Detorsion Groups Research Articles

The effect of medical ozone therapy in addition to ovarian detorsion in ischemia reperfusion model

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of ozone therapy on ovarian reserve, number of ovarian follicles, ovarian morphology in a rat ischaemia reperfusion (IR) injury model. Twenty-four, Wistar Hannover rats were included. The rats were divided into three groups as control, detorsion-only, and ozone therapy + detorsion groups. There was a statistically significant difference in the follicular damage and inflammation scores between the study groups (p = .019, p = .002, respectively). The highest AMH decrease was observed in the detorsion-only group (p = .012). The total damage score was higher in the detorsion-only group than the ozone therapy + detorsion group. Preantral, small and large antral follicle numbers were less in the detorsion-only group than the ozone therapy + detorsion group. The highest postoperative day 7 TAS level was in the ozone therapy + detorsion group. TOS levels did not differ significantly between the study groups. The combination of the ozone therapy with ovarian detorsion is more effective in protecting the ovarian reserve than ovarian detorsion-only. Impact Statement What is already known on this subject? Adnexal torsion is a common gynecological emergency in reproductive-age women. The recommended management is the detorsion of the adnexal pedicle in patients with fertility desire. What do the results of this study add? The combination of the medical ozone therapy with conventional surgical ovarian detorsion is more effective in the protection of the ovarian reserve compared to surgical ovarian detorsion. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study speculates that medical ozone therapy in addition to conventional surgical ovarian detorsion could preserve ovarian reserve and function if confirmed in further clinical studies.

Diffusion tensor imaging in evaluating testicular injury after unilateral testicular torsion and detorsion in rat model: A preliminary study.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a functional magnetic resonance sequence based on the movement of water molecules. This study attempted to investigate the feasibility of DTI in evaluating testicular injury after testicular torsion and detorsion. Seventy-two rats were randomly divided into the sham group, torsion group and detorsion group. The left testis in the sham group was brought out through a scrotal incision for 1hr, and that of the torsion group was twisted 720o clockwise for 1hr and fixed to the scrotum, while the detorsion group was restored after being twisted 720° for 1hr. Rats were further divided into four subgroups according to the set time, then performed DTI and histology analysis. The mean diffusion of the torsion and detorsion groups increased within 24hr (p<.01), while it in the detorsion-1-week-group was lower than that in the detorsion-24-hr-group (p<.05). The fraction anisotropy of both experimental groups decreased in the acute phase (p<.01), while that of the detorsion-1-week-group increased (p<.01). Cosentino score in both experimental groups showed an increasing trend (p<.05). Besides, the spermatogenic ability of the detorsion-1-week-group decreased (p<.05). In conclusion, DTI was able to evaluate the injury after testicular torsion and detorsion.

Magnesium: does it reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury in an adnexal torsion rat model?

AimThe aim of the present study was to assess the protective effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced ovarian damage in a rat ovarian torsion model.MethodsForty-two female Sprague Dawley rats were included in the study. They were divided into six groups as Group 1, sham; Group 2, bilateral ovarian torsion; Group 3, bilateral ovarian torsion–detorsion; Group 4, MgSO4–sham; Group 5, MgSO4–bilateral ovarian torsion; Group 6, bilateral ovarian torsion–MgSO4–detorsion. Both torsion and detorsion periods lasted 3 hours. In Groups 4, 5 and 6, MgSO4 (600 mg/kg) was administered by intraperitoneal route 30 minutes before sham operation, torsion and detorsion, respectively. At the end of the study period, both ovaries were removed. One of the ovaries was used for histopathological analyses and the other for biochemical analyses.ResultsIn the torsion–detorsion group, all the histopathological scores were higher compared to the sham and torsion only group (p<0.05). Administration of MgSO4 only caused significant decrease in the inflammatory cell scores of the torsion–detorsion group (p<0.05). MgSO4, whether given before torsion or before detorsion, suppressed malondialdehyde levels when compared to the untreated groups (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). Glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly higher in the MgSO4 applied torsion and detorsion groups than Groups 2 and 3 (p<0.05, for both). Administration of MgSO4 also caused an increase in glutathione levels in the torsion and detorsion groups compared to the torsion only and detorsion only groups (p<0.05, for both). Also, total oxidant status levels decreased in the MgSO4 applied torsion and detorsion groups compared to the untreated corresponding ones (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). MgSO4 significantly decreased the Oxidative Stress Index levels in the torsion–detorsion group compared to Group 2 (p<0.001).ConclusionHistopathological and biochemical analysis revealed that prophylactic treatment with MgSO4 reduces the changes observed in I/R injury in a rat model.

