Detoxification Research Articles

Effects of Extracellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate on Cellular damage, H2O2 Content,and Activities of H2O2 Detoxifying Enzymes under Lead Stress

Effects of Extracellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate on Cellular damage, H2O2 Content,and Activities of H2O2 Detoxifying Enzymes under Lead Stress

Application of citrate dialysis in the treatment of puerperal sepsis

Aim. To describe the results of applying citrate dialysis in the complex therapy of a patient with postpartum sepsis.Materials and methods. This paper presents an analysis of a case of the successful treatment of patient P. with the diagnosis “Childbirth 3 urgent. Pfannenstiel laparotomy. Caesarean section in the lower uterine segment. Hypotonic bleeding. Relaparotomy: ligation of the internal iliac arteries, hemostasis. Relaparotomy: additional hemostasis, pelvic tamponade, abdominal cavity tamponade. Hemorrhagic shock of fourth category. Extirpation of the uterus with tubes. Sepsis. Septic shock. DIC syndrome”. Citrate dialysis was included as part of intensive care therapy.Results. Citrate dialysis allowed the patient with multiple organ failure, against the background of complex intensive care therapy, to restore kidney function after 28 sessions of renal replacement therapy. Diuresis was completely restored on day 42. Biochemical parameters, such as urea and creatinine, were normalized on day 45. The duration of treatment in the anesthesiology and resuscitation departments was 47 days, out of which lung mechanical ventilation lasted for 17 days. The total duration of treatment in the hospital was 54 bed days. The patient was discharged in satisfactory condition.Conclusion. The methods of extracorporeal detoxifi cation can signifi cantly improve treatment outcomes in this category of patients and reduce maternal mortality rates.

Effect of Chlorpyrifos on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Lipid Peroxidation in Liver and Gills of Zebrafish

Chlorpyrifos (CP) is a widely used and studied organophosphorous pesticide for more than a decade to control pests in agriculture, including termites, mosquitoes, flies and other household pests. Because of the extensive use of CP, besides destroying the target pests also affecting the non-target organisms like human, fish and finally finding their way to the aquatic environment. Fish is not only a vital source of food for people but also an important component of ecosystem and is shown to be sensitive bioindicator of external factors, such as pollution. In the present investigative study zebrafish, (Danio rerio) an excellent model for toxicological studies was exposed to CP (200 μg/L) and the oxidative parameters like catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Reductase (GR), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) in liver and gill tissues of zebrafish were assessed. The antioxidant enzyme parameters were significantly decreased in the treated groups than in control with concomitant increase in detoxifying processes i.e., GST and LPO. The results are discussed in detail.

The effectiveness of specialized detoxification nutrition for cancers

The effectiveness of specialized detoxification nutrition for cancers

Commentary on Stein et al. (2020): Whither detoxification in the face of the opioid epidemic?

Commentary on Stein et al. (2020): Whither detoxification in the face of the opioid epidemic?

Immobilized Laccase for Sustainable Technological Processes

Enzyme-catalyzed processes are currently a powerful tool in the chemical industry due to the reduction of process time, specificity, eco-friendly characteristics, intake of low energy input, lower cost and nontoxic properties. Laccases are versatile enzymes, which catalyze oxidation reactions coupled to four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Laccases are used for decolorization and detoxification of industrial effluents and are widely used in wastewater treatment. For improving enzyme utilization in biotechnological processes, the process cost has to be reduced, the enzyme stability during industrial processes should be enhanced and the recycle and reuse step should be favorable. The immobilization of the enzyme is an important step for enhancing enzyme catalytic properties and operational stability. In our study, two different types of immobilization were used for laccase: cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) and magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mCLEA). The enzyme activity of synthesized CLEA was 0.237 U/mg laccase and mCLEA 0.637 U/mg laccase, respectively. In the next step, immobilized laccase in the form of CLEA and mCLEA was treated under supercritical conditions. Supercritical fluids (SCFs) comprise a unique class of nonaqueous media for biocatalysis and bioseparation. It is very difficult (almost impossible) to predict the stability and activity of an enzyme in any SCF at a certain pressure. Therefore, the stability of both laccase immobilized forms in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) at different pressures was studied. The highest residual activity for both laccase immobilized forms were obtained after exposure to SC CO2 at 20 MPa, 35 °C for 5 h. The obtained residual activities were 145 ± 3 % for mCLEA and 128 ± 3 % for CLEA. Improved stability of immobilized laccase in the form of CLEA and mCLEA after SC CO2 treatment indicates the possibility of using laccase in supercritical media. Further application of CLEA laccase and mCLEA laccase could be reflected in the field of hospital wastewater treatment for removal of drugs.

