Detoxification Research Articles

Treatment of general anxiety disorder by using of pregabalin – case report

Introduction Pregabalin is a chemical analog of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Its anticonvulsive, anxiolytics and analgetic effect is based on reducing of quantity of several neurotransmitters – especially glutamate, noradrenaline and substance P. Objective Generalized anxiety disorder is a quite common psychiatric disorder, affecting approximately 8% of the population. Pregabalin is effective in the treatment of GAD. Its efficacy is comparable to sertraline. The first positive effects on symptoms of anxiety are described after one week of an admistrating. Anxiolytic dose of pregabaline varies from 450 to 600mg per day. Pregabalin could be used potentially in patients with benzodiazepines adictions. There is hypothesis that pregabaline moderates withdrawal symptoms. Aims This poster presents a case report of the patient who suffers from generalized anxiety disorder with comorbid somatoform disorder and severe hypnotic (zolpidem abuse) Methods Short-termed hospitalisation at the detoxification unit to reduce doses of zolpideme. The attempt to use pregabaline to treat an anxiety and to decrease withdrawal symptoms. Results Patient who has been treated by antidepressants without any effect so far, is now showing a good response to pregabalin. Conclusion Decreasing symptoms of anxiety and somatoform pain compared to the beginning of the treatment. Complete discontinuation of using zolpidem without the withdrawal symptoms.

Craving phenomenon and its role in relapse prevention in patients with substance dependence

Objectives To explore the phenomenon of craving in illicit drug dependent and nicotine dependent population, and to assess craving including etiological, diagnostic, psychometric and prognostic aspect. Subjects The total sample of the study consisted of 90 subjects who were selected as consecutive procedure, from the detoxification unit in El-Abassia hospital and some private psychiatric hospitals. The sample was divided into three groups, illicit drug dependent group ( n =30) they were diagnosed as substance dependent after application of structural clinical interview SCID based on the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV diagnostic criteria exclusively nicotine dependent group ( n =30) they were selected from the medical, nursing stuff and some of the relatives of the illicit drug dependent group and control group ( n =30) selected from those visiting the outpatient clinic at the same hospitals for follow up after complete abstinence for at least 2 years and some subjects were selected from the Narcotic Anonymous. Methods Psychiatric examination through structural clinical interview based on the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Wechseller-Bellevue Adult Intelligence Scale, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Hamilton Depression Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale, The Minnesota Cocaine Craving Scale and Inventory of Rituals to the use of opioids. Results The illicit drug dependent groups expressed highest resistance control impairment, obsessions and interference related to the use of the drugs; i.e., high addictive propulsions. The illicit drug dependent patients showed highest expectations of relapse as a prognostic outcome compared to other groups.

Antioxidation mechanisms of zinc, copper, selenium and manganece

Free radicals in the body are closely related to photodermatoses such as skin photoaging, aging and some tumors. Excessive free radicals can attack DNA, lipids and proteins, cause lipid peroxidation and oxidative protein damage, lead to structural damages and functional impairment in cells, and finally induce the occurrence of related diseases. Some microelements such as zinc, copper, selenium and manganese are involved in the composition of phase II detoxifying enzymes (including superoxide dismutase[SOD], glutathione, etc) , can enhance the activity of SOD and ability to remove free radicals. In addition, these microelements exert antioxidative effects through some signal pathways, including the Nrf2 signal pathway and CDK4-mediated mitochondrial signal pathway, and play a role in maintaining dynamic balance in the body and in preventing diseases. Key words: Trace elements; Antioxidants; Free radicals; Skin aging; Light

Nrf2-mediated antioxidant and detoxifying enzyme induction by a combination of curcumin and sulforaphane

Nrf2-mediated antioxidant and detoxifying enzyme induction by a combination of curcumin and sulforaphane

Alleviative effect of myricetin on ochratoxin A-induced oxidative stress in rat renal cortex: histological and biochemical study.