Protective effect of hydrogen rich saline solution on experimental ovarian ischemia reperfusion model in rats

BackgroundThe present study aimed to investigate the effects of hydrogen rich saline solution (HRSS) in a rat model of ovarian ischemia–reperfusion injury. MethodsThirty-six female Wistar-albino rats were grouped randomly, into six groups of six rats. The groups were classified as: sham (S), hydrogen (H), torsion (T), torsion/detorsion (TD), hydrogen-torsion (HT), and hydrogen-torsion/detorsion (HTD). Bilateral adnexal torsion was performed for 3h in all torsion groups. HRSS was given 5ml/kg in hydrogen groups intraperitoneally. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels were measured in both the plasma and tissue samples. Tissue sections were evaluated histopathologically, and the apoptotic index was detected by TUNEL assay. The results were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis and Pearson chi-square tests using computer software, SPSS Version 20.0 for Windows. ResultsThe MDA levels were higher and GST levels were lower in the torsion and detorsion groups when compared to other groups, but the differences were insignificant (P>0.05). The MDA levels were lower and GST levels were higher in the HT and HTD groups compared with the T and TD groups (P>0.05). Follicular injury, edema, vascular congestion, loss of cohesion and apoptotic index were higher in the torsion groups but decreased in the groups that received HRSS. ConclusionsAccording to histopathological and biochemical examinations, HRSS is effective in attenuating ischemia–reperfusion induced ovary injury.

Effects of oral zinc administration on long-term ipsilateral and contralateral testes damage after experimental testis ischaemia-reperfusion.

The purpose of this study was to examine potential long-term post-torsion changes that can occur in the histopathology, biochemistry and spermatogenesis of both torsioned and nontorsioned opposite testes. The study also determines the effect of zinc (Zn) administration on the testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D) damage on both testes. Forty-eight male rats, divided equally into eight groups: (SHAM), (SHAM+,Zn+), (T/D+, Zn- 1month), (T/D+,Zn- 2months), (T/D+,Zn- 3months), (T/D+,Zn+ 1months), (T/D+,Zn+ 2months), (T/D+,Zn+ 3months), have been used. Drug administration was carried out by adding 100μg (0.016ml/rat) Zn per rat to drinking water in related groups. Testicular damage decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) in the testis tissues of rats, while Zn administration increased SOD and GSH and decreased MDA in the testis tissues in comparison with the SHAM group. The beneficial effect of zinc sulphate was more evident on the nonrotated testis than the rotated testis. In the histopathological study, a significant decrease in torsion and detorsion injuries was observed in the treatment groups compared to the torsion and detorsion groups. We found a protective effect of zinc sulphate on oxidative stress as a result of T/D injuries in rats, especially for the nonrotated testis; results were supported histopathologically.

Protective effects of honokiol on ischemia/reperfusion injury of rat ovary: an experimental study.

