Determined By Using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl Research Articles

Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Dysoxylum densiflorum Extract and Fractions

Many studies have been carried out on the use of natural product compounds as an alternative medicine. Dysoxylum densiflorum is a plant that is commonly found in tropical countries and is used as an alternative treatment in local communities for several diseases. Our current study aims to determine the content of phytochemicals, total phenol, and total flavonoids from D. densiflorum leaves and stem bark methanol extract. The extraction was performed by the maceration method using methanol solvent and then fractionated into hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. A phytochemical screening was performed to determine the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The total phenol contents of the extract were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu using gallic acid as a standard. Total flavonoid were determined by alumunium chloride colorimetric methods, with quercetin as the standard. The antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2’-azino-bis-(3 ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic Acid (ABTS) assay. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the extract and fractions of D. densiflorum leaves contained flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The methanol extract and fractions of D. densiflorum stem bark contained flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The total phenol analysis showed that leaves and stem bark methanol fractions had the highest content, at 4.631 mg GAE/g and 3.011 mg GAE/g, respectively. While the total flavonoids analysis showed that leaves methanol extract and bark ethyl acetate fraction had the highest content compared to other samples from the same origin, which are 49.585 mg QE/g and 63.432 mg QE/g, respectively. Antioxidant test results using DPPH radical scavenging and the ABTS assay obtained the highest IC50 values, respectively, in the stem bark methanol fraction of 104.092 μg/mL and the leaves ethyl acetate fraction of 8.49 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction of D. densiflorum leaves contains the highest antioxidant activity. The results indicate that D. densiflorum extracts and fractions have antioxidant potential. Further research is required to identify compounds that act as antioxidants.

EFFECT OF COOKING METHODS ON TOTAL PHENOLICS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SELECTED WILD EDIBLE PLANTS

Objective: The target of this appraisal was to explore the impacts of various cooking techniques, for example, boiling and microwave cooking on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium, Viburnum foetidum, Houttuynia cordata, Sonchus arvensis and Oenanthe linearis, widely consumed by the common individuals of the North-Eastern area of India. Methods: The antioxidant activities of the plants were determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging ability, reducing power capacity, estimation of total phenolic content, flavonoid content and flavonol content. Results: Total phenolics content (TPC) of fresh vegetables ranged from 108.28 to 253.99 mg/100 g (as gallic acid equivalent) on a dry weight basis. Total antioxidant capacity of fresh plants (IC50 mg dry extract) determined by DPPH and ABTS ranged from 0.37-1.23 and 0.29-0.89, respectively. Boiling caused the highest losses of TPC, resulting in a reduction of the TPC on dry weight (DW) basis ranging from 9.37% in O. linearis up to 25.97% in Z. acanthopodium whereas microwave cooking enhanced TPC ranging from 4.09% to 10.38%. Similarly, boiling treatment decreased the DPPH radical scavenging activities ranging from 10.65 to 29.77% and ABTS radical scavenging activities ranging from 5.88-16.35%, whereas microwave cooking increased the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities ranging from 8.02-24.20% and 9.86 to 19.70% respectively, in the studied plants. Conclusion: The results suggest that the best cooking method for increasing the concentration of polyphenols and antioxidants was microwave cooking while boiling was the least recommended method.

Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Anti-Obesity Properties of Apple Pulp Extracts (Malus domestica Bork): A Comparative Study of 15 Local and Commercial Cultivars from Spain.

Apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) have a great agricultural and economic impact worldwide; they also present an interesting nutritional value, and their consumption has been associated with beneficial health effects. In this study, 15 apple varieties (three commercial, 12 autochthonous genotypes) were collected from mountainous areas in Spain and were evaluated for their phenolic content, antioxidant, anti-obesity and antidiabetic activities. Quercetin was tested as the reference substance in bioassays due to its role as one of the most common flavonoids in apples and other vegetables. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of apple pulp extracts was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO) scavenging assays. Antidiabetic and anti-obesity potential were evaluated by inhibition of alpha-glucosidase (α-GLU), advance glycation end products (AGEs) formation and pancreatic lipase. The results showed in general higher phenol content in autochthonous varieties than in commercial apple pulp extracts. Phenolic-rich extracts showed better antioxidant profiles and significantly inhibited AGEs production and the α-glucosidase enzyme in a dose-dependent manner. None of them showed pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects but in general, the genotype known as "Amarilla de Octubre" was the best in terms of TPC and bioactive properties.