Ochratoxins (OTA) are secondary metabolites of Aspergillus and Penicillium. The detoxification of OTA has been of major interest due to its widespread threat to human health. We aimed to investigate the possible alleviative effect of myricetin (MYR) against OTA-induced damage in renal cortex of rats. Thirty adult male albino rats were randomized into five equal groups: control (untreated), vehicle control (0.5 ml corn oil/day including dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO]), MYR (100 mg MYR/kg b.w./day in distilled water), OTA (0.5 mg OTA/kg b.w./day; dissolved in 10% DMSO and then corn oil) and OTA + MYR group (received OTA and MYR at similar doses). All treatments were given by oral gavage for 2 weeks. At the end of the experiment, renal cortices were processed for light and electron microscope examinations. Immunohistochemical staining for localization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53 and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) was carried out. Biochemical analysis of tissue glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined to evaluate oxidative stress. OTA administration induced deleterious renal injury evidenced by the structural and ultra-structural changes. Immunohistochemical expression of p53, PCNA and TGF-β1 were significantly up regulated compared with control. Alterations in antioxidant parameters supported that oxidative stress was one of the mechanisms involved in OTA toxicity. On the contrary, co-administration of MRY partially ameliorated OTA-induced renal injury. We suggest the potential effectiveness of MYR to counteract OTA-induced toxic oxidative stress on the renal cortex.

Effects of ethanol consumption and alcohol detoxification on the biomechanics and morphology the bone in rat femurs.

The objective of this study was to verify the effects of ethanol consumption and alcohol detoxification on the biomechanics, area and thickness of cortical and trabecular bone in rat femur. This was an experimental study in which 18 male Wistar rats were used, with 40 days of age, weighing 179 ± 2.5 g. The rats were divided into three groups (n=06): CT (control), AC (chronic alcoholic), DT (detoxification). After experimental procedures, the animals were euthanized by an overdose of the anesthetic and their femurs were collected for mechanical testing and histological processing. All animals did not present malnutrition or dehydration during experimentation period. Morphometric analysis of cortical and trabecular bones in rat femurs demonstrated that AC animals showed inferior dimensions and alcohol detoxification (DT) allowed an enhancement in area and thickness of cortical and trabecular bone. Material and structural properties data of AC group highlighted the harmful effects of ethanol on bone mechanical properties. The results of this study demonstrated that chronic alcoholic rats (AC) presented major bone damage in all analyzed variables. Those findings suggested that alcohol detoxification is highly suggested in pre-operative planning and this corroborates to the success of bone surgery and bone tissue repair. Thanks to the financial support offered by PROBIC - UNIFENAS.

Research progress of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of drug addiction

Drug addiction is a serious problem all over the world involving both medical and social issues. The treatment strategy lies in two aspects, promoting detoxification and preventing relapse. The latter is the key for successful treatment. Although surgical measures, like stereotactic ablation of nucleusaccumbens (NAc), had already been proven to be effective for relapse prevention clinically, the application was restricted because of the damage to brain tissues. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), which had been successfully applied in movement disorders, was recently performed in addiction studies on both animals and humankind. Among numbers of brain areas related to addiction, NAc is the hottest target studied and may bring better clinical effect. In addition, combining stimulation of multiple brain targets is currently performed for relapse prevention. The mechanism of DBS for treatment of addiction remains unclear right now, however, DBS may be an experimental method to treat refractory addictive patients. Certainly, lots of problems need to be solved in large sample study before the wide application of DBS for addiction treatment, such as the setting of stimulation parameters, recognition of objective treatment feedback and ethical issues. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2015.10.004

September 2015 - This Month in JoVE: Measuring Greenhouse Gases and Herbicide Resistance, Bioengineering Bone, and Analyzing Neuromuscular Control with Virtual Reality