AimThe purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of honokiol on experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury of rat ovary.Materials and methodsA total of 40 female Wistar albino rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into five groups as follows: sham (Group I), torsion (Group II), torsion + detorsion (Group III), torsion + detorsion + saline (Group IV), and torsion + detorsion + honokiol (Group V). Bilateral adnexa in all the rats except for those in the sham group were exposed to torsion for 3 hours. The rats in Group IV were administered saline, whereas the rats in Group V were administered honokiol by intraperitoneal route 30 minutes before detorsion. Tissue and plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were determined. Ovarian tissue was histologically evaluated. Data analyses were performed by means of Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U-test (Bonferroni correction) in SPSS 15.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).ResultsThe torsion and detorsion groups had higher scores in vascular congestion, hemorrhage, and inflammatory cell infiltration compared with the sham group (P<0.005). In addition, total histopathological scores were significantly higher in the torsion and detorsion groups compared with the sham group (P<0.005). A significant reduction was observed in hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cellular degeneration scores, of all histopathological scores, in the honokiol group (P<0.005). Ovarian tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde were significantly higher in the torsion and detorsion groups compared with the sham and honokiol groups (P<0.005). Ovarian tissue concentrations of nitric oxide, on the other hand, were significantly higher in the torsion group compared with the sham, saline, and honokiol groups (P<0.005).ConclusionHonokiol has a beneficial effect on ovarian torsion-related ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Effects of amlodipine on ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the rat testis.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of amlodipine (AML) in rat testicular torsion/detorsion damage. In this study, rats were divided into eight groups: (i) sham; (ii) testicular ischaemia, 2 h of ischaemia; (iii) testicular ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), 2 h of ischaemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion; (iv) ischaemia + AML (5 mg kg(-1)) administered 30 min before ischaemia; (v) ischaemia + AML (10 mg kg(-1)) administered 30 min before ischaemia; (vi) and (vii) I/R + AML (5 mg kg(-1)) and I/R + AML (10 mg kg(-1)) administered 1.5 h after the induction of ischaemia, respectively, and at the end of a 2-h ischaemia period and a 2-h reperfusion period applied; and (viii) sham + AML (10 mg kg(-1)). Significant decreases in levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione were observed in ischaemia and reperfusion groups when compared with healthy controls. These antioxidant levels increased in AML groups while malondialdehyde levels significantly decreased. While increases in tumour necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta levels were found in the torsion and detorsion groups, significant decreases in the levels of these inflammatory cytokines were observed in the treatment groups. These results demonstrate that AML significantly produced protective effects on testis tissue damage that occurs in the torsion/detorsion model via biochemical, histopathological and molecular pathways.

Antioxidant effect of erdosteine and lipoic acid in ovarian ischemia–reperfusion injury

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of erdosteine and alpha lipoic acid (ALA) in a rat model of ovarian ischaemia–reperfusion injury. Study designForty-eight female Wistar albino rats were separated, at random, into six groups of eight rats. The groups were classified as: sham, torsion, detorsion, detorsion+erdosteine 100mg/kg, detorsion+alpha lipoic acid (ALA) 100mg/kg, and detorsion+erdosteine+ALA. The investigators executing the biochemical and histological analyses were blinded to the randomization until the end of the study. ResultsThe TOS (Total Oxidant Status) and OSI (Oxidative Stress Index) levels are higher in the Torsion and Detorsion groups when compared with the ones in the Sham group (p<0.05). Strong correlation was found between OSI and total histological score in the sham, torsion and detorsion groups (r=0.765, p<0.001). The mean levels of TOS and OSI in the rats that received erdosteine and/or ALA were significantly lower compared with the sham, torsion and detorsion groups (p<0.05). Mean TOS and mean OSI were lower in the detorsion+erdosteine+ALA group compared with the detorsion+erdosteine and detorsion+ALA groups (p<0.05). In comparison with the detorsion group, the numbers of primordial follicles (p=0.006) and primary follicles (p=0.036) were increased in the groups that received erdosteine and/or ALA. ConclusionsErdosteine and ALA decreased ischaemia–reperfusion injury in an experimental rat ovarian torsion model; combination treatment had a greater effect than either agent alone. Treatment with erdosteine and/or ALA was found to preserve the loss of reproductive capacity normally observed after ovarian torsion.

