Detoxification Research Articles

Opioid Detoxification During Pregnancy Remains Inadvisable

Evidence-based care of pregnant women with opiate use disorder is in high demand. The dogma that detoxification during pregnancy is inadvisable due to

Diagnosis and treatment of toxin inhaled pulmonary edema

Toxin inhaled pulmonary edema refers to the symptoms of specific poisoning, dyspnea, cough, foam-like sputum as the main clinical manifestations of syndrome after inhalation of toxic gases or poisons.Due to children′s characteristics, they are easy to access to toxic gases and poison.In the case of pulmonary edema caused by toxin inhalation, child′s life will be endangered and the mortality rate is extremely high.Once toxin inhaled, children should be immediately moved from the toxic site and get appropriate detoxification treatment, prevention of pulmonary edema is the key of treatment.Strongthening supervision and enhancing self-protection awareness could achieve better prevention and reduce the incidence and mortality of toxin inhalation. Key words: Toxin inhaled pulmonary edema; Children; Carbon monoxide; Ammonia; Hydrogen sulfide; Organophosphorus pesticide,

Suboxone: Rationale, Science, Misconceptions.

The United States is in the middle of a historically unprecedented opioid epidemic. Today, more people die of drug overdoses than any other form of accidental death, and opioid overdose rates surpass historic peak death rates from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), gun violence, and motor vehicle

Oxidase and detoxifying enzyme activity of Apriona swainsoni (Hope) with diflubenzuron and flubenzuron

To research the influence of tebufenozide and chlorbenzuron on the physiological mechanism of Apriona swainsoni (Hope), A. swainsoni larvae were fed with sawdust treated by chlorbenzuron (T1) and tebufenozide (T2). These were then sampled to determine enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S transferases (GSTs), and carboxylesterase (CarE) in larvae at intervals of 12 h to 72 h in succession. Results showed that after treatment with chlorbenzuron, the enzymatic activity of CAT increased first and then decreased 24 h later. Enzymatic activity of SOD maintained a high level. Also, after treatment by tebufenozide, the enzymatic activity of CAT decreased first with enzymatic activity of SOD being higher than the control. After treatment by two types of the pesticides, enzymatic activity of GSTs was higher than the control with no differences of CarE activity with the control. Therefore, enzymatic activity of GSTs in A. swainsoni was assumed to be associated with resistance generated in the larva and was likely to be a resistance marker of the larvae.

Plant and herbivore ontogeny interact to shape the preference, performance and chemical defense of a specialist herbivore.

The amount of damage that herbivorous insects impose on plants varies as a function of plant ontogenetic trajectories in tissue quality and defenses, and the herbivores' own developmental trajectories in body size, mandible shape and detoxification enzymes, among others. However, little is known about how host plant and herbivore ontogeny interact. Using four ontogenetic stages of Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) and three to five larval stages of the specialist caterpillar Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae), we evaluated how ontogenies in both of these trophic levels shape: (i) caterpillar feeding choice, (ii) performance, and (iii) sequestration of plant allelochemicals. Plant physical (leaf toughness) and chemical (iridoid glycosides) defenses increased, while nutritional quality (water and nitrogen content) decreased, as plants aged. These plant ontogenetic trajectories strongly altered the behavior and physiology of this specialist herbivore, but the magnitude of the response varied with larval stage. In feeding experiments, while first instar larvae showed little preference among plant stages, older larvae significantly preferred juvenile over reproductive stages. In turn, larval consumption increased and digestive efficiency decreased, potentially explaining their decrease in relative growth rate, as larvae and host plant aged, but differences were greater for younger than older caterpillars. Finally, sequestration of plant allelochemicals increased through plant and larval development; however, the major differences due to diet occurred earlier during larval development. Our results highlight that changes in plant ontogeny most strongly influence early herbivore instars, emphasizing the need to consider the developmental stage of both trophic levels to better understand temporal variation in herbivore damage.

Studying the effectiveness of motivational group therapy in heroin addicts in Kabul

Afghanistan has one of the highest rates of substance use in the world, yet existing treatment focuses on detoxification, residential rehabilitation and with very low intensity aftercare. Current available treatment should be changed to more evidence-based modalities, such as structured psychosocial interventions. In addition, the main role of affect in development, maintenance and abstinence of substance use disorders should be also taken into account. Many therapy models can assist in substance use disorders recovery, such as the trans-theoretical model of change, which is a motivational programme that facilitates change by (1) increasing awareness and self re-evaluation; (2) understanding the necessity for change; (3) increasing motivation; and (4) maintaining change and preventing relapse. This field report describes using group therapy for those who are not sufficiently motivated to drug cessation, components of group therapy, as well as results, challenges and suggestions for future studies.