Here's a look at what's coming up in the September 2015 issue of JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments. In JoVE Environment, we've had a pretty warm summer in the northern hemisphere, so we can't help but think about all the greenhouse gases in our atmosphere that keep our planet nice and warm. These days, livestock are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, especially methane. Livestock contribute anywhere from 7 to 18% of global emissions-depending on who you ask. Naturally, climate scientists are interested in controlling enteric methane from livestock. This requires accurate and precise measurement techniques, so Hristov et al. present a method using the Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS), which monitors methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals (e.g., cattle). This system produces repeatable and accurate emission results, and can help efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions. In JoVE Environment, we're also concerned about herbicide resistance in weeds, which poses a serious threat to food and fiber production. Plants can gain resistance to herbicides through genetic mutations or through enhanced activity of enzymes that metabolize and detoxify chemicals. In order to determine rates of herbicide metabolism in certain weeds, Ma et al. developed an excised leaf assay, which allows them to take experiments from the greenhouse into the lab so they can perform radiolabeled herbicide experiments more efficiently. As more and more plants become resistant to herbicides, this method will be useful for investigating the metabolic basis of herbicide resistance. In JoVE Bioengineering, one of the ultimate goals of tissue engineering is to regenerate large bone defects using synthetic scaffolds or templates. Most available scaffolds don't allow appreciable cell infiltration or distribution to achieve significant bone regeneration, so Oh et al. have developed a highly porous bone-like template with micro-channels and nanopores. Cells can be seeded into the biogenic templates through capillary action, and grow to confluence within days. This concept can help advance the repair of large bone defects. In JoVE Behavior, the human neuromuscular junction can be studied using a variety of noninvasive techniques, including electromyography (EMG), 3D motion capture, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. This month, Talkington et al. add the unique aspect of virtual reality to this test battery, and describe a customizable circuit that synchronizes data sampled from all of these techniques. You've just had a sneak peek of the September 2015 issue of JoVE. Visit the website to see the full-length articles, plus many more, in JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments.

Francis Ponge: a poesia e a revolução da linguagem

Francis Ponge, nascido em 1899, em Montpellier, é um poeta francês designado como “poeta das coisas”, pois, ao refutar a efusão lírica e o subjetivismo, dedica-se à observação e à apreensão da realidade das coisas e dos objetos por meio de um vertiginoso trabalho da linguagem, fazendo uso de neologismos a partir da etimologia das palavras. Como um exímio representante dos antípodas da lírica, Ponge conduziu sua poesia pelos domínios da prosa – “proemas” – e fez um intenso exercício de crítica em seus poemas, chegando, até mesmo, a publicar seus esboços e borrões, levando às últimas consequências o “inacabamento perpétuo” da arte literária com os seus “poemascanteiros-de-obra”. Ele falece em 1988, em Paris, e entra para o cânone literário mundial como um poeta revolucionário que promove a “desintoxicação da linguagem poética da massa de suas escórias líricas”, através da transgressão da noção analógica da metáfora. O objetivo desse trabalho incide justamente em verificar como Ponge, em original criação poética, opera uma revolução da linguagem capaz de fazer frente à sua contaminação pelo uso cotidiano.

Time and Risk Factors Associated with Relapse among Drug-Dependent Patients Who Underwent Neurosurgery by Ablating the Nucleus Accumbens

The aim of the present study was to examine the relapse time and analyse the social, psychological and physical factors related to relapse among drugdependent patients who had undergone neurosurgery by ablating the nucleus accumbens (NAc surgical group) and those who had undergone detoxification with non-operative treatment in residential compulsory rehabilitation centres (control group). A total of 100 patients from the NAc surgical group and 92 patients from the control group were recruited in the study for 5 years. Information regarding their experiences of previous abstinence from drug use and the relapse time was obtained by interviews, while the relapse reasons were obtained through questionnaire. The study shows that there is a significant correlation in relapse reasons between the two groups. 'Relief from disturbance' (psychological factor) and 'peer influence' (social factor) were the two main factors associated with relapse. Factors like 'desire for last use' and 'boredom' (psychological factor) were more associated with relapse in the control group than the NAc surgical group. At 5 years post-operation, the number of patients in the employment and married status in non-relapse group was significantly higher than in the relapse group. There was also a statistical difference in the 5-year survival rate between them. The average relapse time was the first three years. Thus prevention of relapse to drug dependence after detoxification, especially for those with NAc surgery should be improved to focus on the main factors and time.