Catalytic and antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles fabricated by Neolamarckia cadamba bark extract

Plant parts have unfathomable potential in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The current study was designed for the photosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (NC-AgNPs) using bark extract of N. cadamba. Different analytical methods were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. HR-TEM analysis identifies the formation of multi-shaped NC-AgNPs like spherical, quasi-spherical, rod-shaped, trigonal, square, pentagonal, and hexagonal with a size range of 18-91 nm. The crystallize size of NC-AgNPs was found to be 27.6 nm. The catalytic effectiveness of NC-AgNPs in degrading Crystal violet (CV) dye is remarkable. Important parameters such as the effect of catalyst dose and pH were investigated. Dose-dependentantioxidant activity of NC-AgNPs was determined by using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Low-cost synthesis and eco-friendly reagents were the salient features that made NC-AgNPs more attractive toward catalytic and antioxidant activities.

Estimation of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant potency of Trigonella foenum-graecum Leaves (Variety HM444)

Background: Plants contain phytochemicals that are crucial to their growth and development. The potential health benefits of dietary phytochemicals including flavonoids, isoflavones and other polyphenols. Polyphenolic substances, the largest class of phytochemicals, act as strong antioxidants due to abundance of hydroxyl groups. Trigonella foenum-graceum also known as Fenugreek is rich source of phytochemicals, therefore possess extraordinary healing and medicinal properties. Methods: The present study is designed to evaluate chief phytochemical constituents and antioxidant capacity of acetone extract of dried Trigonella foenum-graecum leaves (Variety HM 444). The phytochemicals like total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu method, total flavonoids by AlCl3 colorimetric assay, total sugars by method of Dubois and reducing sugars by method of Nelson as modified by Somogyi are determined in the acetone extract of leaves. The antioxidant capacity is determined by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and phosphomolybdenum assay. Result: Various phytochemicals such as total phenolic content (3.17 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids (1.34 mg CE/g), total sugars (32.35 mg/g), Reducing sugars (0.53 mg/g) and Non- reducing sugars (31.82 mg/g) are investigated in acetone extract of leaves. The antioxidant activity of leaves extract is evaluated using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and reported an IC50 value of 737.50 μg/mL. The total antioxidant capacity using phosphomolybdenum assay is 28.21 mg AAE/g.

Synthesis and Antioxidant Investigation of Ag<sub>2</sub>S Nanoparticles Obtained from Silver(I) Complex of <i>N</i>-Methyl<i>-N</i>-Phenyl- Dithiocarbamate

Monoclinic Ag2S nanoparticles have been synthesized via a thermal decomposition of Ag(I) complex of N-methyl-N-phenyl dithiocarbamate (as a single source precursor) in oleylamine at 180 °C. The complex was characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The decomposition profile was studied using thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) coupled to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the results obtained from these characterization techniques confirmed the formation of the silver dithiocarbamate complex. The Ag2S nanoparticles was characterized using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy, and fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The XRD patterns of the silver sulphide nanoparticles confirmed acanthite phase, with the most prominent (-121) peak identified at 2θ value of 34.39o, while EDS analysis showed Ag:S ratio of 2:1, which agreed with the XRD result. FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of amine groups, thereby confirmed that the synthesized Ag2S was capped by oleylamine. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the Ag2S was determined by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and it exhibited better antioxidant activities than silver nanoparticles.

Study of the antioxidant and antidiabetic effect of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum L. roots

Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) is a widely used plant in Algeria traditional medicine to treat painful diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of the Anacyclus pyrethrum L. roots (AP) in Westar Albino rats. In vitro antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The aqueous and ethanol root extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum at a concentration of 200 mg/kg was orally administered to streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The phytochemical study showed that the extraction yield of ethanol and aqueous extracts was estimated at 10% and 9.3%, respectively. In addition, the study showed that the roots of AP are rich in phenolic and flavonoids compounds. Whereas, the ethanolic extract includes more polyphenol than the aqueous one (10.077 μgEAG/mg and 9.106 μg EAG/mg, respectively). The pharmacological study showed that both aqueous and ethanolic extracts had an antioxidant activity of 4.84 mg/mL and 5.71mg /mL, respectively. The short and medium-term of glucose tolerance tests showed a significant reduction effect on diabetic rats for the ethanolic extract. The results also showed a significant decrease in blood sugar (1.72g /L ± 2.23), cholesterol (0.58 g/L ± 0.47), triglycerides (0.39 g/L ± 0.47), uric acid (15.33 g/L ± 7.59), urea (0.68 g/L ± 0.80), TGP(165.33 U/L ± 39.85), and TGO enzymes (167.66 U/L± 41.14). The results of this study revealed that the extract of AP root possesses a reduction capacity of the proportion of blood sugar, which justifies its use in traditional medicine in the treatment of diabetes.

Comparative Assessment of Phytoconstituents, Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Analysis of Different Parts of Milk Thistle Silybum marianum L.

Silybum marianum L. is a therapeutic plant belonging to the family Asteraceae, which has exhibited silymarin, a principal component used to cure various physiochemical disorders. The study appraised the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and chemical analysis of an extract from the seed, stem and leaves. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was evaluated by the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. While the antioxidant activity was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and acetate buffer in ferric chloride (FRAP) assay, respectively, the chemical profile was evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) assay. The study outcomes identified that alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and catcholic tannins were present in seed, stem and leaves extracts except for saponins and Gallic tannins. Whereas, phenols were absent only in seed extract. Quantitative analysis revealed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in appreciable amounts of 21.79 (GAE/g), 129.66 (QE/g) and 17.29 (GAE/g), 114.29 (QE/g) from the leaves and stem extract, respectively. Similarly, all extracts expressed reasonable DPPH inhibition (IC50) and FRAP reducing power such as 75.98, 72.39 and 63.21% and 46.60, 51.40 and 41.30 mmol/g from the seeds, stem and leaves extract, respectively. Additionally, chemical analysis revealed the existence of 6, 8 and 9 chemical compounds from the seeds, stem and leaves extract, respectively, corresponding to 99.95, 99.96 and 98.89% of the whole extract. The chemical compound, Dibutyl phthalate was reported from all extracts while, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and Silane, (1,1-dimethylethyl), dimethyl (phenylmethoxy) were reported only from the seed and leaves extract. Moreover, Methyl stearate was also a major compound reported from all extracts except for seed extract. It is demonstrable that extracts from different parts of S. marianum possess significant antioxidant activity, as well as valuable chemical compounds accountable for therapeutic effects that might be incorporated as an alternative to synthetic chemical agents.

Design of microemulsion formulations loaded Scutellaria salviifolia Benth, Sideritis libanotica Labill. subsp. linearis (Bentham) Bornm, and Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. extracts from Turkey and in vitro evaluation of their biological activities

The species belonging to the Lamiaceae family have been useful tools for many years as a folk remedy. In the present study, a microemulsion system was developed with extract of Scutellaria salviifolia Benth (endemic), Sideritis libanotica Labill. subsp. linearis (Bentham) Bornm (endemic), and Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. Both and related microemulsion formulations were also investigated for their potential biological activities. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams of formulations were constructed consisting of oil/ mixed surfactant/water emulsion system and a quaternary component. Antioxidant activity was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. For antimicrobial activity determination, on the other hand, microdilution method was performed with Escherichia coli 25922, Staphylococcus aureus 29213, Candida albicans 14053, and Candida krusei 6258 standard strains. Tested extracts showed S. aureus-specific antibacterial activity with MIC values 64 µg/mL, 256 µg/mL, and 512 µg/mL for S. libanotica subsp. linearis, S. salviifolia, and Z. clinopodioides, respectively. For any other tested strain, considerable antimicrobial activity was not observed (MIC values > 1024 µg/mL). Related formulations were not superior to extracts in terms of antimicrobial activity. All extracts and related formulations appear to have antioxidant activity, and the antioxidant capacity of all formulations is higher than the extracts. When compared to ascorbic acid, formulation of S. libanotica subsp. linearis extract has stronger antioxidant activity. Sideritis libanotica subsp. linearis extract had a remarkable antibacterial activity against S. aureus. It also had a stronger antioxidant capacity than ascorbic acid. Besides, all formulations developed from extracts had antioxidant activity enhancing properties, although they did not contribute to antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, considering the potential antiinflammatory activity due to antioxidant activity, it is predicted that especially the formulation developed with Sideritis libanotica subsp. linearis extract is worth exploring with further studies for topical treatment of S. aureus-infected wounds and burns.