Research progress on major pharmacological activities of S-allyl-L-cysteine

Oxidation and inflammation are associated with the pathological processes of most human diseases, posing a serious threat to human health. In recent years, researchers have extracted monomeric compounds from natural products for the prevention and treatments of diseases related to oxidation and inflammation. That has become a major trend in the study of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs. Garlic, a natural product, has pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and detoxification and so on. Therefore, it is important to study and extract the active ingredients in garlic. As an active ingredient extracted from garlic, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) has been extensively studied in cell and animal models. The main pharmacological activities of SAC and the related receptors were reviewed, and its mechanism of action in vivo and the beneficial effects on the corresponding diseases were summarized to provide the necessary basis for further study. Key words: S-allyl-L-cysteine; Pharmacological activities; Metabolism; Excretion

Absorption, metabolism and protective role of fruits and vegetables polyphenols against gastric cancer.

Growing evidence links free radicals to the aging processes, degenerative diseases and cancer, underlying the important role played by some antioxidants, as polyphenols, present in fruits and vegetables, which seem able to counteract the toxic effects induced by oxidative stress. The gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to oxidant and antioxidant substances and, in particular in this district, the food rich in antioxidants could exert a protective effect against the risk of cancer. Polyphenols have a direct protective effect on the gastrointestinal tract, detoxifying the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS), preserving antioxidant proteins and complexing metals. Although polyphenols are a class of antioxidant largely represented in vegetables and fruits, we are still uncertain whether the beneficial effects of a diet rich in plant products, are mainly due to these compounds. Our knowledge does not allow to be sure about which antioxidants are capable of having therapeutic effects, through which mechanism, the exact therapeutic dose or how long they have to be taken to have a significant protective effect. In this review we take into account the most common antioxidants, usually found in the diet and the processes regulating their absorption, metabolism and excretion, in order to elucidate the mechanism that could be responsible for the protection against cancer.

Heroin Detoxification with Interment IV. Thiopental Combine with Gardenal and Aminazine

Heroin Detoxification with Interment IV. Thiopental Combine with Gardenal and Aminazine

Gene and genome-centric analyses of koala and wombat fecal microbiomes point to metabolic specialization for Eucalyptus digestion.

The koala has evolved to become a specialist Eucalyptus herbivore since diverging from its closest relative, the wombat, a generalist herbivore. This niche adaptation involves, in part, changes in the gut microbiota. The goal of this study was to compare koala and wombat fecal microbiomes using metagenomics to identify potential differences attributable to dietary specialization. Several populations discriminated between the koala and wombat fecal communities, most notably S24-7 and Synergistaceae in the koala, and Christensenellaceae and RF39 in the wombat. As expected for herbivores, both communities contained the genes necessary for lignocellulose degradation and urea recycling partitioned and redundantly encoded across multiple populations. Secondary metabolism was overrepresented in the koala fecal samples, consistent with the need to process Eucalyptus secondary metabolites. The Synergistaceae population encodes multiple pathways potentially relevant to Eucalyptus compound metabolism, and is predicted to be a key player in detoxification of the koala’s diet. Notably, characterized microbial isolates from the koala gut appear to be minor constituents of this habitat, and the metagenomes provide the opportunity for genome-directed isolation of more representative populations. Metagenomic analysis of other obligate and facultative Eucalyptus folivores will reveal whether putatively detoxifying bacteria identified in the koala are shared across these marsupials.

Review on Experiment research of traditional Chinese medicine on radiation-induced pulmonary injury

Radiation-induced pulmonary injury(RPI)refers to intrathoracic neoplasm after radiotherapy, radiation wild area normal lung tissue injury complicated by damage to the reaction. Traditional Chinese medicine was used for nourishing yin and clearing lung, heat-clearing and detoxifying, promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis in reducing the adverse reaction of radiotherapy. TCM showed the advantage for radioactive lung injury. Based on the different mechanism of action and from the perspective of TCM treatment, the article reviewed the latest experiment research of TCM on radiation-induced pulmonary injury were summarized, and we discussed and pointed out the existing problems and prospect solution Key words: Traditional Chinese medicine; Radiation-induced pulmonary injury; Experimentation research; Review

Empirical Study of Natural Adsorbents Efficiency in Animal Husbandry under Anthropogenic Heavy Metal Pollution