The Biochemical and Histologic Effects of Adnexal Torsion and Early Surgical Intervention to Unwind Detorsion on Ovarian Reserve: An Experimental Study

The aim of the present study was to determine to what extent ovarian reserves are affected by ischemia-reperfusion injury, evaluating the number of growing follicles and the serum levels of the ovarian hormones. Thirty female fertile adult Wistar albino rats, weighing 200 to 220 g, were previously numbered to randomization, and then randomly divided into 3 equal groups (n = 10): sham, torsion, and detorsion groups. In torsion and detorsion groups, bilateral adnexal torsion (3-hour ischemia) was carried out. Bilateral adnexal detorsion (3-hour reperfusion) was performed in the detorsion group. The mean number of preantral and small antral follicles in detorsion group were lower than those of the sham group (P < .01). After torsion, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), estradiol, and inhibin B levels decreased significantly compared to the preoperative and postoperative periods (P = .003, P = .032, and P = .014, respectively). In detorsion group, only AMH levels were found to decrease significantly following the 3-hour ischemia and 3-hour reperfusion (P < .05). After adnexal torsion, a significant decrease in ovarian reserve has been detected for the first time in this study. Additionally, the results of this study suggest that conservative surgery alone is insufficient to protect ovarian reserve.

Vitamin E modulates apoptosis and c-jun N-terminal kinase activation in ovarian torsion–detorsion injury

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of vitamin E in follicular degeneration and to assess histopathological and biochemical changes following ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury in rat ovaries. Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham, 4h torsion, 24h detorsion, and a vitamin E group. Thirty minutes before detorsion, a single dose of 200mg/kg vitamin E was administered intraperitoneally. The ovarian histology score was determined, serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured. The apoptosis of granulosa cells and the phospho-c-jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and phospho-p38 (p-p38) immunoreactivities of these cells were determined. MDA and MPO levels were significantly increased in the torsion and detorsion groups. Hemorrhage, edema, and congestion were also apparent in these groups. In addition, the apoptotic index and the immunoreactivity of p-JNK were highest in the detorsion group, which also showed marked follicular degeneration. However, p-p38 activity was not affected by torsion–detorsion (TD) induction. Vitamin E ameliorated TD-induced histological alterations. It also decreased serum levels of MDA and MPO, reduced the activity of p-JNK in the ovaries, and reduced numbers of apoptotic follicular cells. In conclusion, these data indicate that vitamin E attenuated ovarian follicular degeneration by inhibiting the immunoreactivity of p-JNK and reducing the apoptosis of granulosa cells.

Evaluation of the Protective Effects of CoQ10 on Ovarian I/R Injury: An Experimental Study

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) on ovarian ischemia/reperfusion injury in an experimental rat adnexal torsion model. Methods: 48 female adult Wistar albino rats, weighing 220-250 g, were randomly equally divided into six groups (n = 8): sham, torsion, detorsion, sham+CoQ₁₀, torsion+CoQ₁₀, and detorsion+CoQ₁₀ groups. Bilateral adnexal torsion was performed for 3 h in all groups, except the sham and sham+CoQ₁₀ groups. Bilateral adnexal detorsion was performed on the detorsion and detorsion+CoQ₁₀ groups. CoQ₁₀ was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before the sham operation, torsion, and detorsion. Results: The torsion and detorsion groups had significantly higher histologic evaluation scores, as well as higher MDA levels, TOS values, and oxidative stress index values than the sham group. A strong correlation between total histologic evaluation scores for ischemia/reperfusion injury and the oxidative stress index was found. The mean oxidant marker levels and histopathologic scores for the ovarian tissue significantly decreased after using CoQ₁₀, which is a potent antioxidant. Conclusions: Conservative surgery (detorsion) was found to provide inadequate protection to ovarian tissue. The results of this study suggest that CoQ₁₀ could be useful for the protection of ovarian tissue before conservative surgery.

