Incentives For Development Research Articles

Surmounting of the impediments on the way to Ukraine`s accession to the European Union

The paper highlights the topic of European integration. Ukraine has decided on the vector of foreign policy, setting the goal of integration into the European political, economic and legal space with the aim of gaining membership in the European Union. Namely, accession to the EU is a strong incentive for development and improvement of many aspects of the functioning of our state. In 2022, during an extremely challenging period for Ukraine, a qualitatively new stage of European integration began – Ukraine received the EU candidate status, which made the prospects of joining the European community feasible, became a catalyst for further reforms, and an incentive for the authorities and citizens of the country. The EU candidate status has opened up a number of vectors for our country to carry out reforms in various areas. These are primarily structural changes, shift away from the consumer economy model, improvement of production efficiency, expansion of access to new technologies, new investments, etc. This is the country`s achievement of a new level of development comparable to EU member states. Six fundamental values of the European Union – supremacy of law, respect for human dignity, democracy, freedom, equality and respect for human rights – these are the most vital worldview principles, which are close and understandable to our society – to every Ukrainian. They exactly unite us with Europeans more than any laws or agreements. The EU enlargement process opens new strategic prospects for Ukraine and additional opportunities to deepen the European integration policy of our state. However, at the same time, at the current stage of Ukraine's relations with the European Union, there are many problems that must be eliminated, in order to become a member of the EU. In this paper, we considered Ukraine's path to European integration, highlighting the opinions of political and public figures regarding the importance of our state for European space. It was noted which criteria for EU membership exist, it was also analyzed which of them Ukraine has already fulfilled. Attention was focused on the reforms that should be carried out in order to obtain EU membership. It was clarified what are the obstacles to the European integration of Ukraine and it was indicated the ways to overcome them.

Higher Education in Post-Neoliberal Times: Building Human Capabilities in the Emergent Period of Uncertainty

This paper argues that the neoliberal consensus about education finance has broken down due to growing economic inequality. First, I use a comparative historical analysis of political alliances to examine patterns of world trade and nations’ policies for economic and educational development since World War II. The United States emphasized STEM-collegiate preparation for all students, while most countries continued the dual emphasis on technical-tertiary and higher education. Educational policy in the US and Pacific region also shifted towards a reliance on markets and student loans resulting in worsening economic inequality in access. Nations with dual technical and academic pathways in secondary and postsecondary education systems expand college enrollment rates more rapidly than the US. They also experience class conflict between the working–middle class and the new technological elite. Next, I examine how education policy shifted from national planning aligned with public funding to market-based incentives for institutional development, further exposing gaps in opportunity within nations. Finally, recognizing the variations in systemic causes of inequality, I argue that governments, education agencies, and civic activists can best promote equity by organizing to address barriers to opportunity for groups left behind in the wake of withering neoliberal education policy.

Towards green economic recovery: how to improve green total factor productivity

Achieving green economic recovery is crucial to improving environmental quality and sustainable development. This study examines the influence of new digital infrastructure on green total factor productivity (GTFP) using panel data from 30 regions in China from 2008 to 2019. The results are as follows: (1) New digital infrastructure has a significant improvement effect on GTFP. After a series of robustness tests, the conclusion is still valid. (2) The improvement effect of new digital infrastructure on GTFP shows significant heterogeneity. In regions with high industrial agglomeration, high environmental regulation and strong government environmental preference, the improvement effect of new digital infrastructure on GTFP is more obvious. (3) New digital infrastructure improves GTFP through green technology innovation and factor allocation optimization. The government should strengthen the fiscal incentives for green technology development while increasing R&D investment in fiscal expenditure, thus promoting green economic recovery.

An empirical study on consumer attitude and perception towards adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in India: Policy implications for stakeholders

The present study empirically tests the adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV) through the role of attitudes, perceptions, environmental concerns, and the effect of policy implications. An online survey was conducted among Indians who are knowledgeable and aware of HFCV developments in the country. A multi-stage stratified sampling technique was used to acquire the data. The paper examined a postulated model using structural equation modelling. The findings of this research confirms that motivation and knowledge sharing had a significant effect on attitude toward HFCV adoption. Potential adopters perceived that risk, cost, and infrastructure significantly impact HFCV adoption. In addition, the research indicates that stakeholders may influence buyer attitudes through suitable government policy and coordinated affirmative actions, including incentives for HFCV manufacturers, refuelling stations, HFCV buyers, and infrastructure developers. The infrastructure developers need viability gap funding to address the financial constraints and create enabling eco-system for a higher HFCV adoption.

