Developed Hybrid Composites Research Articles

Development of Aluminum Alloys 6061(AA6061) Silicon Carbide (SiC)-Graphite (GR) and Hybrid Composite for Automotive Applications

The microstructure and mechanical properties of composite materials made of Silicon carbide (SiC) and Graphite (GR) reinforcement, known as Aluminum Alloy 6061(AA6061) Matrix were developed. Using the stir casting method, the hybrid composites were prepared with 6 weight percent of the reinforcements in the ratio of 0:1,1:3,1:1,3:1,and 1:0. It was determined how the reinforcement particles affected the microstructures and mechanical characteristics of these materials. The microstructure displays a uniformly distributed fine particles of α-Al grains and Mg2Si phase with in the matrix alloy. The microstructure amply demonstrates the presence of the reinforcing particles (SiC and GR) and dendritic development was noted. There are very few indications of particles clusters, and the particles are very dispersed throughout the matrix. Sample A2 (AA6061 25% SiC/ 75% GR) had the highest recorded hardness value of 123.34 HRB4.8,9.33, while the base alloy had the lowest value of 70.36 HRB when compared to the base alloy, the developed hybrid composites showed improved tensile strength. In contrast to the base alloy, which displayed a strength of 115.67N/mm2, Sample A3 demonstrated a maximum strength of 143.88 N/mm2 as compared to the base alloy which showed strength of 115.67 N/mm2. The hard reinforcement particles sharp edges serve as a nucleation site, which is why the strength of samples A4 and A5 decreased when SiC reinforcement is added, the materials extension decreases when the developed hybrid composite materials with samples were compared with the base alloy. In comparison to the created hybrid composite materials, the base alloy displayed a maximum extension of 2.4mm, with sample A5 showing the lowest extension value of 1.23mm. Sample A2 displayed the highest structures rate of 0.060, while sample A5 displayed the lowest strain rate of 0.031. The impact strength values increases from 2.76 (Base alloy) to 4.77j (Sample A5) with the addition of the reinforcement particles. The obtained mechanical properties indicate that the reinforced alloy performed favorably well but not significantly better than the ones in the literature.

Development and characterization of powder metallurgy processed Al/Fe/SiC/MoS2 hybrid composites

This study explores hybrid aluminum matrix composites through powder metallurgy, incorporating silicon carbide, iron, and molybdenum disulfide at varying weight percentages (5%, 10%, and 15%). Defect-free hybrid composites with a uniform distribution of reinforcing particles were fabricated and characterized for microstructure, hardness, density, and wear. The EDX spectra show peaks consistent with Al, Fe, SiC, and MoS2, confirming their presence in developed hybrid composites. The pure aluminum sample presents a relative density higher than that of hybrid composites, while its hardness is lower (25%–41%) than that of hybrid composites. The wear rate decreased with the amount of reinforcing particles. The presence of hard silicon carbide, iron, particles, and lubrication by molybdenum disulfide effectively enhanced the wear behavior of hybrid composites.

Sustainable Jute Fiber Sandwich Composites with Hybridization of Short Fiber and Woven Fabric Structures in Core and Skin Layers

AbstractSustainable hybrid composites, made of two different natural plant fiber types, are increasingly being attracted by composite researchers, for their cost effectiveness and ability to control mechanical performances through varying weight ratios of different fibers. In contrast, their lower mechanical properties are reported in the literature, because of strength variations of different fiber types and an improper fiber‐matrix stress distribution. Therefore, it is aimed to develop sustainable hybrid composites from two dry fiber preforms—woven fabric and short fiber preform—originated from same fiber type (jute). A highly packed short fiber preform is used as the core layer, while woven fabrics (plain/twill–rib/twill–diamond) are used in the skin layers for producing sandwiched hybrid jute composites. Mechanical tests and scanning electron microscopy images show that hybridized plain fabric/short fiber preform composites have better mechanical properties (≈58 MPa tensile strength/≈117 MPa flexural strength/≈112.12 kJm−2 impact strength with an ≈487.4% improvement) compared to other fabric structures hybrid/nonhybrid composites. This enhancement is related to the interlocking of short fibers with long plain fabric leading to a strong fiber‐matrix interfacial bonding. Thus, this developed hybrid composites, can be applied in many semi‐structural applications, wherein composites’ low cost and mechanical performances are primary concerns.