Increasing the quality of food products through the prudent use of natural adsorbents is becoming a topical problem in agriculture in conditions of anthropogenic heavy metal contamination. The purpose of the study is to work out a method for detoxifying heavy metals by using natural adsorbents such as local zeolite and vitamin C as an example of the implementation of standards and requirements for environmental food safety in animal husbandry in the territories with high anthropogenic pollution. Using the analogue method three groups of cows were formed with account of origin, age, body weight and lactation performance. To determine the heavy metal concentration, the spectrophotometric method was applied. It was experimentally established that in order to enhance the quality of dairy products in the territory with the man-made contamination, it is advisable to supplement the diets of lactating cows with zeolite and vitamin C (the recommended doses are 3% and 0.04% of the dry matter norm respectively). Due to the combined use of these natural adsorbents, zinc concentration in the cows’ blood decreased 2.04 times, lead – 2.53 times and cadmium – 3.65 times. The cow milk increased in mass fraction of fat by 0.22% and protein – by 0.20%; at the same time zinc concentration lowered 3.47 times, lead – 2.76 times and cadmium – 3.09 times. At that, the content of these toxicants in dairy products was lower than the maximum allowable concentration (MAC).

Method for Diminishing the Adverse Effect of Anthropogenic Heavy Metal Pollution on Poultry Meat Products

Metallurgical enterprises are the main source of environmental pollution with heavy metals. Toxicants pose a serious threat to the consumer’s health, so scientific research on diminishing their adverse effect on sanitary-hygienic properties of poultry meat is of high importance when organizing effective environmental management and ensuring food security. The purpose of the study is to devise a method for reducing a negative impact of heavy metals on productivity and sanitary-hygienic properties of meat by admixing adsorbents to a formulation of animal feeds. To analyse the concentration of heavy metals, the atomic adsorption method was applied. Experimental data were statistically processed using SNEDECOR application package. The findings of the research suggest that the prudent use of the adsorbents such as citrus pectin and Toxiban Max in the formulation of local barley-corn-soybean based feeds allowed maximizing the effect of heavy metal detoxification. The concentration of these elements in meat of the experimental groups of broilers was lower than the maximum allowable level.

Role of glutathione in tolerance to arsenite in Salvinia molesta, an aquatic fern

ABSTRACT In many plant species, tolerance to toxic metals is highly dependent on glutathione, an essential metabolite for cellular detoxifi cation. We evaluated the responses of glutathione metabolism to arsenite (As III ) in Salvinia molesta , an aquatic fern that has unexplored phytoremediation potential. Plants were exposed to diff erent As III concentrations in nutrient solution for 24 h. As III caused cell membrane damage to submerged leaves, indicating oxidative stress. Th ere was an increase in the glutathione content and ϒ-glutamylcysteine synthetase enzyme activity in the submerged and fl oating leaves. Th e glutathione peroxidase and glutathione sulfotransferase enzymes also showed increased activity in both plant parts, whereas glutathione reductase only showed increased activity in the submerged leaves. Th ese fi ndings suggest an important role for glutathione in the protection of S. molesta against the toxic eff ects of As III , with more eff ective tolerance responses in the fl oating leaves.

Decontamination of Fumonisin B1 in maize grain by Pleurotus eryngii and antioxidant enzymes

Fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) is among the most common mycotoxins found in maize kernels and maize products worldwide. The microbiological process of detoxification and transformation of toxic organic pollutants is a promising method for foodstuffs decontamination. Some basidiomycetes, such as the Pleurotus eryngii species complex, include several important commercial edible varieties that can detoxify polycyclic organic compounds and a range of wastes and pollutants. We investigated the potential role of P. eryngii , one of the most consumed mushrooms, in the decontamination of FB 1 in maize. In addition, selected antioxidant enzymes, (soluble peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase), primarily involved in control of cell hydrogen peroxide levels, and lignin degradation, were analyzed, to evaluate their contributions to the molecular mechanisms of FB 1 by P. eryngii . FB 1 decontamination by P. eryngii and involvement of CAT and POD enzymes in the control of toxic decontamination levels of H 2 O 2 were demonstrated. A consistent reduction of FB 1 was observed at different incubation times. The average decrease levels of FB 1 , with respect to the control cultures, ranged from 45 to 61% (RSD < 15%). This study is a possible eco-friendly approach to reducing this mycotoxin in the feed supply chains.

Some Biochemical Changes during Summer Islamic Fasting in Diseased Patients in Comparison with Normal

Some biochemical parameters in serum of diabetic, hypertensive and hypothyroid patients are estimated pre and post summer Islamic fasting in comparison with healthy control. Sixteen diseased patients (3 male and 13 female) with twelve healthy control persons (3 male and 9 female) at a mean age of (43 ± 8.22 years) and (37.5 ± 10.81 years) respectively. Proper history and blood sample were collected from all subscribers in the first and last day of Ramadan. Patients group demonstrate significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, blood urea, serum creatinine, and uric acid (as an improvement of kidney function), total and direct serum bilirubine and aspartate transaminase (AST) (indicate improvement of liver detoxification and excretion capacity) in addition to significant elevation of high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels during Ramadan. Healthy subjects show decrease in the body weight; with significant decrease in FBG, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), AST and significant increase in the HDL. All previous results clinically insignificant as they are not deviated from the normal reference ranges, meanwhile they are considered as good factors for controlling lipids, diabetes, hypertension and other diseases related to kidneys or liver during Ramadan, moreover health benefit in non-diseased subjects.

Monosodium glutamate-induced obesity changed the expression and activity of glutathione S-transferases in mouse heart and kidney.

Obesity may affect activity and/or expression of enzymes participating in xenobiotics' detoxification and antioxidant defense. This study sought to investigate the activities and expression of cardiac and renal glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoforms in order to reveal possible differences between obese and control mice. For this purpose, mice with monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity were used as an experimental model. Obesity was induced in newborn male mice by repeated s.c. administration of MSG. At 8 months of age, mice were sacrificed and specific activity, protein and mRNA expressions levels of GSTs were analyzed in their heart and kidney. In hearts of obese mice, specific activity of GST was decreased by 51% compared to control. This reduction was accompanied by a decline in GSTP-class protein and Gstp1/2 mRNA expression levels. In contrast, specific activity of GST was elevated by 31% in kidney of obese mice and this increase was accompanied by upregulation of GSTA-class protein and Gsta1/2 mRNA expressions. Increased capacity of renal GSTs together with GSTA upregulation may serve as compensatory mechanism against elevated oxidative stress, which accompanies obesity. On the other hand, decreased cardiac GST activity in obese mice and GSTP downregulation may worsen the defense against oxidative stress and harmful xenobiotics.

Ultrasound-assisted Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Coffee Silverskin for Biorefinery Applications

Coffee silverskin (CSS) is an agro-food processing waste (AFW) largely produced in roasting factories at almost constant rate over the year. The CSS can be used as a source of fermentable sugars within a biorefinery approach for its exploitation. Pretreatment process and enzymatic hydrolysis are required to efficiently recovery monomeric fermentable sugars from AFWs such as CSS. Current research is focused on the selection of novel processes for biomass pretreatments able to provide effective lignin removal, to minimize the production of by-products that may inhibit the fermentation of the produced sugars, and to be cost saving with respect to conventional pretreatments. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the ultrasound (US) assisted dilute acid pretreatment on the effective separation of lignin and polysaccharides of CSS. The effects of two operating conditions – biomass loading and sulphuric acid concentration - were studied to assess their effects on the sugar yields after enzymatic hydrolysis. The production of typical species that may inhibit the fermentation of the hydrolysate was monitored. Inhibitors like furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), ferulic and p-coumaric acid were present at concentrations lower than 1 mg/L after enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated CSS. As a result, the hydrolysate of US dilute acid pretreated CSS may be used for fermentation without detoxification step.

Research Advances in Resistance to Platinum-based Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer.

Platinum-based chemotherapy is the the cornerstone of treatment of many cancers. Combinations of platinum drugs with other agents are still the mainstream therapies for non-small cell lung cancer,showing significant effectiveness in an early phase. Along with the treatment,the tumor cells can become resistant to chemotherapy drugs,which affect the efficacy and prognosis. The mechanisms of drug resistance are complicated,including abnormal expressions of membrane proteins,enhanced DNA repair functions,abnormal regulation mechanisms of apoptosis,and enhanced cellular detoxification function. In this article we summarize some of the main mechanisms of platinum resistance in lung cancer cells,with an attempt to identify new potential target analogues or inhibitors and improve the efficacies of the combined use of platinum-based drugs.

Optimizing Chances for Successful Outpatient Opioid Detoxification

The contemporary epidemics of opioid abuse and overdose demand effective outpatient treatment options. Intramuscular extended-release (XR) naltrexone