In vitro Antiradical activity and Hepatoprotective potential of Herbal extract from Medicinal plants of Rosaceae family

The experimental study was designed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic fruit extract of Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai. and Prunus avium Linn. in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharmacognostic evaluation of fruits and their extracts was carried out according to the WHO quality control of herbal drugs. The antiradical activity of ethanol extracts of P. pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai and P. avium L. was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide free radical scavenging assay. The Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into seven equal groups (n = 5). Group I was treated as normal control. Group II received 0.2% carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) in olive oil (8 mL/kg, i.p) on 14th day; Groups III as standard control contained silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o) as standard drug once daily for 14 days. Group IV and V were given P. pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai extract (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. in olive oil) for fourteen days; Group VI and VII received P. avium Linn. extract (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. in olive oil) for fourteen days. Group III to VII animals were treated with 0.2% CCl4 in olive oil (8mL/kg, i.p) on the 14th day after the administration (1 hour) of the standard drug and test samples. Histopathological analysis and measurement of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), total albumin (TA) and total bilirubin (TB) were performed. Ethanol extract of P.avium L. demonstrated stronger antioxidant and higher total phenolic as well as total flavonoid content than P. pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai. Both the extracts EEPP and EEPA (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly normalized the CCl4-elevated levels of ALT, AST and ALP. P. pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai and P. avium L. are the edible seasonal fruits that possessed an appreciable amount of phenolic and flavonoid components and could provide considerable protection against CCl4 hepatotoxicity in rodents that may be related to its antioxidant properties and also useful in preventing several degenerative and life threatening diseases.

A comparative study on chemical compositions and biological activities of four essential oils: Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Cinnamomum cassia (L.) Presl, Salvia japonica Thunb. and Rosa rugosa Thunb.

Ethnopharmacological relevanceEssential oils (EOs) are important active ingredients in Chinese herbal medicine. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Cinnamomum cassia (L.) Presl, Salvia japonica Thunb., and Rosa rugosa Thunb. are used in local and traditional medicine to treat inflammation-related diseases. While the constituents and bioactivities of EOs of the above four Chinese herbals have been reported previously, but their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities have not been systematically evaluated. Aim of the studyThe purpose of this study was to research the chemical constituents, anti-inflammatory activities, and antioxidant activities of EOs of four Chinese herbal medicines. Materials and methodsFresh plant materials were collected both in August 2018. The compositions of EOs were determined by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. TPA (12-O-tetradecylphophenol-13-acetate)-induced mouse ear model was evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of EOs. The reduction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and RelA protein of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in the signal pathway (P65) were measured. The antioxidant activities of EOs from four plants were determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. ResultsA total of 217 compounds were separated and identified from four EOs, mainly including trans-cinnamylaldehyde (68.75%), citronellal (38.16%), linalool (1.02–33.73%), geraniol (19.39%) and citronellol (17.18%). All four EOs reduced the damage of the ear tissue and had certain anti-inflammatory effects, and the EOs of C. citratus (CyCEOs) and S. japonica (SJEOs) had the best anti-inflammatory activities among others, even better than ibuprofen. The four EOs exhibited different DPPH radical-scavenging activities (IC50, 0.101–1.017%), where most of them were much lower than that of EOs of C. citratus (CiCEOs) (IC50, 0.101%) and EOs of R. rugosa (RREOs) (IC50, 0.142%). ConclusionsThe main components determine diverse propertise of these four EOs, our results suggested that four EOs presented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect via reducing the expression of TNF-a, IL-6, COX-2, and NF-κB p65, which may provide a new approach for development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.

Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of Raja Bulu Banana Peel and Heart (Musa acuminata Colla (AAB group)) Ethanol Extracts in MCF-7 Cell Lines

Breast cancer is an uncontrolled cell growth in breast tissue. Surgical treatments of breast cancer can reduce breast aesthetics and chemotherapy can cause severe side effects. It makes the searches for plants as breast anticancer agents intensively carried out. Several studies have shown that banana peels and hearts possess antioxidant and anticancer activity. This study aims to determine the fruit peel and heart of Raja Bulu banana (Musa acuminata Colla (AAB group)), an endemic banana species in Indonesia, potential as antioxidant and anticancer agent in MCF-7 cells. Antioxidant potential was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity assay. Anticancer potential was determined by cytotoxic test using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium). The results showed that 70% ethanol extract of fruit peel (PBEE) and heart (HBEE) of Raja Bulu banana had median inhibition concentration (IC50) for DPPH scavenging activity at 115.32 µg/mL and 162.52 µg/mL respectively, while for H2O2 scavenging activity at 624.80 µg/mL and 497.13 µg/mL respectively. Anticancer potential was expressed by inhibiting concentration of 50% proliferation (IC50) of MCF-7 cells for PBEE and HBEE were 115.001 µg/mL and 338.469 µg/mL respectively. This study showed that PBEE and HBEE have antioxidant and anticancer.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil and In Vitro Biological Activities of Dryopteris marginalis L.

Introduction: Dryopteris marginalis L. is a local plant in Bangladesh which is widely used as folk medicine. Materials and Methods: In this study, the chemical composition of essential oil of D. marginalis L. as well as the antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity and total phenolic content of various organic extracts were analyzed. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the chemical compositions. The antibacterial activity of different extracts of Dryopteris marginalis was examined against three gram-negative bacteria and two gram-positive bacteria. The antibacterial activity of different extracts was investigated using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration showing important antibacterial activity and was measured by using the broth dilution method. Results: The antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. The total phenolic portion of the extracts was ascertained by Folin-Ciocalteu in an alkaline medium. Twenty-two volatile compounds were identified from the essential oil. The methanol extract exhibited a significant inhibitory effect which was close to the value of standard antibiotic (Streptomycin). The zones of inhibition of different organic extracts against the tested bacteria were found in the range of (7-15) mm and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were recorded (15.62-1000) μg/ml. The antioxidant activity of D. marginalis was (82.13+1.2) % and (59.21+0.45) % highest activity with DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging assay, respectively. Conclusion: The methanol extract showed the highest (147.43+3.1) mg/g GAE of total phenolic content. The extracts and essential oil of D. marginalis showing strong antibacterial activity can be considered as a potential source of natural medicine and the ingredient of modern therapeutic agents.

Structural Insight and in vitro Free Radical Scavenging Capacity of Arabinogalactan Polysaccharides from the Peels of Punica granatum

The juice extracted from Punica granatum L. fruit has been used for ages as an important functional food that can endow with healthcare benefits besides fundamental nutritional food that we intake. Although demonstration of antioxidant activity has been shown here, the target molecule responsible for this phenomenon remains unidentified. In this present work, we report a structural insight and antioxidant activity of its polysaccharide (PF-1), purified from water extract (WE) by precipitation with ethanol, ethanol soluble fraction (PF-2) and acetone extracted fraction (PF-3). The purified polysaccharide (PF-1) contains mainly arabinose, galactose together with lesser amount of rhamnose and glucose residues, and the molecular mass was determined 180 kDa. This fraction consists of T-(1,5)- and (1,3,5)-linked Araf; T-(1,6)- and (1,3,6)-linked Galp alongside (1,2,4)-linked Rhap residues. The glucan is found to be β-(1→3)-linked glucopyranosyl residues with a molecular mass of 9 kDa. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the active fractions was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging and total antioxidant activity (TAA) assays. The arabinogalactan showed the highest potential among the polysaccharides. This work involves an economically viable simple extraction method and reports promising antioxidant capacity. The studies suggest that this polysaccharide from Punica granatum L. fruit could be a natural antioxidant.