The protective effect of curcumin on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat ovary

BackgroundTo evaluate the protective effects of curcumin in experimental ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of rat ovaries. MethodsForty-eight female adult Wistar Albino rats were used. Rats divided into six groups and designed: Sham, Torsion, Detorsion, Sham + Curcumin, Torsion + Curcumin, and Detorsion + Curcumin. Except for the Sham and Sham + Curcumin group, all groups were performed to bilateral adnexal torsion for 3 h. Bilateral adnexal detorsion was implemented in the Detorsion and Detorsion + Curcumin groups. The injection of curcumin was intraperitoneally achieved 30 min before the sham, torsion and detorsion. ResultsTotal oxidant status levels (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and histologic scores values of ovarian tissue were higher in the torsion and detorsion groups than the sham group (p < 0.05). There was a strong correlation between the total histologic scores of I/R injury and the OSI (r = 0.809, p < 0.001). By the use of curcumin, a significant decrease was established in the mean levels of oxidant markers and histopathologic scores of the ovarian tissues. ConclusionsAdministration of curcumin is effective in reversing tissue damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovarian torsion.

The protective effect of erythropoietin and dimethylsulfoxide on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat ovary

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of erythropoietin and dimethylsulfoxide in the recovery from ischemia-reperfusion injury in an experimental rat adnexal torsion model. Study design Thirty-six Wistar-albino rats were divided into six groups. Except for the sham operation group, all groups were subjected to left unilateral adnexal torsion for 3 h. Erythropoietin and dimethylsulfoxide were intraperitoneally administered 30 min before the detorsion operation. Malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels were detected from both the plasma and the tissue samples. The sections of the tissues were evaluated histologically. The results were analyzed by a one-way analysis of the variance (ANOVA) followed by the Duncan test for multiple comparisons using computer software, SPSS Version 15.0 for Windows. Results This study demonstrated that dimethylsulfoxide and erythropoietin pretreatment attenuated ischemia-reperfusion-induced lipid peroxidation, prevented post-ischemic ovarian injury and helped to maintain the ovarian morphology. Malondialdehyde levels of plasma and ovary were higher in the torsion and detorsion groups than the sham group. This showed that ischemia-reperfusion had caused lipid peroxidation of the ovarian tissue, thus leading to oxidative damage. One of the major findings of this study is that malondialdehyde was significantly decreased in the plasma of rats who were pre-treated with dimethylsulfoxide and erythropoietin before detorsion. This suggests that dimethylsulfoxide and erythropoietin might prevent oxidative damage in ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury. Histological examination confirmed that reperfusion caused more detrimental effects than only ischemia, which could be at least partially prevented by dimethylsulfoxide and erythropoietin administration prior to detorsion. Conclusion Erythropoietin and dimethylsulfoxide may have beneficial effects in ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovarian torsion.

Gradual detorsion of torsioned rat testis attenuates ischemia reperfusion injury

Aim This study was designed to investigate effect of gradual detorsion on testicular ischemia reperfusion injury. Materials and Methods A total of 21 male rats were divided into 3 groups, each containing 7 rats. Torsion was created by rotating the left testis 720° in a clockwise direction. Group 1 underwent sham operation. Group 2 (sudden detorsion) served as a torsion/detorsion group, receiving 2 hours torsion and 2 hours detorsion. In group 3, 360° detorsion was done for 20 minutes after 720° torsion for 2 hours. Then, testis was done full detorsion for 100 minutes. At the end of the experiments (fourth hour), left orchiectomy was performed to measure the tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase and to perform histologic examination in testes. Results The MDA levels of testis tissues were significantly increased in the sudden detorsion group as compared with the sham group. We found decrease of the MDA level in gradual detorsion group, but it was not a statistically significant amount. Significant decrease was found in the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the sudden detorsion group as compared with the sham and gradual detorsion groups. Histologic examinations were in accordance with the testicular tissue MDA levels. Conclusion In the light of our biochemical and histopathologic findings, we can say that gradual detorsion has a trend to decrease the degree of testicular reperfusion injury in the rat torsion/detorsion model.