Activities of Detoxification Enzymes and Expressions of Related Genes in Spodoptera exigua Larvae Treated with Sublethal Concentrations of Emamectin Benzoate

Activities of Detoxification Enzymes and Expressions of Related Genes in Spodoptera exigua Larvae Treated with Sublethal Concentrations of Emamectin Benzoate

Analysis of hepatitis c virus infection among drug abusers under detoxification of Huainan city in 2014

Objective To understand hepatitis c virus infection in drug users in Huainan city,and to provide the scientific basis for prevention and control of hepatitis c prevalence. Methods Two groups of participants was collected, one group was drug abusers under detoxification from January,2014 to December in Huainan city,another group treated random health examination patients in outpatient department of the third people's hospital in Huainan city as detect objects.Venous blood and serum were collected and centrifuged from patients of the two groups,and the hepatitis c virus antibody kit of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was accessd.The whole test process was operated in strict accordance with the national practice of clinical laboratory and kits operating requirements of instructions.Serological tests were carried out on the two groups to know the existence of their hepatitis c virus antibody(HCV antibody). Results During 337 cases of drug addicts,the HCV antibody positive specimens were found in 184 cases,with the positive rate of 54.6%.Specimens of 473 cases in the control group,were detected positive HCV antibody in 2 cases,and the positive rate was 0.4%. Conclusion Positive rate of serum anti-HCV antibody among drug users was much higher than infection rate of ordinary natural population.it is an important source of infection for hepatitis C. Key words: Drug Users; Hepatitis C Antibodies; Epidemiologic studies

Source of lead pollution, its influence on public health and the countermeasures.

Lead is a well-known toxic heavy metal, which can have serious public health hazards at very low levels, especially for young children. This report summarized the background information on lead as well as its applications, pollution sources, poisoning pathways, biomarkers of exposure and effect, toxicities, poisoning mechanisms, preventive actions, decontamination strategies, and detoxification methods.

Potential Benefits of Plant Metabolites for Human Health

Plant metabolites comprise of multiple and wide range of components such as nutrients, anti-nutrients, bioactive components and antioxidants. Various food sources such as vegetables, fruits, nuts and tea are considered as rich source of these functional plant metabolites. Some of these are essential for normal physiology to maintain growth and health while some are functional components that have the potential to alter the metabolism. Phytonutrients, in addition are also constituted by inorganic minerals. These factors have potential in improving human health by alleviating the negative effect of certain chronic diseases and ageing. Certain components derived from fruits and vegetables are even considered to reduce the risk of cancer, protective for genome, immune enhancement and detoxification. Among various plant metabolites, polyphenols primarily function as free radical scavengers, reduction of oxidative stress, anti-mutagenic and have preventive role in cancer and cardiovascular disease as well as atherosclerosis development. In vitro and in vivo studies showed their beneficial effects on neurodegeneration also. Epidemiological studies also observed polyphenol mediated reduction in risk of cognitive impairment. Carotenoids are also shown to offer protection against neurodegeneration, retinal damage, sunburn and cognitive decline. Phytosterols are known to be associated with reduction in risk of coronary diseases. Saponins are shown to have antagonist activity against toxin activity in in vivo models. On the other hand natural isothiocyanates and their metabolites have been found to inhibit the development of chemically-induced cancers in different organs in a variety of animal models. Among phytochemicals, organosulfur compounds have shown potential for their anti-cancer properties. There seems to be a tremendous scope for research into the molecular properties of these plant metabolites as well as physiological/molecular mechanisms in promoting health as well as disease alleviation. Credible information pertaining to their dosage also seems to be scanty.

Фармакоэпидемиологическая оценка гепатотропной терапии в условиях реальной клинической практики

