.

Development of global standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: The ISO initiative

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has recently provided an opportunity to define a global standard reference method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and to delineate acceptable performance criteria for antimicrobial susceptibility testing devices. A working group organized under the auspices of ISO Technical Committee 212 has worked closely with a working group of the European Committee on Normalization to develop the two global standards. The global reference method is the broth microdilution method that is presently described by both the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and the European Union Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Experts from 13 countries that formed the membership of the working groups have endeavored over the past 3 years to agree upon the international reference method and to define for the first time an outline for objective assessment of commercial devices that can be used for routine susceptibility testing in clinical microbiology laboratories.

Globalization in health care: is international standardization of quality a step toward outsourcing?

Though different in many respects from other types of services, health care services are also impacted by globalization. For example, some countries, especially developing ones, can attract customers by offering high quality health care at a lower cost than is available in their home country. And although this practice is relatively uncommon at the present time, our hypothesis is that, within a short time, this practice will greatly expand, partly due to the development of global standards of quality and the rise of processes of accreditation, both in health care and medical education. Globalization is characterized by the circulation of goods and services between countries in response to criteria of efficiency. Such multilateral agreements between countries, unfortunately, often function to the detriment of the countries with less developed economies. Nevertheless, trade can also benefit developing countries. Outsourcing is one situation in which developing countries that are able to adopt standards, processes, and language of developed countries can benefit from the liberalization of the movement of goods and services. By undertaking some or all components of production or service provision for clients/consumers in the developed country, some economic benefits may occur to the developing country where the ‘outsourced’ service is provided. But what, we might ask, is the impact of the process of globalization generally and outsourcing more particularly in the health care sector? The movement of professionals in general tends to be detrimental to poorer countries. There are two aspects to this. The most classic is the settlement of young professionals, originally from …