Physicomechanical, water absorption and thermal properties and morphology of Paederia foetida fiber–Al2O3 powder hybrid‐reinforced epoxy composites

AbstractHybridization of natural fibers with ceramic materials for reinforcing composites allows the optimization of the properties of these materials. For this reason, the present study aims to investigate physical, mechanical, water absorption, swelling and thermal properties as well as morphological characteristics of a hybrid Paederia foetida fibers–alumina powder (PFs–Al2O3)‐reinforced epoxy composite. Epoxy resin served as the matrix, while PFs and Al2O3 were employed as reinforcement. Five types of composites were fabricated using the hot‐pressing technique. The corresponding ratios of PFs:Al2O3 volume fractions (%) considered here were 0:40 (SFA), 10:30 (SFB), 20:20 (SFC), 30:10 (SFD) and 40:0 (SFE). The results reveal that the density of the hybrid PFs–Al2O3 composites decreased for increasing volume fractions of PFs: from 2.173 g cm−3 of SFA to 1.042 g cm−3 of SFE. The highest values of tensile strength (i.e. 49.085 MPa), tensile elastic modulus (i.e. 1.431 GPa) and impact strength (24 kJ m−2) were obtained for the SFD composite material with 30% volume fraction of PFs and 10% volume fraction of Al2O3: this happened because interface bonds between PFs, Al2O3 and epoxy phases achieved their optimal configuration. Overall, mechanical properties of the hybrid PFs–Al2O3‐reinforced epoxy composites were superior to those of composites reinforced only by PF fibers or only by Al2O3. Water absorption and swellability reached their maximum values at the steady state occurring after tested samples remained immersed in water for 820 h. The SFE composite reinforced only by PFs presented the highest water absorption and swelling (i.e. 6.034% and 5.81%, respectively) while for all other hybrid composites (SFD, SFC and SFB) these two quantities remained below 5%. Density and volume fraction of voids of hybrid PFs–Al2O3‐reinforced composites were consistent with the corresponding properties of the composites reinforced only by Al2O3 or PFs. SFD was also the most thermally stable material. Scanning electron microscopy observations of fractured surfaces indicated that the microstructure of the PFs–Al2O3‐reinforced epoxy composites presents several voids, fiber pullouts and transverse fibers, which together optimize the mechanical response of the composite material. Remarkably, the SFD composite material was highly competitive with the most recently developed hybrid composites employing natural reinforcements. © 2024 Society of Industrial Chemistry.

Formulation of Hierarchical Nanowire-Structured CoNiO2 and MoS2/CoNiO2 Hybrid Composite Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications.

Hierarchical porous nanowire-like MoS2/CoNiO2 nanohybrids were synthesized via the hydrothermal process. CoNiO2 nanowires were selected due to the edge site, high surface/volume ratio, and superior electrochemical characteristics as the porous backbone for decoration of layered MoS2 nanoflakes to construct innovative structure hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) porous NWs MoS2/CoNiO2 hybrids with excellent charge accumulation and efficient ion transport capabilities. Physicochemical analyses were conducted on the developed hybrid composite, revealing conclusive evidence that the CoNiO2 nanowires have been securely anchored onto the surface of the MoS2 nanoflake array. The electrochemical results strongly proved the benefit of the hierarchical 3D porous MoS2/CoNiO2 hybrid structure for the charge storage kinetics. The synergistic characteristics arising from the MoS2/CoNiO2 composite yielded a notably high specific capacitance of 1340 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g. Furthermore, the material exhibited sustained cycling stability, retaining 95.6% of its initial capacitance after 10 000 long cycles. The asymmetric device comprising porous MoS2/CoNiO2//activated carbon encompassed outstanding energy density (93.02 Wh/kg at 0.85 kW/kg) and cycling stability (94.1% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles). Additionally, the successful illumination of light-emitting diodes underscores the significant potential of the synthesized MoS2/CoNiO2 (2D/1D) hybrid for practical high-energy storage applications.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Aluminum Composites: A Compo-Casting Approach with ZrO2 , Al2O3 , and SiC