Chronic liver diseases are a serious problem and a common cause of suffering and death in all countries. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of chronic liver diseases. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a disease that occurs in the case of the long-term alcohol consumption. ALD may show signs of fatty liver (steatosis), alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Increase in the prevalence of ALD is also related to the increased alcohol consumption inRussia. Viral hepatitis is a global problem leading to disability and death. About 500 million people are infected with hepatitis B or C, one million annually die from liver diseases associated with hepatitis (2.7% of all deaths). The use of essential phospholipids (EPL) as hepatotropic therapy is widespread inRussia. However, the real practice on its use had not been systematically studied. Primary objective was to characterize under conditions of real life, the profile of consecutive outpatients with newly diagnosed or known diagnosis of liver conditions with gastrointestinal symptoms and receiving a treatment with EPL as an adjunctive treatment to standard care. Materials and methods. 2450 patients were included in 98 sites. Non-interventional on therapeutic strategy study consisting of two phases: Phase 1 – a cross-sectional study to assess the profile of patients who are prescribed EPL; Phase 2 (prospective ) – the follow-up study on 20% patients participated in the Phase 1to assess compliance treatment regimen. Study results. Steatosis was the most frequent liver disease (59.7% patients). Hepatic diseases related to obesity was 23.8% patients, hepatic diseases related to diabetes – 336/2450 (13.7%). Chronic viral hepatitis observed in 21.7% cases. Taking into account that 15.8% patients suffered from combined pathology, data describing morbidity structure were the following: isolated hepatic steatosis occurred in 46.7% cases, hepatic diseases related to obesity – in 12.8% and hepatic diseases related to diabetes – at 6.4%, chronic viral hepatitis – at 18.3%. Patients most often complained about feeling of pressure in the right epigastric 74.4%, general weakness and apathy – 1497/2450 (61.1%), abdominal distension – 1438/2450 (58.7%), nausea – 51.9%. Almost a third of patients complained of irritability – 35.8%, headache and muscle pain – 35.4% and lack of appetite – 26.9%. The main non-pharmacologic management measures for liver disease were: diet therapy – 1387/2450 (97.4%), complete refusal of alcohol – 1726/2450 (70.5%), daily exercise of moderate intensity – 1495/2450 (61.0%), complete smoking cessation – 608/2450 (24.8%). Most often prescribed treatment for liver diseases were hepatoprotectors at inclusion visit – 2291/2450 (93.5%), hypotensive – 1201/2450 (49.0%), hypolipidemic – 1060/2450 (43.3%), hypoglycemic – 457/2450 (18.7%) drugs. Lipotropic products administered at 319/2450 (13.0%) cases, detoxifying – in 282/2450 (11.5%), antiviral – in 147/2450 (6.0%) and immunotropic – in 73/2450 (3.0%).

PEMBANGUNAN M-BEKAM BERBASIS SISTEM PAKAR

Cupping is a detoxification therapy or methods of treatment by removing oxidants from the body through certain points on the surface of the epidermis. Currently, in Western countries (Europe and America) conducted scientific research seriously and continuously to reveal the scientific facts, how the magic of cupping to cure various diseases more safely and effectively than the methods of modern medicine. This is the consideration for making an expert system cupping method. This expert system uses backward chaining method to determine the points of cupping treatment which is implemented on a mobile device based on Android, so this application has the potential to be accessed anytime and anywhere by experts bruise or community. The use of expert systems on cupping method is expected to solve the problem of health according to the knowledge base that are known by experts bruise and also in accordance with the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad SAW.

Mitochondria and forkhead box protein O 3a

Background Forkhead box O (FOXO) 3a transcription factors are regulators of cell-type specific apoptosis and cell cycle arrest,but also control cell survival and production of reactive oxygen species(ROS).Objective To review the FOXO3a self-reactivating loop and novel functions of FOXO3a in controlling mitochondrial respiration of cells,which further supports the current view that FOXO3a transcription factors are information-integrating sentinels of cellular stress and critical modulators of cell homeostasis.Content In this article,we will discuss the current knowledge on the involvement of FOXO3a transcription factors in the regulation of cellular homestasis with specific emphasis on mitochondrial integrity,morphology and activity.In neuronal tumor cells,FOXO3a triggers ROS-accumulation as a consequence of transient mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization,which is essential for FOXO3a-induced apoptosis in these cells.Cellular levels of reactive oxygen species are affected by the FOXO3a-targets including Bim,BclxL,and Survivin.All three proteins localize to mitochondria and affect mitochondrial membrane potential and respiration,as well as cellular levels of reactive oxygen species.Trend FOXO3a controls a delicate balance between mitochondrial reactive oxygeu species-generation and levels of reactive oxygen species-preventing or detoxifying processes,which is critical for cell death decision in neuronal cells. Key words: Forkhead box protein O 3a; Mitochondria; Reactive oxygen species; BH3-only proteins