Kinetic Extraction of Antioxidant and Total Phenoloc Content of Clinachantus nutans

Clinacanthus nutans or Belalai Gajah is one of the herbs that contain natural antioxidant. This natural antioxidant can be used commercially in food as well as pharmaceutical industries. This research explored antioxidant of C. nutans and it was extracted by using solid-liquid extraction. Antioxidant of C. nutans extract was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) were determined using Folic-Ciocalteau reagent. Screening of the suitable particle size to be used in the extraction of C. nutans shows that mixture and leaves of C. nutans with particle size <63 μm was the best to obtain the highest DPPH scavenging activity. However, only mixture of C. nutans sample was used for the thermal extraction kinetic due to the availability of the samples. Thermal extraction kinetic of DPPH was fitted to the exponential growth model and show a good fit with R^2 = 0.9921. When transformed, the data gave a linear Arrhenius plot, R^2=0.717 with an activation energy of 17.35 ± 0.108 kJ/mol. Thermal extraction kinetic of TPC was fitted to the exponential growth model and show a good fit with R^2 = 0.9892. When transformed, the data gave a linear Arrhenius plot, R^2=0.897 with an activation energy of 5.3832 ± 0.451 kJ/mol. The model is adequate to predict DPPH scavenging activity and TPC of the C. nutans extracts with no significant different of the prediction and validation conducted at temperature of 70 °C for 30 min.

Metabolite variations and antioxidant activity of Muntingia calabura leaves in response to different drying methods and ethanol ratios elucidated by NMR-based metabolomics.

Muntingia calabura from the Muntingiaceae family has been documented for several medicinal uses. The combinations of drying treatment and extracting solvents for a plant species need to be determined and optimised to ensure that the extracts contain adequate amounts of the bioactive metabolites. Evaluate the metabolite variations and antioxidant activity among M. calabura leaves subjected to different drying methods and extracted with different ethanol ratios using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR)-based metabolomics. Methodology The antioxidant activity of M. calabura leaves dried with three different drying methods and extracted with three different ethanol ratios was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assays. The metabolites variation among the extracts and correlation with antioxidant activity were analysed by 1 H-NMR-based metabolomics. Muntingia calabura leaves extracted with 50% and 100% ethanol from air-drying and freeze-drying methods had the highest total phenolic content and the lowest IC50 value for the DPPH scavenging activity. Meanwhile, oven-dried leaves extracted with 100% ethanol had the lowest IC50 value for the NO scavenging activity. A total of 43 metabolites, including sugars, organic acids, amino acids, phytosterols, phenolics and terpene glycoside were tentatively identified. A noticeable discrimination was observed in the different ethanol ratios by the principal component analysis. The partial least-squares analysis suggested that 32 compounds out of 43 compounds identified were the contributors to the bioactivities. The results established set the preliminary steps towards developing this plant into a high value product for phytomedicinal preparations.

In vitro anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities of five Indian cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit peel extracts

Introduction: All parts of the mango plant contain secondary metabolites that possess several beneficial properties. In the present study, evaluation of in vitro anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities of five Indian cultivars of mango fruit peel extracts were carried out.Methods: Different solvent (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) extracts of five Indian cultivars of mango fruit peels were prepared by using soxhalate, and the aqueous extract was prepared by maceration. In vitro anti-oxidant activities of these extracts were determined by using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging methods. Their anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities were determined by agar-well diffusion and HRBC (human red blood cell) methods, respectively.Results: All the five mango peel extracts showed good anti-oxidant activities, especially the methanolic extract of peel of Sindhura cultivar showed better IC50 values of DPPH (21.62±1.82 μg/mL), ABTS (21.33±1.94 μg/mL), H2O2 (19.87±2.61 μg/mL) and NO (57.29±2.17 μg/mL) radical scavenging activities than other extracts. It also possessed higher contents of phenolics (169.18±3.28 mg of GAE/g) and flavonoids (26.18±1.84 mg of QE/g) than the other extracts. All peel extracts of five cultivars of mango fruit revealed good anti-microbial activities against bacterial and fungal cultures and also possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity.Conclusion: The present study revealed that all the mango peel extracts have potential antioxidant activity, as well as better anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities.

Anti-inflammatory, Antinociceptive, and Antioxidant Activities of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum Roots.

Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) is a plant widely used in Moroccan traditional medicine to treat inflammatory and painful diseases. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum roots (AEAPR and MEAPR). The anti-inflammatory effect of AEAPR and MEAPR was determined in xylene–induced ear edema and Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced paw edema. The antinociceptive activity of AEAPR and MEAPR (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) administered by gavage was examined in mice by using acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate, and formalin tests, and the mechanical allodynia were assessed in CFA-induced paw edema. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, ferric reducing power and β-carotene-linoleic acid assay systems. AEAPR and MEAPR produced significant reductions in CFA-induced paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema. A single oral administration of these extracts at 250 and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced mechanical hypersensitivity induced by CFA, which had begun 1 h 30 after the treatment, and was maintained till 7 h. Chronic treatment with both extracts significantly reduced mechanical hypersensitivity in persistent pain conditions induced by CFA. Acute pretreatment with AEAPR or MEAPR at high dose caused a significant decrease in the number of abdominal writhes induced by acetic acid injection (52.2 and 56.7%, respectively), a marked increase of the paw withdrawal latency in the hot plate test, and also a significant inhibition of both phases of the formalin test. This antinociceptive effect was partially reversed by naloxone pretreatment in the hot plate and formalin tests. Additionally, a significant scavenging activity in DPPH, reducing power and protection capacity of β-carotene was observed in testing antioxidant assays. The present study suggests that AEAPR and MEAPR possess potent anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant effects which could be related to the presence of alkaloids and phenols in the plant. In addition, the antinociceptive effect of APR extracts seems to partly involve the opioid system. Taken together, these results suggest that Anacylcus pyrethrum may indeed be useful in the treatment of pain and inflammatory disorders in humans.

Overexpression of HvHGGT Enhances Tocotrienol Levels and Antioxidant Activity in Barley.

Vitamin E is a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant and essential nutrient for human health. Tocotrienols are the major form of vitamin E in seeds of most monocots. It has been known that homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT) catalyzes the committed step of tocotrienol biosynthesis. In the present study, we generated transgenic barley overexpressing HvHGGT under endogenous D-Hordein promoter (proHor). Overexpression of HvHGGT increased seed size and seed weight in transgenic barley. Notably, total tocotrienol content increased by 10-15% in seeds of transgenic lines, due to the increased levels of δ-, β-, and γ-tocotrienol, but not α-tocotrienol. Total tocopherol content decreased by 14-18% in transgenic lines, compared to wild type. The antioxidant activity of seeds was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and lipid peroxidation assays. Compared to wild type, radical scavenging activity of seed extracts was enhanced by 17-18% in transgenic lines. Meanwhile, the lipid peroxidation level was decreased by about 20% in transgenic barley seeds. Taken together, overexpression of HvHGGT enhanced the tocotrienol levels and antioxidant capacity in barley seeds.

EFFECTS OF GARCINIA CAMBOGIA PLANT EXTRACTS ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF EXPERIMENTAL RATS BLOOD

Garcinia plant is extensively used in herbal medicine and as food in the tropical rain forest region. The present study determined chemical composition of dried Garcinia ambogia fruits, hydroxyl citric acid. The antioxidant activity of their hot and cold (10%) Garcinia cambogia extracts was determined by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The study also, investigated the effects of Garcinia cambogia extract 10%) hot and cold on some blood parameters of experimental rats to show their effects on health. The biological experiments consisted of 18 male rats, divided into 3 groups (control, hot and old 10% Garcinia cambogia extracts). The effects of extracts on ver and kidney functions as well as lipid profile of blood were estimated. Garcinia cambogia (10%) extracts (2ml w/v) were given twice daily by using a stomach tube. Chemical composition of dried Garcinia cambogia showed that fruits contained 19.8 % of fat and 6% carbohydrates while possessed 0.22 % protein. Meanwhile, it contained some minerals such as calcium (180 mg/100g) iron (150 g/100g), magnesium (80 mg/100g) as well as few amounts of nc (2 mg/100g), and copper (2mg/100g). Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) mount was 8%, while showed high antioxidant activity in cold extract than that found in hot. The effect of Garcinia cambogia extracts on blood parameters of rats showed a significant decrement (at P<0.05) in total lipid, triglycerides, cholesterol, DL-C, vLDL-C, glucose, albumin, creatinine, urea, ALT, and AST activity, while HDL increased compared with control. Total protein and uric acid showed no significant difference in all groups. It could be concluded that Garcinia cambogia plants has a high antioxidant property and have positive effects on different items of vestigated biochemical blood tests. The obtained natural extracts possess some benefits effect on health and can be used as a natural preservative substance in food and beverages.