Quantitative proteomic analysis of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells stimulated with 4-Hydroxynonenal

Objective To detect the protein expression change in the proliferation of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRMECs) stimulated with 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Methods hRMECs were in a logarithmic growth phase, and then were separated into 4-HNE-stimulated group and negative control group. The concentration of 4-HNE included 5, 10, 20 and 50 μmol/L in 4-HNE-stimulated group, while the negative control group was added in the same volume of ethanol (the solvent of 4-HNE). Then the cells were stimulated with 4-HNE for 24 hours following by CCK-8 kits incubating for 4 hours to detect absorbance. It was found that 10 μmol/L 4-HNE had the most obvious effect on the proliferation of hRMECs. Therefore, the cellular proteins from 10 μmol/L 4-HNE-stimulated group and negative control group were acquired and prepared by FASP sample preparation method. Data independent acquisition was used for data acquisition, and the GO analysis and pathway enrichment were performed for analysis of differentially expressed proteins. Results CCK-8 kits detection results showed that the A value of the 10 and 20 μmol/L 4-HNE-stimulated groups were significantly higher than negative control group and 5 μmol/L 4-HNE-stimulated group (F=25.42, P 1.5, P<0.05). Seventy-two proteins were up-regulated after 4-HNE stimulation, whereas 46 proteins were down-regulated. Particularly, the expressions of Heme oxygenase-1, Sulfoxdoxin-1, Heat shock protein A1B, Thioredoxin reductase-1, Glutathione reductase, ATPase and prothrombin were increased when cells were added in 4-HNE, whereas the expressions of apolipoprotein A1 and programmed cell death protein 4 were decreased. These differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in the biological processes such as oxidative stress, cell detoxification, and ATPase-coupled membrane transport. Conclusion After stimulated with 4-HNE, the oxidative stress, cell detoxification, and ATPase-coupled membrane transport protein expression may change in hRMECs in order to regulate oxidative stress and growth situation. Key words: Reitinal vessels/cytology; Endothelial; Cell cultured; Proteomics; 4- Hydroxynonenal

Influencing factors associated with mental health status among synthetic drug addicts

Objective To investigate the mental health status of the synthetic drug addicts and explore the characteristic changes of mental health and related factors. Methods Totally 182 synthetic drug addicts were recruited as research subjects by the cross-sectional study. We used the general situation questionnaire, Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), Adult Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) to explore the effects of demographic sociology indicators, clinical indicators, personality characteristics, and coping styles on psychological health among the synthetic drug addicts. Results The total scores and each dimension of SCL-90 in synthetic drug addicts were significantly higher than domestic norm (P<0.05). Main influencing factors of the mental health in synthetic drug addicts were gender (t=-3.70, P<0.01), monthly salary (t=3.28, P<0.01), duration of using synthetic drug (t=3.03, P<0.01), detoxification times (t=2.66, P<0.01), personality characteristics (t=5.00-13.89, P<0.01) and coping styles (t=-8.80-8.75, P<0.01). Conclusion The synthetic drug addicts have poor mental health and obvious psychological problems, which are related to gender, monthly salary, duration of using synthetic drug, detoxification times, personality characteristics and coping styles. Key words: Synthetic drug; Mental health; Psychosocial factors; Personality; Coping styles

Application of blood purification in acute lymphoblastic leukemia pediatric patients with hypermethotrexemia accompanied with acute kidney injury