Psychological Capital Among Nursing Faculty: Implications for Practice.

Psychological Capital (PsyCap) consists of a set of internal resources an individual can access to navigate challenges and enhance job performance, satisfaction, and overall success. External factors within the academic environment may influence PsyCap. The purpose was to explore PsyCap among nursing faculty and the impact of external factors on PsyCap and intent to seek leadership development. An exploratory descriptive study was conducted to examine nursing faculty's perceptions of their level of PsyCap through the Psychological Capital Questionnaire. Seventy nursing faculty participated. Faculty yield higher levels of PsyCap ( M = 4.5). The level of PsyCap did not correlate with intent to seek leadership development. Results also suggested that organizational support was a positive predictor of PsyCap (β= .26, t = 2.4, P = .021), and incentives for development were close to significant ( P = .058). External factors can hinder, promote, and predict PsyCap, yielding both personal and professional implications; however, further exploration is warranted.

Developing a Leadership Skills Framework as a Tool for motivating construction managers in the Anambra State

Developing a framework is having a standard metric or structure for investing these developmental incentives into the chief work influencers “construction managers”. The importance of adopting a leadership Skill framework that contains development and growth metrics cannot be over-emphasized; it starts the system of energizing construction managers with the requisite leadership capacity to help organizations achieve project targets, sustains project performance, administers technical expectations, manages stakeholders, eliminates disputes, enables indigenous contractor’s success on a global scale as well as serve as a personal development avenue. The study aims to develop a leadership skill framework as a Tool for motivating construction managers in the Anambra State. To achieve this, the study identifies what to consider in choosing a Leadership Management Development Approach and examines certain developmental strategies in developing a robust leadership skills Framework for Construction Managers Motivations. The study adopted descriptive survey design by distributing 60 well-structured questionnaires. The 40 retrieved and analyzed responses (table 3.1) shows that extracted components value have Eigen value of 8.981, 2.228,1.683,1.362 and 1.167 with associated percentage variance of about 44.903% ,11.142%,8.415%,6.809 % and 5.833 % respectively which summed up to 77.1% showing that the extracted leadership skills can explain over 77.1% of the total variance in the series. The 6th to 20th leadership skills have Eigen value below 1.000 and jointly explain only about 22.9% of the total variations which confirm that they are no necessity important for considerations. The component matrix in table 3.1 shows that the choice of the leadership skills like Communication was extracted in component 1, Planning for the Required Result in component 2, Flexibility in component 3, Risk-Taking in component 4 and Focusing on Process in component 5 out of the identified leadership skills. The study recommends that the developed leadership skills framework is for construction stakeholders and is used as a motivational tool for construction managers in Anambra State to increase productivity and retention of construction employees. When developing construction managers in Anambra State, the human resources team should prioritize communication skills, the ability to plan for the desired outcome, flexibility in decision-making, the ability to take risks, and a focus on the work process rather than the output.

The Revised Case of IP Regimes Under the GloBE Rules: A Canadian Perspective

After action 5 of the base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) project identified intellectual property (IP) regimes as harmful, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) proceeded to recommend that favourable tax treatment be available only under a nexus approach. More than 25 countries now offer a form of IP regime. The introduction of the global minimum tax may limit the effectiveness of IP regimes. The impact of this tax will vary with the circumstances, however. A comprehensive examination of the optimal alignment of innovation tax incentives for multinational enterprises (MNEs) must be undertaken under the GloBE rules. In this paper, the authors begin by providing an overview of the global context of IP regime adoption, and they summarize some research findings with respect to the effectiveness of this type of preferential tax regime in achieving the objectives set by governments. Next, they present examples to illustrate, in simple terms, some of the interactions that must be considered when these regimes are being designed in a Canadian context. From the MNEs' perspective, the impact of the interaction between the GloBE rules and research and development (R & D) incentives will depend on, among other things, (1) the location of the IP income, tangible assets, and R & D activities; (2) the proportion of IP income; and (3) the possibility of leveraging the corporate structure. From a tax policy perspective, the introduction of the GloBE rules will in some cases not alter the suitability of an IP-preferential regime when the effective tax rate remains above 15 percent. When the GloBE rules apply, however, the characteristics of the tax regime—for example, IP regime tax rates, R & D incentive mechanisms, and (most of all) the additive effect of the measures (federal plus provincial measures, and R & D credits plus IP deductions)—will alter the results. From the perspective of tax competition, the opportunity to adopt an IP regime also depends on the perceived risks of losing or deterring R & D activities now that IP regimes are related to local R & D activities and are widespread. Finally, the federal-provincial context complicates the design and the deployment of a tax policy that is aimed at stimulating innovation and that will require some form of negotiation, if not cooperation, with the implementation of a global minimum tax.