Detoxification drug treatment of thalliccm poisoning

铊中毒目前尚无特效驱排剂,普鲁士蓝是临床上使用最多的解毒药物,一些络合剂也在使用,但对其确切效果研究不多.现将一些有关研究复习如下.一、普鲁士蓝(prussian blue,PB)(一)名称与化学结构:PB是一种古老的深蓝色颜料,于1704年首次制造.PB的名称有许多,如柏林蓝、中国蓝、巴黎蓝、汉堡蓝、矿物蓝、铁蓝、贡蓝、色素蓝、赤血盐、腾氏蓝等.这些名称在化学上称为亚铁氰化铁(ferric ferrocyanide,或ferric hexacyanoferrate),化学分子式为:Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3,分子量为859.25.还有许多相关的铁氰化合物也称为PB,通用化学分子式为:M+Fe3[Fe2(CN)6].H2O,其中M+可以是一价阳离子,如钾、钠或铵.亚铁氰化铁又被称为不溶性PB,而铁氰化物与钾结合形成亚铁氰化钾或六氰高铁酸钾{KFe3Ⅲ[FeⅡ(CN)6]3,K2Fe2Ⅲ[FeⅡ(CN)6]3}又被称为可溶性PB.事实上所谓可溶性PB并不溶于水,因可形成胶体乳液,通过滤纸过滤而不会有沉淀物,好像溶液,由此得名.不溶性和可溶性PB的化学结构图见图1。

Recovery briquetting technologies of waste biomass and pyrolyzed waste char produced from solid industrial and agricultural organic wastes

In this study, several experiments were performed to decrease volume or weight and detoxifi cation of solid organic wastes produced from various agricultural activities and industries in Japan using the pyrolyzing and/ or carbonizing process. Additionally, these solid organic wastes were also transformed into the stable materials of char (so-called ‘pyrolyzed waste char’). The objective of this study was to develop an effective utilization system of the waste char pyrolyzed and carbonized from the solid industrial organic wastes using the pyrolysis equipment with overheated steam or fl uidized bed pyrolysis equipment. From the feasibility study, it was suggested that waste char-biomass briquettes that are produced from the pyrolyzed waste chars of waste tires, cow manure and poultry manure are used instead of the fossil solid fuel (e.g. coal) based on their burning characteristics and analytical results of exhaust gases.

Survey of Hepatitis B infection and vaccination status among drug users in Xi'an

To explore seroepidemiological status and vaccine coverage of hepatitis B among drug users in Xi'an. 545 drug users in the Xi'an Compulsory Detoxification Center were asked to answer questionnaire and provide blood sample (3-5 ml) for test of HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs from March to June 2013. Totally, 545 subjects were surveyed and tested. All of them effectively completed the survey. The positive rates of HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs were 29.4% (160/545), 60.0% (327/545) and 56.1% (306/545), respectively. Eighty five subjects (15.6%) were negative for all of the three markers. The prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBc among injection drug users were 40.0% (94/235) and 65.6% (154/235), which was significantly higher than non- injection drug users' (21.6% (52/241), 58.5% (141/241)) and mixed non-injection and injection drug users ((20.3% (14/69), 46.4% (32/69)) (χ(2) = 23.518 and 9.017, respectively, P < 0.05) . The HBsAg positive rate (30.6% (153/500)) of subjects with more than once per day of drug using within one year was significantly higher than those who used drugs for 2-3 times per week (15.6% (7/45)) (χ(2) = 4.51, P < 0.05). Only 11.7% (64/545) of drug users had a clear history of hepatitis B vaccination. The vaccination rate of subjects (3.5% (5/141)) with primary education or below was significantly lower than those with high school (16.3% (45/276)) (χ(2) = 26.61, P < 0.05). The vaccination rate of subjects (7.8% (12/153)) over 45 years old was significantly lower than that of subjects below 30 years old (15.9% (21/132)) and 30-44 years old (11.9% (31/260)) (χ(2) = 30.36, P < 0.05). The vaccinees had a significantly higher positive rate of anti-HBs (73.4% (47/64)) than those who without vaccination (53.8% (259/481)) (χ(2) = 8.81, P = 0.003), but the positive rates of HBsAg (16.7% (11/64)) were lower than those who without vaccination (31.0% (149/481)) (χ(2) = 23.52 and 9.02, respectively;P > 0.05). The HBV infection status among drug users in Xi'an was in serious condition, while a low vaccination rate was also discovered among them.