Objective To investigate the efficacy of blood purification for acute lymphoblastic leukemia pediatric patients with high-dose methotrexate(MTX)-induced hypermethotrexemia and acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods The clinical data of 50 acute lymphoblastic leukemia pediatric patients with hypermethotrexemia (the 45th hour MTX blood concentration >20 μmol/L) and AKI who were admitted to Beijing Children's Hospital Capital Medical University from May 2010 to August 2018 were collected. After the treatment of blood purification, the declining rate of MTX concentration, the incidence of drug-related side effects and the clinical transition were analyzed retrospectively. Results The median MTX blood concentration at the 45th hour after high-dose MTX chemotherapy was 31.5 μmol/L (20.0-80.3 μmol/L). After blood purification treatment, 48 patients (96%) survived, 1 patient (2%) died, and 1 patient (2%) gave up treatment. It costed 10.0 days (7.0-15.0 days) to decline the MTX concentration to the normal level by using blood purification. The median time of purification was 32.5 hours (2.0-168.0 hours), and the days of dialysis were 3.0 days (1.0-9.0 days). The AKI occurred in approximately 96% (48/50) of patients, which was the main side effect. The time of declining the high MTX concentration to the normal was positively correlated with the increase times of serum creatinine (r = 0.371, P = 0.009) and urea nitrogen (r = 0.486, P = 0.001), and the value of the alanine aminotransferase (r = 0.364, P = 0.010) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (r = 0.344, P = 0.010), and the days of dialysis (r = 0.532, P < 0.01), but there was no relationship with the 45th hour MTX blood concentration (r=0.110, P = 0.248). The reduction of MTX blood concentration from the 45th hour to the 69th hour after high-dose MTX chemotherapy was negatively correlated with the increase times of urea nitrogen (r = -0.336, P = 0.009) and serum creatinine (r = -0.260, P = 0.035). Conclusion When the MTX blood concentration of patients with hypermethotrexemia and AKI couldn't be declined to the normal level by using high-dose leucovorin, hydration and alkalization, and without the effective detoxification drug (carboxypeptidase G2), they should be offered blood purification, especially continuous renal replacement therapy as soon as possible, which can reduce the blood concentration of MTX quickly and decrease the incidence of side effects effectively. Key words: Leukemia, lymphoblastic, acute; Methotrexate; Blood purification

Detoxification systems expression patterns of Chromera velia in response to Mercury stress condition

Detoxification systems expression patterns of Chromera velia in response to Mercury stress condition

Prevalence Pattern and Detoxification of Foodborne Aflatoxin and Its Binding Efficiency and Interaction with Different Blood Electrolytes

Aflatoxin is a potent carcinogen, occurring from mold growth that contaminates raw agricultural commodities, mostly staple grains. The study was conducted to elucidate the present status of aflatoxin contamination in five commonly consumed foods including rice, wheat, maize, peanut and chickpea in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. The contaminated samples were analysed by HPLC for total aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, G2). The average percentages of aflatoxin were: maize (90%)> peanut (70%)> chickpea (60%)> wheat (50%)> rice (30%). A high incidence (90%) and concentration of aflatoxin (mean 33.2 µg/kg) was found in maize. The mean concentrations of aflatoxin in 60% chickpea, 50% wheat and 70% peanut were higher than the safe limits proposed by FDA (20 µg/kg). Rice had comparatively lower concentrations (mean 15.4 µg/kg) of aflatoxin of which 30% were beyond safe limits. For detoxification, the samples were treated in either 1% or 5% calcium hydroxide. The 5% calcium hydroxide treatment reduced more toxin than that of 1%. A quantum chemical calculation was done to address the chemical binding of aflatoxin with blood electrolytes. Cationic electrolytes i.e., (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ bound to the O18-O22 position of the aflatoxin B1. The divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) bound more strongly to AFB1 than the monovalent cations (Na+, K+). According to the descending order their binding strength was: Mg2+ (-224.5 kcal) > Ca2+ (-156.6 kcal) > Na+ (-67.1 kcal) > K+ (-37.3 kcal). This study gave us an insight about the potential risks of aflatoxin to public health.

Production and application of 3-phosphoadenosine-5- phosphosulfate

Sulfated compounds are widely present in cytoplasm, on cell surface, and in extracellular matrix. These compounds play important roles in cell development, differentiation, immune response, detoxication, and cell signal transduction. 3-Phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is the universal sulfate group donor for the biosynthesis of sulfated compounds. Up to now, the synthesis of PAPS is still too expensive for industrial applications. This review focuses on the recent progress of PAPS production and summaries the application of PAPS, particularly in the production of glucosinolate, heparin, condroitin sulfate, and oxamniquine production.