Высокогорный природный парк «Ак Чолушпа» как территория экотуристского интереса

Высокогорный природный парк «Ак Чолушпа» как территория экотуристского интереса

Factors Relevant for the Development of Small Business Management in Andaman and Nicobar

The paper explores the key factors relevant to the development of micro and small businesses in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This study specifically focused on the relevant factors from the islands' perspectives. This study used primary sources of data collected in the South Andaman Islands (Andaman and Nicobar Islands), and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings of the study proved that tourism business and marine and wood-based businesses have huge potential in the Andaman Islands. The study's findings highlighted the significance of subsidies and incentives for island promotion and sustainable development, which could be accomplished through capital investment, as well as transportation subsidies, which are critical for new and existing businesses on islands. Cargo transportation from the mainland to islands is the primary mode of sea transportation and the only mode between island regions. Under this situation, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands totally rely on manufacturing or service businesses as a lifeline. Hence, micro- and small businesses will play a vital role in employment generation, production, investments, and the growth of a small business. As a result, the administration of the islands should implement appropriate policy measures based on the relevant factors in the islands' region. The local administration needs to support and provide easy access to finance, transportation, and other facilities for small businesses in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The low-carbon effect of pursuing the honor of civilization? A quasi-experiment in Chinese cities

Decentralization has always been considered the reason local governments in China lack incentives for green development. Whether conferring honorary titles can motivate the competition mode of local governments to shift to low-carbon sustainable development is a scientific problem worth studying. In this paper, the civilized city policy is taken as a quasi-experiment, and its effect is evaluated using the method of difference-in-differences. The results show that civilized city policy can effectively promote the improvement of green total factor carbon efficiency. The mechanism is that the policy encourages local governments to mobilize multiple actors to participate in green development practices including strengthening local governments’ environmental control, promoting the technological innovation of enterprises, and increasing public participation in environmental affairs. Heterogeneity analysis of local government incentives shows that the civilized city policy is more effective in cities where local officials are less than 54 years old and the city GDP growth rate is midstream in the province. The study confirms that awarding honorary titles to cities in China can effectively guide local governments toward a sustainable development model and provides new ideas for other countries in the world to use local policies to address global climate change.

Development of the regions of Ukraine in the conditions of today's challenges

The article's authors attempted to construct an optimistic scenario for the socio-economic development of the Kharkiv oblast. They analyzed pre-war indicators of the region's economic, social, and environmental conditions, considering the state's involvement in the post-war reconstruction of the region. The scenario construction was based on an econometric model, which confirmed the relationship between investments and the gross regional product and the placement coefficient, revealing Kharkiv Oblast's comparative advantages in the service sectors, particularly in IT and industry. Through their calculations, the authors concluded that investments played a crucial role in capital accumulation and increased productivity during the post-war reconstruction process in the region. The authors calculated the placement coefficient indicators specifically for the Kharkiv region. The results confirmed that the region has the prerequisites for post-industrial development during the post-war reconstruction. However, the situation is complicated by the need to finance the region's devastated infrastructure. The researchers emphasized the importance of attracting investments in sectors that directly contribute to human capital formation, such as education, scientific activities, and healthcare. The authors also highlighted the potential risks and threats associated with post-industrial development in the Kharkiv oblast. On a model level, the authors outlined various options for regional state policies aimed at the recovery and development of regional economies. Both considered options prioritize the formation of market incentives for regional development. The scientists acknowledged that in conditions of uncertainty, future development scenarios for regions in Ukraine, including the Kharkiv region, possess an alternative and probabilistic nature. Furthermore, the researchers identified areas for further scientific research, emphasizing the importance of an interdisciplinary approach that combines economics, political science, regional studies, and ecology. Keywords: regions, socio-economic development, gross regional product, placement coefficient, post-war reconstruction.