Histologic Alterations in the Ipsilateral and Contralateral Testes and Epididymides of Rats following Unilateral Torsion and Detorsion of the Testes

Purpose: This investigation was undertaken to determine the damage to the testes and epididymides following torsion and detorsion of the testes. Materials and Methods: The right testes of 8-week-old male rats (n=30) were subjected to torsion for 10 min. At 0, 1, 4, 8, and 24 hours, and 1 week after the repair of a torsion, the ipsilateral and contralateral testes and epididymides were harvested. The mean number of spermatids per tubule, the mean seminiferous tubular diameter (MSTD), and the germinal epithelial cell thickness (GECT) were used to evaluate changes to the testes. The histologic changes to the epididymal ductal epithelium were also evaluated. Results: The mean number of spermatids per tubule, GECT, and MSTD were significantly decreased in the 24-hour ipsilateral detorsion group, but minimal changes to ipsilateral testes were observed in the 1-week detorsion group. There was no evidence of histologic changes to the testes in any of the contralateral detorsion groups. The interstitial fibroblast proliferation and hemorrhage of the ipsilateral epididymis were found in the 4-hour detorsion group and increased in the 8-hour detorsion group. Interstitial fibroblast proliferation was prominent in the ipsilateral epididymis of the 24-hour detorsion group, but was only occasionally observed in the contralateral epididymides. Shortening of the tubular epithelial cell height and tubule dilatation were observed in the ipsilateral and contralateral epididymis 1 week after detorsion. Conclusions: Torsion/detorsion damage was found earlier and at a higher intensity in the epididymides than in the testes. This finding may be due to the protection afforded by the blood-testis barrier. (Korean J Urol 2008; 49:945-952) 󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏

The Effects of N-Acetylcysteine on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Experimental Testicular Torsion

Testicular torsion is a serious problem in male children and, if not treated at the right time, can lead to subfertility and infertility. The main reason for testicular damage is ischemia-reperfusion injury. A number of chemical substances have been used to protect testes against ischemia-reperfusion injury in experimental animals. The possible protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on testicular tissue after testicular detorsion was examined in the current study. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: sham operation, torsion, detorsion, and NAC + detorsion groups (n = 6 for each group). Excluding sham operation group, the rats were subjected to unilateral torsion (720-degree rotation in clockwise direction). After torsion (5 h) and detorsion (2 h), unilateral orchidectomy was performed. Malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities were determined in testicular tissue. Administration of N-acetylcysteine caused a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and an increase in glutathione peroxidase levels compared to detorsion group. The results suggest that N-acetylcysteine may be a potential protective agent for preventing the negative biochemical changes related to oxidative stress in testicular injury caused by testis torsion.

The protective role of erdosteine on testicular tissue after testicular torsion and detorsion

Testicular torsion and detorsion are important clinical problems for infertile man and oxidative stress may have a role in this clinical situation. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of erdosteine, an antioxidant, on unilateral testicular reperfusion injury in rats. The rats were divided into four groups including seven rats in each group: control, torsion, torsion/detorsion and torsion/detorsion+erdosteine. Rats, except the sham operation group, were subjected to left unilateral torsion (720( composite function) rotation in the clockwise direction) without including the epididymis. The experiments were finished after sham operation time for control, 120 min torsion for torsion group and 120 min torsion and 240 min detorsion for torsion/detorsion groups. Bilateral orchiectomy was performed for all groups of rats. The ipsilateral and controlateral testis were divided into two pieces to analyse biochemical parameters and to investigate the light microscopic view. Malondialdehyde level of ipsilateral testis was increased in torsion and torsion/detorsion groups in comparison with the other groups (p < 0.05). Erdosteine treatment ameliorated lipid peroxidation after torsion/detorsion in ipsilateral testis (p < 0.05). Also, xanthine oxidase activity of ipsilateral testis was increased in torsion/detorsion group in comparison with the others (p < 0.05). Nitric oxide (NO) level of ipsilateral testis was higher in all experimental groups than sham operated control group (p < 0.05). Also, NO level of torsion group was increased in comparison with detorsion groups (p < 0.05). Erdosteine treatment caused increased glutathione peroxidase activity in comparison with torsion and torsion/detorsion groups and catalase activity in comparison with the other groups in ipsilateral testis (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity of ipsilateral testis was higher in torsion/detorsion and torsion/detorsion+erdosteine groups than control and torsion groups (p < 0.05). The biochemical parameters were not affected in controlateral testis in all groups. Torsion, torsion/detorsion and torsion/detorsion+erdosteine groups showed ipsilateral testicular damage in the histological examination, but the specimens from torsion/detorsion had a significantly greater histological injury than those from the other groups (p < 0.05). Control rats showed normal seminiferous tubule morphology. Rats in torsion group had slight-to-moderate disruption of the seminiferous epithelium. Rats in torsion/detorsion group displayed moderate-to-severe disruption of the seminiferous epithelium. In all animals from torsion/detorsion+erdosteine group, the testicular tissues were affected with slight-to-moderate degenerative changes of the seminiferous epithelium. Administration of erdosteine resulted in a significantly reduced histological damage associated with torsion of the spermatic cord compared with torsion/detorsion. In all groups, the contralateral testes were histologically normal. In conclusion, the results clearly displayed that erdosteine treatment may have a protective role on testicular torsion/detorsion injury.