Microbial chromium (VI) immobilization in saturated aquifer columns using culture inoculated soil

Chromium exists in two oxidation states in the environment namely; Cr(VI) which is highly toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic in nature and Cr(III) which is less toxic, mobile and is required in trace elements with human diets. South Africa holds approximately 72 % of the currently documented chromium ore reserves. Areas where chromium is mined, experience severe Cr(VI) contamination due to poor treatments of Cr(VI) by products. Cr(VI) is exclusively released through anthropogenic activities into wastewaters. Biological reactors have been investigated in reducing chromium successfully. Bioremediaion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) has increasingly gained interest as it is seen as economic and ecological. In this study, in situ bioremediation of treating Cr(VI) aquifers is evaluated. Firstly, dried sludge containing indigenous chromium reducing bacteria (CRB) from a dried sludge was collected from Brits Wastewater Treatment Plant, North West Province (South Africa). Batch experiments by isolated bacteria were done under aerobic conditions. Cr(VI) reduction was recorded at 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L of Cr(VI) concentrations. Pseudomonas putida showed complete Cr(VI) reduction within 5 h of batch analysis. The continuous batch experiments were done using columns with five equally spaced sampling pots along the column length. Cr(VI) reduction profile was thus observed. At steady state there was complete reduction of Cr(VI) on all the columns including; sludge, saw dust and carbon source at 40 mg/L. The continuous batch system appeared to have certain amount of algae emerging after 30 d of operation, from the bottom of the column where there’s reduced Cr(VI) concentration and so it was cultivated and characterized. The presence of algae may show a symbiosis relationship involving a complex relationship of detoxification survival of algae or a food source for bacteria. Cr(VI) reducing effects of the columns was further tested against higher Cr(VI) concentrations at 60 mg/L. Near complete Cr(VI) reduction was observed within a couple of days of operation at this concentration. This study demonstrates the potential of biological Cr(VI) reduction using Cr(VI) reducing bacteria that has been isolated from polluted sites in South Africa.

Executive opinion survey and analysis of diagnosis and treatment schemes of traditional Chinese medicine in diabetes mellitus complicated by sepsis

Objective To prospectively survey the well-known experts of critical care and endocrine secretion to summarize their experience in treating diabetes mellitus complicated by sepsis for the purpose of providing guidance of theory and practice in making treatment schemes of traditional Chinese medicine for such disease. Methods The questionnaires were designed and submitted to the experts. The statistic analysis was undertook to investigate the rules. Results A total of 30 questionnaires were released and 28 were retrieved. The experts generally believed that eight-principle syndrome differentiation was the most useful method in the syndrome differentiation and treatment of this disease. The heat, stasis and toxin were usually acted as the main pathogenic factors while damp and phlegm commonly act as secondary pathogenic factors. They thought that weak body resistance under the invading of evil was the key mechanisms in the deterioration of the disease and they chose clearing heat, activating blood and detoxication as 3 core treatment principles. Conclusions The summarized opinions from the experts should be act as important reference in treating this disease, but its effectiveness and possibility for further generalization need to be validated in the clinical practice. Key words: Sepsis; Diabetes mellitus; Syndrome differentiation and treatment; Questionnaire survey; Executive opinion

The multitasking abilities of MATE transporters in plants.

As sessile organisms, plants constantly monitor environmental cues and respond appropriately to modulate their growth and development. Membrane transporters act as gatekeepers of the cell regulating both the inflow of useful materials as well as exudation of harmful substances. Members of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family of transporters are ubiquitously present in almost all forms of life including prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In bacteria, MATE proteins were originally characterized as efflux transporters conferring drug resistance. There are 58 MATE transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana, which are also known as DETOXIFICATION (DTX) proteins. In plants, these integral membrane proteins are involved in a diverse array of functions, encompassing secondary metabolite transport, xenobiotic detoxification, aluminium tolerance, and disease resistance. MATE proteins also regulate overall plant development by controlling phytohormone transport, tip growth processes, and senescence. While most of the functional characterizations of MATE proteins have been reported in Arabidopsis, recent reports suggest that their diverse roles extend to numerous other plant species. The wide array of functions exhibited by MATE proteins highlight their multitasking ability. In this review, we integrate information related to structure and functions of MATE transporters in plants. Since these transporters are central to mechanisms that allow plants to adapt to abiotic and biotic stresses, their study can potentially contribute to improving stress tolerance under changing climatic conditions.

EFFECTS OF PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED PYRIDINES (CYANOTHIOACETAMIDE DERIVATIVES) ON THE BLOOD OF RATS WITH COMBINED PARACETAMOL-ALCOHOLIC LIVER INJURY

Aim. In this research, we studied the parameters of blood biochemical analysis in rats with combined paracetamol-alcoholic liver injury after its pharmacological correction by newly synthesized partially hydrogenated pyridines (cyanothioacetamide derivatives).Materials and methods. 50 samples of new derivatives of partially hydrogenated pyridines synthesized on the basis of the “Chemex” Research Laboratory of the Vladimir Dal’ Lugansk National University underwent virtual bioscreening, which allowed the selection of 4 compounds, the biological activity of which may be associated with the effect on the protein synthesis and detoxifi cation function of the liver. The experiment was conducted on 48 white outbred male rats. For 14 days, the rats of the control and experimental groups were intragastrically injected with 1 ml of 40% ethanol and paracetamol at a dose of 500 mg/kg once a day. Pharmacocorrection with a thiotriazoline reference drug (50 mg/kg) and pyridine derivatives at a dose of 5 mg/kg was performed from the fourth day. On the 15th day, blood was sampled to determine the level of total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and thymol turbidity test.Results. The value of total bilirubin in the blood of the rats treated with CV046 compounds was 34.88% lower than that in the control group. The animals of the test groups receiving CV047 also showed signifi cant differences with the control group in terms of bilirubin level (a decrease of 31.78%). The AST values in the blood of rats in the test groups had no signifi cant differences as compared with intact animals. Following 10 days of pharmacological correction of combined paracetamol-alcoholic liver injury with CV146, the total bilirubin level in the blood decreased by 26.36% in comparison with the control group, with the activity of ALT and AST demonstrating the levels of intact values.Conclusions. The conducted screening studies of four partially hydrogenated pyridines — cyanothioacetamide derivatives — using the model of combined paracetamol-alcoholic liver injury when used at a dose of 5 mg/kg during ten days have shown a high hepatoprotective and detoxifying activity of the following three compounds: СV046 (2-[(9-tert-butyl-1,5-dicyano4-oxo-3-azaspiro[5,5]undec-1-en-2-yl)thio]-N-(2-ethylphenyl)acetamide — IUPAC), СV047 (2-[(9-tert-butyl-1,5-dicyano-4-oxo-3-azaspiro[5,5]undec-1-en-2-yl)thio]-N-(4-fl uorophenyl) acetamide) and СV146 (benzyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-cyano-6-({2-[(3,4-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}thio)-2-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate).

Is It Possible to Detoxify Aflatoxic Aquafeed?

Is It Possible to Detoxify Aflatoxic Aquafeed?

A short review of health benefits and nutritional values of mung bean in sustainable agriculture

Mung beans, also known as Lu Dou, are one of the traditional soy foods consumed mainly in East Asia, especially by Chinese and Japanese. It has been used both as nutritional food and herbal medicine. Mung is a valuable plant for sustainable agriculture due to its ability to use atmospheric nitrogen. Because of energy crises and high mineral fertilizer prices cultivation of legumes become one of the most promising strategies for sustainable agriculture. The factors determining the efficiency of symbiotic process are the genetic constitution of the host plant and bacteria, environment, and technological inputs (inoculums, fertilizers and pesticides). Inoculation of mung bean with Bradyrhizobium enhanced nodulation, and results in increasing of shoot biomass and grain yield. The legume residues are also a good source of mineral nitrogen for the succeeding crops. Mungbean is rich in easily digestible protein, it also contains vitamin A, B1, B2, C, niacin, folate, iron, calcium, and zinc. Nutrition therapy on the basis of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is quite effective at treating common diseases. The most important health benefits of mung beans are anti-oxidant effects, antifungal and antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, activity against diabetes, hypertension and cancer. Mung bean clears heat, detoxifies, reduces swelling, promotes urination, quenches thirst, aids edema in the lower limbs. It is recommended for conjunctivitis, diabetes, dysentery, summer heat, heatstroke, dehydration, edema and food poisoning.

Emergency management of acute poisoning in children

The clinical manifestations of acute poisoning in children were nonspecific, most of all, the initial symptoms were disturbance of consciousness or even coma.The critical treatment of acute poisoning is quickly identify life-threatening situation, remove the unabsorbed toxins, promote the removal of poison which has been absorbed of blood, timely application the detoxification and organ functional support.The treatment of blood purification and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation technique are important progresses in children′s severe poisoning. Key words: Acute poisoning; Management; Emergency; Child

Aflatoxins: Properties, Toxicity and Detoxification

Aflatoxins: Properties, Toxicity and Detoxification