A Two-Stage Stackelberg Game Wind-Storage Planning Model Considering a Bus Carbon Intensity Incentive Mechanism

In the trend of power system decarbonization, wind power and energy storage planning studies are in full swing. Incentives for wind power and energy storage development are important research topics. However, most studies have proposed incentives from an energy perspective, and few focus directly on incentives from a carbon perspective. To this end, this paper proposes a novel unified bus carbon intensity incentive mechanism from the carbon perspective. A two-stage Stackelberg game wind storage planning model that considers the proposed carbon incentive mechanism is constructed. In the first stage, the carbon flow of the entire system is obtained following economic dispatch based on the carbon emission flow theory. In the second stage, a Stackelberg game wind-storage planning model is constructed to model the game between the power generation company and the power grid company. Through simulation analyses of these cases, the proposed incentive mechanism can effectively guide the construction of wind turbines and energy storage at the best buses. Additionally, by comparing the proposed incentive with the existing incentive mechanisms, this paper finds that the proposed incentive mechanism can achieve a higher carbon reduction effect with a similar total investment in wind turbines and energy storage.

The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Poverty Reduction

Purpose: The main purpose of this research is to analyze how entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship development incentives can influence the reduction of poverty and help to improve the entrepreneurship environment in world countries. Theoretical Framework: The study of the role of entrepreneurship in reducing poverty has become a major source of interest for scholars and policymakers around the world. A few studies have been conducted by scientists to study the impact of entrepreneurship on poverty reduction. Scholars in fields such as economics and management have tried to explore different approaches in this area and identify the relationships between entrepreneurship and poverty reduction. Design/Methodology/Approach: In this study, we use a deductive approach, in which the hypotheses are tested for application across countries. The quantitative method has been used for this approach. The Panel Fixed Effects model has been employed to assess the impact of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship development incentives on poverty. Findings: Overall, the results showed that entrepreneurship in countries around the world has a positive and significant impact on poverty reduction. In addition, entrepreneurship development incentives increase the efficiency and capacity of entrepreneurial activities to reduce poverty. Research, Practical & Social implications: This study not only helps to fill the gap in the literature on this topic, but also serves as a model of economic and social development for developed, developing and less developed countries. Originality/value: This is a new study using changes in the HDI to measure poverty reduction, providing a broader and more comparative indicator that answers research questions. This research supports the claim that entrepreneurial activity has impact on poverty eradication and improving human development and people’s quality of life. Also, it demonstrates the strong relationship between entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation.

Analysis of the spatio-temporal coupling coordination mechanism supporting economic resilience and high-quality economic development in the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.

The coupling coordination mechanism between economic resilience and high-quality economic development is clarified not only to improve the capacity of economies to withstand external shocks but also to boost the level of sustainable economic development. However, economic resilience and economic quality research are still in their infancy. This study constructs an economic resilience indicator system based on the data of 28 prefecture-level cities in the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (UAMRYR) from 2010-2019. The entropy approach was then coupled with the coupling coordination model to determine the level of coupling coordination between the two. Finally, the geographical detector was employed to reveal the coupling coordination process and driving elements. This study demonstrates that: (1) The economic resilience and high-quality economic development of the UAMRYR are on the rise; (2) The coupling coordination degree between economic resilience and high-quality economic development is improving, with the average value increasing from 0.33 in 2010 to 0.46 in 2019, exhibiting a Core-Periphery spatial distribution pattern with Wuhan, Changsha, and Nanchang as the core; (3) The economic resilience resistance subsystem plays a substantial role in the driving influence of the coupling coordination degree, where the total retail sales of consumer goods indicator have an explanatory power of 0.8 or higher for coupled coordination. Innovation and inclusiveness thoroughly drive the coupling coordination degree among the five subsystems of high-quality economic development, where the q-value of the number of urban basic endowment insurance participants index is at least 0.9. Additionally, the interplay of the components demonstrates a complementary enhancement impact and a two-factor enhancement effect; (4) Economic resilience and high-quality economic development are complementary and provide a powerful incentive for the sustainable development of urban economic systems to achieve higher quality, more efficient, more egalitarian, and more sustainable economic development. Overall, this study improves the analysis of mechanism between economic resilience and high-quality economic development, and it provides more targeted guidance for economic development in the UARMRYR.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A FLEXIBLE MICRO GRID INTEGRATED INTO THE COUNTRY GRID

The functioning of local electric networks ('Micro Grid') is described, which due to the development of Smart Network technologies, distributed generation and electricity storage systems received an incentive for development. The structural decomposition of the market model is suggested for the 'Top-Level Market' and 'Micro Grid' local systems to reflect the interaction of the 'Micro Grid' with the wholesale electricity market. Load regulation instruments are described, which ensure the flexibility of the Micro Grid. A mathematical model of the 'Micro Grid' system is proposed, which formulated as a Unit commitment problem. The computational experiment shows the adequacy of the results of modelling of 'Micro Grid' systems. References 9, figures 4, tables 2.

Winning intellectual property rights lawsuits in China

What influences foreign plaintiffs’ likelihood of winning intellectual property rights (IPR) lawsuits in an emerging economy such as China? From an institution-based view, prior scholarly debate presents two competing perspectives on the evolving IPR regime in China, focusing on the incentives of internal development and the pressures of external legitimacy respectively. We integrate these two perspectives to examine the effects of regional research and development (R&D) investment on the likelihood of foreign plaintiffs winning IPR lawsuits. We identify a direct effect reflecting the evolving economic incentives of host regions, and two mediating pathways that correspond to the legal strategies employed by foreign plaintiffs to apply external legitimacy pressure on host region legal institutions. Our analyses of a sample of 1103 IPR disputes between foreign plaintiffs and local defendants in Chinese courts from 2008 to 2017 provide support to our arguments.

Impact of Tax Revenue and Infrastructural Development on Economic Growth in Nigeria

This study seeks to establish the impact of tax revenue and infrastructural development (through investment) on economic growth in Nigeria. It is expected that tax revenue should serve as an incentive for infrastructural development to strive and yield economic growth. The data used in the study was obtained majorly from World Development Indicator (WDI) Database 2022. Tax revenue was proxied as the actual total tax revenue collected from VAT, and CIT, and PPT. This formed the independent variables as well as Gross Capital formation (GCF) to represent infrastructural development. While the dependent variable is RGDP. The ARDL model was employed after variables were stationary at both levels and at first difference. The study found a significant long-run relationship among the variables. Specifically, PPT was found to be a strong contributor to economic growth in Nigeria. VAT was only positively significant at 15% accounting for economic growth. GCF and CIT were not significant in the study. The research employs a quantitative method of data analysis. These findings connote that GCF, VAT and CIT are yet to fully be additive components in the Nigerian economy. Government economic policy and financing henceforth should reflect good economic policy direction that will open up these components for economic growth in the country.

Pengaruh Pelatihan, Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia dan Insentif Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai di PT. Fumindo Abdi Lestari Medan

The Effect of Training, Human Resource Development and Employee Incentives on Performance in PT. Abdi Fumindo Medan Lestari. The Purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Training, Human Resource Development and Incentives on Employee performance in PT. Abdi Fumindo Medan lestari. The method used in this research is using descriptive analysis techniques and multiple liner regression analysis. The collection method using secondary data. The results of processing, showing that the performance of the variable has a value of training on average 45.200 with a standard deviation of 3.188, subsequent to the development of a variable indicates that the average value of 42.685 with standard deviation of 3.419 and variable Incentive has an average value of 43.857 with standard deviation of 2.390. The result of Statistical tests simultaneously seen that value F 14.207, Ftable value obtained from the F distribution value at N=35 for Alpha= 0.05% by 4.50. This mean that the Hypothesis that if the F value is greater than the Ftable then the Hypothesis that there is a Positive and Significant effect of all Independent Variables and Dependent Variable ( Performance ) is acceptable. Determinants of test result obtained by value of R2=57.90, this figure shows that the changes in Performance due to changes in the variable of Training, Human Resource Development and Incentive for the remaining 57.9% change in the Performance variable due factors-a factor that is not mentioned in this study.