The present study evaluates the microstructural features, mechanical properties, and wear characteristics of the newly developed hybrid composite of A356/ZrO2/Al2O3/SiC produced by compo-casting at 605±5 °C, 600 rpm for 15 minutes with less than 30% solid fraction in which Bi and Sn were added separately to the matrix before introducing reinforcements. FESEM micrographs and corresponding EDS illustrated the successful incorporation of particles in the matrix. Fine particles of ZrO2 were observed close to the coarse Al2O3, and SiC particles, along with Bi and Sn elements, were detected at the eutectic evolution region. The A356+Bi/Al2O3+ZrO2+SiC hybrid composite exhibited the lowest specific wear rate (1.642 ×10-7cm3/Nm) and friction coefficient (0.31) under applied loads of 5, 10, and 20 N, in line with the highest hardness (73.4 HBN). Analysis of the worn surfaces revealed that the wear mechanism is mostly adhesive in all synthesized composites, which changed to the combination of adhesive and abrasive mode in the case containing Bi and SiC. Inserting Bi not only leads to the refinement of eutectic Si but also enhances the adhesion between the matrix/particles and improves lubricity. This, in turn, reduces the wear rate and coefficient of friction, ultimately improving the performance of the hybrid composite.

Influence of silica rich HNT/MoS2 hybrid reinforcements on mechanical, wear and corrosion characteristics of magnesium AZ31 alloy

This article examines the effects of combining silica-rich Halloysite Nano Tube (HNT) and Molybdenum di Sulphide (MoS2) as hybrid reinforcements, dispersed at volumes of 2, 4, and 6%, on the surface of AZ31 alloy through the application of the friction stir process (FSP). The prepared composites were analysed to evaluate their microstructure, mechanical properties, wear resistance, and corrosion characteristics. Microstructural observations indicate the occurrence of rapid recrystallization, resulting in reduced grain size and uniform dispersion. The surface composite demonstrates an increasing trend in hardness with the addition of HNT, while hardness decreases with the inclusion of MoS2. The micro tensile test results exhibits that the composite exhibits an increasing trend in strength, while the micrograph of the fractured surface of the micro tensile specimens reveals reduced ductility. The composite displays enhanced wear behaviour with the increasing volume percentages of HNT and MoS2 particles. Solid lubricant nature of the secondary reinforcement and enhanced hardness due to HNT addition and FSP leads to higher wear resistance of the developed hybrid composite. Additionally, the corrosion rate decreases with the addition of HNT, whereas higher concentrations of MoS2 lead to increased corrosion.

Influence of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and aluminum-carbon layered double hydroxides (Al-C LDH) in polypropylene matrix of hybrid composite structures on the microstructure and mechanical performances

<p>In this study, a polypropylene (PP) matrix was reinforced with ultra-fine graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), aluminum-carbon layered double hydroxides (Al-C LDHs), and calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) as hybrid reinforcements, along with polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) compatibilizers to create a novel thermoplastic-based hybrid composite polymer. The hybrid composite consisted of varying weight percentages of GNPs (ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 wt% in increments of 0.5), 2wt% Al-C LDH, 2wt % CaCO<sub>3</sub>, and 5wt % PP-g-MA. The bulk samples were manufactured using twin-screw extrusion followed by vertical injection molding. The developed hybrid composites were characterized using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) for microstructural analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for compositional analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group identification. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to assess thermal stability, crystallization, and melting behavior. Mechanical tests, including tensile, compressive, and three-point bending, were conducted to evaluate mechanical properties, while a low-velocity impact test assessed impact resistance. The results showed that the hybrid composite with a PP matrix embedded with 1.5 wt% GNPs, 2 wt% Al-C LDH, and 2 wt% CaCO<sub>3</sub> exhibited improved mechanical properties, achieving an ultimate tensile strength of approximately 45 MPa. This enhancement is attributed to the effective interconnection, bonding, and cross-linking of the reinforcements with the PP matrix, facilitating efficient load transfer, which makes it suitable for structural applications.</p>

Surface functionalization of carbon fiber by hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanostructures for mechanical strengthening of polymer composites

AbstractIn this work, the effects of ZnO nanostructure‐surface functionalized carbon fibers has been examined along with their impacts on mechanical attributes of resulting hybrid carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. The procedure involves hydrothermally generating ZnO nanostructures on carbon fibers. To generate hybrid composites, the modified carbon fiber fabric is then utilized as reinforcement in a matrix made of bisphenol‐A epoxy resin and polymer. The electron microscopy technique was employed to study development phenomenon of nanostructures on the fiber. According to the findings, lengthening the growth treatment and increasing seeding cycles improves the rate of ZnO formation. However, the results are not significantly impacted by the growth solution's concentration. The weight change analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV‐spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy all provide additional support for these conclusions. In comparison to plain CFRP composites, the developed hybrid CFRP composites tensile properties and impact resistance are significantly better. The ZnO‐modified CFRP composites exhibit improvements in elastic modulus, tensile strength, and in‐plane shear strength of up to 46.44%, 48.63%, and 20.79%, respectively. The hybrid composites' capacity to absorb impact energy also rises by 76%. Based on these results, the developed hybrid composites exhibit promising properties for applications in industries such as aircraft and automobile manufacturing. They offer high impact strength, high modulus, lightweight characteristics, and low void content, making them desirable materials for these industries.Highlights Controlled growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanostructures on fiber surface has been accomplished using hydrothermal method. Characteristics of CFRP composites such as tensile strength, elastic modulus, in‐plane shear strength, and impact energy absorption, were significantly enhanced on inclusion of ZnO. The developed hybrid composites offer cost‐effective solutions with improved mechanical properties. High impact strength and modulus make them suitable for applications in aircraft and automobile industries. Achieved exceptional morphological structure and enhanced surface‐to‐volume ratio.

A comprehensive study on the effect of hybridization and stacking sequence in fabricating cotton-blended jute and pineapple leaf fibre biocomposites

Developing biocomposites by hybridization, which is the combination of two or more materials, can be a potential solution for improving material recyclability and sustainability. This study focuses on creating a hybrid biocomposite reinforced with cotton-blended pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) fabric (174 GSM) and jute fibre fabric (265 GSM) which are thrown away by textile factories. The mechanical, moisture absorption, and vibration characteristics of four stacking sequences of hybrid composites and two unhybridized composites were analyzed. Results indicated that hybridization improved tensile and flexural characteristics compared to pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polymer (PFRP) composites. The jute fibre reinforced polymer (JFRP) composite exhibited the maximum tensile strength of 35.16 MPa, while the hybrid composites achieved a maximum of 32.16 MPa. Among the hybrid composites, jute layers on the outer plies (4P5J-2) demonstrated the maximum tensile modulus of 1.315 GPa. Additionally, the hybrid composite with three layers of jute plies between alternating layers of jute-pineapple plies showed the highest elongation at 15.94%. Among the hybrids, alternate stacking of jute/PALF plies (4P5J-1) gave a maximum flexural strength of 44.36 MPa, which is similar to JFRP (44.91 MPa) and a 78.57% increase in flexural modulus compared to PFRP composite, despite having the lowest tensile strength. Although the JFRP composite exhibited the highest impact strength, the hybrids still outperformed the PFRP composites. With hybridization, moisture absorption decreased, with a maximum of 29.50% compared to the JFRP composite. Furthermore, due to the spiral-like orientation of the yarns, stacking PALF plies on the outside can cause critical damping. Therefore, it is shown in this paper that both hybridization and stacking sequence can significantly influence composite performance. These findings also implies the utilization of textile industry's natural fibres to develop hybrid composites for automotive applications, like brake and accelerator pedals, for a greener future and effective waste material utilization.

Investigation of mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of polymeric waste strengthened hybrid composites

In this work, investigated the mechanical properties and microstructure of Ground Tyre Rubber (GTR) i.e. polymeric waste blended with Natural Rubber (NR), Butadiene Rubber (BR), and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) composites. A two-roll mill and hydraulic press were used to create NR (70 parts per hundred of rubber (phr)) composites with 25 phr of BR and 5 phr of SBR and various proportions of GTR (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 phr). With the incorporation of Nylon 6 (Ny 6) at 5 phr, the interfacial adhesion of NR/BR/SBR composites was improved. NR-based hybrid composites with mechanical and curing properties were enhanced and compared with pure NR. It was noted that the maximum tensile strength, tear strength, and hardness were enhanced by 77.74%, 17.9%, and 36.4% in NR/BR/SBR/GTR (70/25/5/40) over pure NR. The elongation at break was decreased by 54.55%, while young’s modulus was enhanced in NR/BR/SBR/GTR (70/25/5/40) over pure NR. With the incorporation of 40 phr of GTR in the NR/BR/SBR composites, cure properties like scorch time (tS2) and cure time (tC90) were reduced by 53.97% and 65.71%, while the minimum torque (ML) and maximum torque (MH) were enriched by 13.35% and 12%, respectively, when compared with the pure NR. Based on the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), GTR particles were uniformly distributed, and the thermal stability was enhanced by 25.40% in NR/BR/SBR/GTR (70/25/5/40) composites over pure NR. The absorption bands of NR, BR, SBR, and GTR elements in the developed hybrid composite were identified by Fourier transform infrared. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was diminished from -58.17°C to -63.42°C. With the inclusion of 40 phr of GTR in the NR/BR/SBR composite. Finally, it was recommended that the incorporation of 40 phr of GTR is suitable for NR/BR/SBR composites.

Wear and friction (Tribological) characteristic of aluminum based metal matrix hybrid composite: An overview

The hybrid composites are a new class of materials for tribological applications that encouraged many researchers to develop hybrid composites. The mechanical properties and tribological of Al based matrix composites enhances the use of mono ceramic as a reinforcement. In hybrid composites the properties of more than one suitable kind of reinforcements is to be exploited to make better composites for various tribological applications. This paper gives an overview about wear and friction (tribological) properties of hybrid composites and its development.

New Lime-Based Hybrid Composite of Sugarcane Bagasse and Hemp as Aggregates

Bio-based materials help reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources, contributing to the development of sustainable construction. Industrial Hemp Concrete (IHC), which uses hemp stalk (HS) as an aggregate and a lime-based binder, is a bio-based material with various applications. This research developed a new hybrid composite in order to improve the mechanical strength and durability of hemp concrete, with the incorporation of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as an aggregate, a resource of a renewable origin that is abundant in several countries. Different formulations were used, which were molded and pressed manually, evaluating their cohesion and compactness. The performance of the developed hybrid composite was measured considering mechanical, thermal, and durability properties. The compression test results showed an increase of 19–24% for composites with 75% hemp and 25% SCB. Thermal conductivity and thermal resistance coefficients were also improved, reaching 0.098 (W/m °C) and 0.489 (m2 °C/W), respectively. This aggregate combination also showed the lowest water absorption coefficient (reducing by 35%) and the best performance in durability tests compared to IHC. The resistance to freeze–thaw is highlighted, increasing 400%. The main reason is the influence of the SCB addition because the short and thin fiber form helps to maintain the physical integrity of the composite by filling the spaces between the hemp aggregates.

Conservation of waste melon shell and fly ash utilized as reinforcements for aluminum alloy matrix in terrestrial ecosystem acquired green hybrid composites

AbstractNowadays, the environmental ecosystem is protected and maintains sustainability for waste material management like agriculture product end waste and industrial waste. The main scope of this research is to gather the agriculture end product of melon shell ash waste and industrial fly ash waste utilized as organic reinforcements for making a lightweight with superior strength green hybrid composite for fourth‐generation terrestrial ecosystem applications. The various volume percentage of waste melon shell ash and fly ash are governed by the ratio of 0:0, 1:4, 2:4, 3:4, and 4:4, respectively. The green aluminum alloy (Al6061) hybrid composite is synthesized via a semi‐solid stir technique. The developed green hybrid composites are subjected to physical and mechanical studies followed by ASTM standards. The developed composite contained a 4:4 ratio of melon and fly ash and found a light weight of 2.75 ± 0.11 g/cc with improved tensile strength and hardness percentages of 8.35% and 21.38% compared to cast aluminum alloy. This research may help basic knowledge for future investigations on modern green composite manufacturing via agricultural and industrial wastage.