Resveratrol Reduces Ischemia Reperfusion Injury After Experimental Testicular Torsion

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on testicular ischemia reperfusion injury. Forty Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups. Torsions (ischemia) were created by rotating the right testis 720 degrees in a clockwise direction for 4 hours in all groups except the control group. In the torsion group after 4 hours' ischemia bilateral orchiectomy was performed. In the detorsion group, saline was injected by an intraperitoneal route, 30 min before detorsion (reperfusion). In the resveratrol group, 30 mg/kg resveratrol was injected by an intraperitoneal route, 30 min before detorsion. In the detorsion and resveratrol groups, the bilateral testes were removed after 20 hours of detorsion. In all groups, the tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) and histological changes were determined. In rats treated with resveratrol, MDA levels (138 +/- 25 nmol/mg protein) were significantly decreased compared with torsion (426 +/- 178 nmol/mg protein) and detorsion (370 +/- 76 nmol/mg protein) groups (p < 0.05). GSH levels (6.54 +/- 0.8 micromol/g wet tissue) were significantly increased compared with torsion (4.61 +/- 0.4 micromol/g wet tissue) and detorsion groups (5.24 +/- 0.9 micromol/g wet tissue) (p < 0.05). The mean testicular tissue injury score in the resveratrol group was significantly lower than in torsion and detorsion groups (p < 0.05). The present study demonstrates that intraperitoneal administration of resveratrol in rats may protect testis against injury associated with reperfusion.

Histologic and molecular changes in the ipsilateral and contralateral epididymides of the rat in response to unilateral testicular torsion followed by detorsion

Objective To investigate the histologic and molecular changes in the ipsilateral and contralateral epididymides in response to unilateral testicular torsion followed by detorsion. Design Controlled experimental study using rats. Setting Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Animal(s) Thirty-five, 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats: six experimental groups and a sham-operated control group. Intervention(s) Testes of male rats were subjected to torsion for 10 minutes. At 0, 1, 4, 8, 24 hours and 1 week after detorsion, ipsilateral and contralateral epididymides were harvested. Microscopic examination and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed. The percentage of apoptotic ducts in the epididymis was determined by counting 100 duct cross-sections of the head and the tail of the epididymis of each specimen. Main outcome measure(s) Morphologic change, including in situ apoptosis, of the ductal epithelium was evaluated. Result(s) There was no evidence of morphologic or apoptotic changes in the 0- or 1-hour detorsion groups. However, enlargement of the interstitial fibrous tissue was found 8 and 24 hours after detorsion and marked degeneration of ductal epithelium was observed at 1week in both the ipsilateral and contralateral epididymides. Apoptosis was first observed at 4 hours after detorsion, and the percentage of apoptotic ducts was significantly increased at 8 hours, peaked at 24 hours, and slightly decreased at 1 week in both the ipsilateral and contralateral epididymides. Conclusion(s) Both morphologic changes and intracellular molecular alterations occur not only in the ipsilateral but also in the contralateral epididymis following unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion.