Determination Of Tin In Steels Research Articles

Determination of tin in steels by non-dispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometry coupled with flow-injection hydride generation in the presence of L-cysteine

Flow-injection hydride generation has been coupled with a non-dispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometer for the determination of trace concentrations of tin. The use of L-cysteine in stannane generation enhances the atomic fluorescence signal for tin. In addition, it appears that the flow-injection method allows the use of a wider range of acid concentrations, and hence interference from transition elements is also reduced. An absolute detection limit of 1.3 ng was achieved with a 0.5 ml sample. Ten determinations of a solution containing 100 ng ml −1 of tin(H) generated a relative standard deviation of 1.8%. The linear dynamic range of the calibration curve extended over three orders of magnitude and sample throughput rate was 144 samples h −1. Application of the proposed technique is demonstrated by the determination of tin in low alloy steel standard reference materials.

Photokinetic study of the Rose Bengal B-tin(II) reaction. Determination of tin in metals

A kinetic method activated by photons for the determination of tin in steels and other alloys using Rose Bengal B (RBB) as analytical reagent, is proposed. The optimal conditions are: pH 12.0, 1.0 × 10 −6 M RBB, 0.1 M NaCl at 25 °C. The maximum wavelength of excitation and emission of fluorescence are 550 nm and 568 nm, respectively. The calibration graph is linear over the range 0.0–17 μg ml −1 tin, with a 5.4% coefficient of variation at 9.5 μg ml −1 tin(II) ( n = 10) ten replicates. No interferences of metals or redox reagents are observed.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Nanogram Amounts of Tin after Extraction from Iodide Media

Abstract A spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amounts of tin is described. Tin was selectively extracted as SnI4 into benzene and stripped into water. The stripping was treated with bromine water and the resulting iodate was treated with iodide to liberate iodine. The iodine was extracted into benzene and equilibrated with iodate in the presence of excess chloride and acid to produce ICl2− which was reextracted into benzene as ionpair with rhodamine 6G. Measurement of the benzene extract at 535 nm permitted the determination of tin when present in the concentration range 4—200 ng. The molar absorption coefficient was found to be 1.54 × 106 dm3 mol−1 cm−1 and the color system is stable for 1 h. The relative standard deviation for ten determinations of 100 ng of tin was found to be 2.1%. The efficiency of the reaction sequence was found to be 96.2%. The method was found useful for the precise determination of tin in steel and alloy samples.

Determination of tin in steels by hydride generation-phenylfluorone spectrophotometry

Determination of tin in steels by hydride generation-phenylfluorone spectrophotometry

Studies in atomic fluorescence spectrometry: Part III. The determination of tin in steels

A method has been developed for the determination of tin in steel based on the atomic fluorescence of tin at the 303.4-nm line in an argon-separated air-acetylene flame (detection limit 0.05 p.p.m.) or argon-oxygen-hydrogen flame (detection limit 0.01 p.p.m.). A temperature-controlled, electronically modulated electrodeless discharge tube was used as the source. The effects of interferences were eliminated by addition of iron(III) chloride to the calibration standards in about the same amount as found in the sample and by removal of silicon from the sample. The preferred procedure involves dissolution of the sample in aquaregia followed by either the volatilization of silicon tetrafluoride or filtration of silicic acid. Tin can be determined in steels without any preconcentration step.

Applications of sensitised reactions. Spectrophotometric determination of tin in steel with catechol violet and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Modification of the visible spectrum of the catechol violet-tin(IV) complex by the addition of surfactants and basic dyes has been studied in an attempt to improve the catechol violet procedure for determining tin. On adding cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, the cetyltrimethylammonium salt of the catechol violet-tin(IV) complex anion is probably formed in colloidal solution and dispersed by the excess of the surfactant. The Brilliant green cation reacts with the complex anion in a similar manner and the salt formed can be dispersed with poly(vinyl alcohol). In the latter instance, however, the bathochromic shift in the main absorption band of the complex is not associated with increased sensitivity.The spectrophotometric method of determining tin with catechol violet and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide has been modified and applied to the determination of tin in steel. Preliminary separation of tin is achieved by extracting tin(IV) iodide into toluene. Results obtained with a wide range of British Chemical Standard steels indicate a high precision for the recommended procedure. Lactic acid is used to mask molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, nickel and cobalt, which interfere at the levels that are commonly found in steels. The recommended procedure is not applicable to steels with copper to tin ratios greater than 20 : 1 owing to precipitation of copper(I) iodide at the extraction stage.

Some studies of the colorimetric determination of tin in steel: The effect of dispersing agents

A survey of existing procedures for the colorimetric determination of tin in steel is given. Recommendations are made with regard to separating tin, masking interfering metals and selecting a colorimetric finish.

The determination of tin in steels by solvent extraction followed by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry

A method is described for the determination of 0·001 to 0·25 per cent. of tin in irons and steels. The tin from a 1-g sample of metal is extracted from an aqueous solution, which is 0·5 M in both hydrochloric acid and thiocyanate and 8 per cent. w/v in ascorbic acid, into isobutyl methyl ketone. The organic phase is concentrated to a small volume by evaporation and diluted to 10 ml. The tin content of this solution is determined by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry with a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. Good results were obtained for the determination of tin in twelve B.C.S. irons and steels. The limit of detection was 0·001 per cent. of tin.

Spectrophotometric determination of tin in steel

A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of traces of tin in steel is presented. The tin is isolated by an acid sulfide separation and a double carbamate-chloroform extraction and then determined by a phenylfluorone method in which the selectivity is increased by the use of peroxide and oxalate as masking agents and the sensitivity is increased by extracting the colored tin compound into a small volume of MIBK for the spectrophotometric analysis.

アリザリン青によるSnの新しい光度定量法とその鉄鋼ならびに非鉄合金への応用

A new spectrophotometric determination of tin was investigated. Stannic ion formed a colored complex with alizarine blue in 1 N-HCl solution and was extracted by the mixed solution of cyclohexanone and ethyl acetate. This complex had a maximum absorption at the wave length of 580 mμ, and its molecular absorption coefficient was 9.5×103. This reaction was also applied to the determination of tin in steel after its separation with hydrogen sulfide. Similarly in the case of nonferrous alloys, 0.001 to 0.1% of tin was analyzed after being separated by co-precipitation with manganese dioxide.

Determination of Tin in Steel, Pig Iron, Alloy Steels and Iron Ore

In order to control the amount of tin as an impurity in steel, rapid methods of its estimation have been investigated and found that the following method gave good result. The sample (2.5 g) is decomposed with 40 ml HNO3 (1 : 1), 10 ml 5 % MnSO4 and water are added to make up to about 350 ml, 3 ml 3 % KMnO4 is added dropwise while boiling with 2 ml additional KMnO4 after the formation of MnO2 and the KMnO4 is decomposed; the precipitate is filtered off, washed with hot water, decomposed with 20 ml HCl (1 : 1) and a small amount of 3 % H2O2, diluted to 100 ml with water, boiled with 50 ml HCl (d. 1. 18) and 50 ml H2SO4 (1 : 1) to decompose the H2O2, cooled, 1 ml saturated HgCl2 solution and 5 g NaH2PO2 are added, boiled for 5 minutes in CO2, cooled to 10°C, titrated with N/60 iodine solution and the amount of Sn is calculated by substracting the value from the blank titration. This method is not affected by the presence of Cu and Cr, up to 12.5 mg of Ti, Mo and W, also the effect of V is avoided by reprecipitating the MnO2 and that of As is avoided by filtering off metallic As formed by the reduction of Sn. The tin in steel, pig iron, alloy steel, and iron ore (since the Sn in the ore is insoluble in acid, a fusion method with Na2O2 is employed) is estimated with the accuracy of 0.001 % and 0.01 % in iron ore, and the time required for estimation is 28-38 minutes for carbon steel, and 36-62 minutes for iron ores.

Polarographic Determination of Tin in Steel

Polarographic Determination of Tin in Steel

The determination of tin in steels

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Some analytical applications of sodium hydrosulphite. II. Separation of tin from copper, zinc, lead, etc., and from oxalic acid determination of tin in steel

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.