Investigation of mechanical behavior of graphene nanoplatelets and carbon fiber-reinforced hybrid laminate composites under different environment aging conditions

In this study, the effect of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) of different amounts (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 wt.%) on the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites were investigated to determine mechanical properties under different environment aging conditions. The mechanical properties were examined under three different environment aging conditions (25°C, 55% RH (relative humidity); 25°C, 75% RH; and 75°C, 75% RH). Humidity and temperature are the main environmental factors discussed in this study to evaluate the mechanical characteristics. The results determine that the enhancement of GNP from 0.25 to 0.50 wt.% as a reinforcement improved the tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear strength, impact, and torsional strength of the developed hybrid composites. Further, an increase in wt.% of GNP in composites up to 1.0% reduces tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear strength compared to neat CFRP in all aging conditions. But the torsional and impact strength are higher at 0.75–1.0 wt.% GNP as compared to neat CFRP in all conditions. It is observed that there is a reduction in tensile, flexural, shear, torsional, and impact properties at higher temperature and humidity conditions. The nanoparticle dispersion, agglomeration, and fracture surface of composites is analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy.

Thermomechanical Analyses of Alkali-Treated Coconut Husk-Bagasse Fiber-Calcium Carbonate Hybrid Composites

Natural fiber-reinforced composites can contribute to reducing carbon footprint goals due to their ability to reduce overall product weight, bio-diverse feedstocks, and recyclability potential. In this work, natural fiber-based composites containing the reinforcement of coconut husk and bagasse fiber with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ingredients were prepared and analyzed. The composites were analyzed for mechanical, thermomechanical, and morphological properties. The reinforcements were chemically functionalized using 5% w/v NaOH to enhance their interactions with the epoxy resins. The chemical functionalization created perforation on the fiber surface, improving the interlocking of fibres with the resin material and strengthening the mechanical performance of the composite. The composites developed using modified reinforcement treatment resulted in increased tensile strength (64.8%) and flexural strength (70%). The reinforcement treatment influenced the hydrophilicity, and the water absorption of treated composites was reduced more than five times compared to the unmodified composites. Scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological changes due to fiber modification, the underlaying mechanism of fiber contraction, and enhanced fiber matrix interface interlocking and adhesion strengthening. Thermal analysis confirmed that alkali treatment improves the crystallinity of the fiber and thereto the degradation temperature of treated fiber composites (both bagasse and coconut husk), which is 375.27 °C, the highest amongst the developed hybrid composites.

Investigations on Machinability Behavior in Turning of Al7075/Beryl/Graphene Nano Platelets Hybrid Composites with Multilayer Coated Carbide Insert Using Taguchi and Statistical Techniques

This work emphases on characterization and evaluation of machinabity characteristics of a novel hybrid Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite (AMMC) developed through two-step stir-casting method by reinforcing constant amount of Beryl (6%) and varying quantity of Graphene nanoPlatelets - GNPs (0%, 1% and 2%). Morphological analysis result shows the presence of dendritic arms and homogeneous distribution of the Beryl and GNPs in Al7075 matrix. Machinability (turning) characteristics of the developed hybrid composite were studied in detail besides optimizing the machining parameters employing Taguchi technique. The objective was to establish a correlation between cutting parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut with, tool wear, and surface roughness on work piece. In the present study, performance of multilayer hard coatings (TiC/TiCN/Al2O3) on cemented carbide insert for machining of Al7075-Beryl-GNPs. An attempt has been made to analyze the effects of process parameters on machinability aspects using Taguchi technique. Response surface plots are generated for the study of interaction effects of cutting conditions on machinability factors. The correlations were established by multiple linear regression models. The linear regression models were validated using confirmation test.