Watershed Horizontal Ecological Compensation Policy and Green Ecological City Development: Spatial and Mechanism Assessment.

Green ecological development has become an inevitable choice to achieve sustainable urban development and carbon neutrality. This paper evaluates the level of green ecological city development in the Xin'an watershed as measured by green total factor productivity (GTFP), analyzes the direct and spatial effects of the Watershed Horizontal Ecological Compensation policy on GTFP, and further examines the moderating effect of the Research and Development (R&D) incentives, industrial structure, and income gap. This paper conducts difference-in-differences (DID) and spatial regression analysis on 27 cities from 2007 to 2019. The results show that GTFP progresses to varying degrees across cities over time, especially in the pilot cities. Crucially, the Watershed Horizontal Ecological Compensation policy significantly improved GTFP, although the effect was slight. Interestingly, the increase in GTFP in pilot cities that implemented the policy spatially suppressed the increase in GTFP in cities that did not implement the policy. Our evidence also shows that the positive effect of the policy is higher in regions with higher R&D incentives and industrial structure upgrading, which indicates that R&D incentives and industrial upgrading are crucial. In comparison, the income gap has not made the expected negative adjustment effect under the Chinese government's poverty alleviation policy. However, the positive policy effect is heterogeneous in the downstream and upstream pilot cities. The "forcing effect" of the policy on the downstream cities is more favorable than the "compensating effect" on the upstream cities. Therefore, policymakers should pay more attention to ensuring the effectiveness of the Watershed Horizontal Ecological Compensation policy in enhancing GTFP as a long-term strategy to guarantee the sustainability of green ecological development in Chinese cities.

Public administration, European funds and NRRP (National Recovery and Resilience Plan) (Italian PNRR): the system and management of public incentives for the territorial development

The choices of the Public Administration (PA), the needs of the territory, the policies for the local economic development, the use of public funding constitute an inseparable combination aimed at creating development opportunities and therefore also to create work for the collectivity. In the current period characterized by globalization, the competitiveness of a territory can be facilitated by a PA responding to the needs of the time, that is, a real production organization capable of responding concretely, assuming a strategic role in the implementation of the development measures indicated in the economic planning tools and in the management of a large amount of public financial resources. In fact, the NRRP considers as a priority both the modernization of the Public Administration (PA) and the strengthening of the administrative capacity of the public sector, with the goal of engaging and spending the available financial resources with participatory and shared projects where the public-private partnership assumes a strategic role. Le scelte della Pubblica Amministrazione (PA), le necessità del territorio, le politiche per lo sviluppo economico locale, l’impiego dei finanziamenti pubblici costituiscono un connubio inscindibile finalizzato a creare opportunità di sviluppo e quindi di lavoro per la collettività. Nell’attuale periodo caratterizzato dalla globalizzazione, la competitività di un territorio potrà essere agevolata da una PA rispondente alle necessità del tempo, cioè una vera e propria organizzazione produttiva in grado di rispondere concretamente, assumendo un ruolo strategico nell’attuazione delle misure di sviluppo indicate negli strumenti di programmazione economica e nella gestione di un ingente quantità di risorse finanziarie pubbliche. Infatti, il PNRR reputa prioritaria sia la modernizzazione della Pubblica Amministrazione, sia il rafforzamento della capacità amministrativa del settore pubblico, con l’obiettivo di impegnare e spendere le risorse finanziarie disponibili con progetti partecipati e condivisi dove il partenariato pubblico-privato assume un ruolo strategico. È evidente quindi che programmare lo sviluppo dei territori e definire le modalità di utilizzo dei finanziamenti pubblici sia una funzione che coinvolge le Istituzioni pubbliche, a seconda delle rispettive competenze legislative, dal livello europeo rappresentato dall’Unione Europea fino ad arrivare a livello statale, regionale e lo- cale rappresentato dal Comune. È con questo approccio che il paper prova a dare un input centrando l’attenzione sul ruolo strategico delle Istituzioni, sia di livello locale che quelle sovraordinate, sia sulla necessità di conoscere gli strumenti di programmazione economica, al fine di comprendere quali tipologie progettuali mettere in atto utilizzando e ottimizzando i relativi finanziamenti pubblici messi a disposizione.