Influence of Quenching Agents on Mechanical, Wear, and Fracture Characteristics of Al2O3 / MoS2 Reinforced Al-6061 Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite (MMCs)

Aluminium (Al) based composites enhance the mechanical and wear behavior by heat treatment. The quenching factors like cooling agent, cooling rate and temperature of cooling are expected to influence the hardness, tensile, and wear behavior of the Al MMCs. This research shows the outcomes of a sequence of experiments to find the wear and mechanical behavior of the Al6061-Al2O3-MoS2 hybrid composites are quenched with different quenching agents. Hardening of the developed hybrid composites was carried out at 510ºC for the time period of 2 hours. Later, the same composite samples were quenched in ice cubes and water separately. Finally, age-hardening was done at 180ºC temperature for 4 hours and then the samples were cooled under room temperature. Heat treated hybrid composites were subjected to evaluate the hardness, tensile, and wear behavior. The outcomes reveal that the heat treatment significantly enhances the wear and mechanical behavior of hybrid composites. High mechanical strength and improved wear characteristics were observed in the hybrid composites which were quenched using ice cubes. The fractured surface of the tensile test samples and the wornout surface of wear test specimens were studied using a SEM analysis.

Effect of Natural Filler on Natural Fibre Hybrid Composite

The natural filler material is reinforced along with natural fibers in the composite to improve the quality and property of the component materials based on the requirements and its applications. In this paper, the hybrid composite was developed with Hemp/ Basalt fiber. Various wt% (15%,20%,25%) of Hemp fiber and filler materials were used as reinforcement. The Hemp fiber was surface treated with 5% of KMnO4. The developed hybrid natural fiber composites were performed with various mechanical properties studies like tensile, bending, impact, and Brinell hardness all these tests were performed as per ASTM standards. From the mechanical property study, 25 wt% Hemp fiber hybrid composite hold good mechanical properties compared to all other wt% developed hybrid composite.

Industrial cutting waste granite dust reinforced cardanol benzoxazine/epoxy resin hybrid composites for high‐voltage electrical insulation applications

AbstractAn attempt has been made to develop hybrid composites from benzoxazine monomer (C‐ddm) hybridized with DGEBA epoxy resin (EP) and reinforced with varying weight percentages (20 wt%, 40 wt%, 60 wt%, 80 wt% and 100 wt%) of glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy‐ silane (GPTMS) functionalized granite dust (GD) obtained from industrial granite cutting and polishing process in order to utilize them for electrical insulation applications. The thermal stability of granite dust reinforced poly(EP‐co‐C‐ddm) composites was studied by TGA analysis. Among the composites samples studied, 100 wt% GD reinforced poly(EP‐co‐C‐ddm) composites possess better thermal stability than that of other neat matrices and composites. Among the composites prepared using varying weight percentages of functionalized GD reinforcement, it was observed that 80 wt% GD reinforced poly(EP‐co‐C‐ddm) composites possesses better hydrophobic character than that of other neat matrices and composites. The value of LOI calculated for neat matrix (poly[EP‐co‐C‐ddm]) and 20 wt%, 40 wt%, 60 wt%, 80 wt% and 100 wt% GD reinforced composites was found to be 22, 28, 34, 40, 43 and 45 respectively. The 80 wt% GD reinforced poly(EP‐co‐C‐ddm) composites possess the higher values of tensile strength and flexural strength of 47 MPa and 140 MPa, respectively than those of their samples. The values of electrical surface resistivity and electrical volume resistivity of all the neat matrices and GD reinforced polybenzoxazine composites were found to be in the order of 1012 and 1013 respectively. The values of dielectric strength obtained from break down voltage (BDV) for neat matrix [poly(EP‐co‐C‐ddm)] and 20 wt%, 40 wt%, 60 wt%, 80 wt% and 100 wt% of GD reinforced poly(EP‐co‐C‐ddm) composites are 15.0, 15.5, 16.5, 17.0, 17.0 and 17.0 kV/mm, respectively. Data obtained from thermal stability, hydrophobic behavior and dielectric studies it was inferred that the hybrid polymer composites developed in the present work can be conveniently used in the form insulators, sealants, adhesives and matrices where application demands at high‐performance industrial and engineering applications.