Determination Of Specific Gravity Research Articles

Case evaluation of structural strength improvement of cement stabilized lateritic soil reinforced with sisal fibers and plastic waste strips

The progressive increase in the rate of production of plastic bottles by the beverage and food industries in Nigeria has increased considerably over time, constituting large volume of waste generations from plastic waste bottles. Also, increasing demand for eco-friendly soil improvement materials and the growing desire to minimize waste generated daily, prompted the need for this study to look into ways to use such wastes and other sustainable materials in soil improvement. This study investigated the potential use of sisal fiber and plastic waste strips as partial replacement for cement to enhance the geotechnical characteristics of lateritic soils. Various laboratory experiments were conducted, encompassing specific gravity determination, grain size distribution, compaction assessment, Atterberg limit, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and microscopic analysis. Sisal fiber and plastic waste strips were each varied at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% while maintaining a constant 5% cement added to all the mix proportions. Results of investigation revealed an enhancement in plasticity of the soils with both treatment methods. Liquid limit shows a steady drop from 43% in its natural state to 42% and 41% at 1% sisal fiber and 1% plastic strips content respectively, while plasticity index showed a decline from 14.8% in its natural form to 12.69% and 10.8% at 2% sisal fiber and 1% plastic waste strips content respectively. Strength properties of the treated soil increased with increase in admixtures content. Microanalysis of the natural and optimally modified soils showed alteration in the fabric arrangement of the particles of soils. Based on the results of the study, optimally 1–1.5% sisal fiber/5%cement and 1–1.5% plastic waste strips/5%cement meaningfully improved the soil strength and can both be used as sub-base materials for light trafficked roads.

B-010 Comparison of Manual Urine Dipstick and Microscopy With Automated UC-3500 and UF-4000 Sysmex UN Series Urinalysis; A Comparative Experimental Research Approach at an Urban Referral Hospital in Ghana

Abstract Background Urine analysis is one of the most common tests for assessing urinary-tract and kidney diseases. In recent years several automated instruments examining urine have been introduced. Though the introduction of automated urine analyzers is expected to reduce the labour involved, turnaround time and potential assay variations, manual urine analysis remains the gold standard or reference method for the analysis of urine. The new Sysmex UN-Series is believed to offer superior performance than other automated systems and manual methods. Methodology A total of 67 routine freshly voided midstream urine samples were analyzed within 1 hour in our study. The results of the automated system were compared with the results of the manual processing which consisted of physical, dipstick chemistry and sediment analysis. Correlation and concordance/agreement between the automated and the manual system were assessed by Bland-Altman plot and Cohen’s Kappa analysis respectively. Results There was a significant fair agreement between the manual analysis and Sysmex UF-3500, in the determination of urine physicochemical parameters (k = 0.193, P = 0.004). Both showed a significant moderate correlation (r = 0.593, P < 0.001) and a significant fair agreement (κ = 0.109, P < 0.001) for specific gravity and pH determination respectively. The best concordance between the two methods was in the nitrates (κ = 1.000, P < 0.001). Both systems recorded strong positive correlation for RBC (r = 0.951 and R2 = 0.904) and WBC (r = 0.91 and R2 = 0.822, P < 0.001) counts. Together, they had a significant good agreement [(65/67(97.0%), κ = 0.734, P < 0.001)] and a significant fair agreement [(48/67 (71.6%) κ = 0.065, P = 0.491)] for cast and bacteria counts correspondingly. Conclusion We conclude that the new automated Sysmex-UN series urine analyzer can be safely used in our laboratory since it demonstrated good performance and compatibility with the manual method. We recommend that microscopy results of the automated platform should be confirmed by manual microscopy, particularly in pathological samples.

Urinalysis in dogs and cats, part 1: physical and chemical urinalysis

The urinalysis of dogs and cats is an important part of the diagnostic evaluation of urinary tract diseases as well as for the identification of systemic diseases. A routine urinalysis consists of a physical and chemical examination of the urine as well as an examination of the urine sediment. Various urine collection methods (free-catch, catheterization, cystocentesis) are available. Each method has multiple advantages and disadvantages. The appropriate method must be chosen individually for each patient depending on the emphasis of the examination. The urine should ideally be examined within 30 minutes of collection as it is prone to change due to time and storage. Physical examination of the urine consists of the determination of urine color, clarity, and specific gravity which provides information regarding the concentration of the urine. The latter is determined by refractometry and needs to be interpreted in the context of the hydration status of the patient. Chemical examination of the urine consists of the determination of the pH value and the presence of blood/hemoglobin/myoglobin, protein, glucose, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, and ketones. The use of commercially available urine dipsticks is common. These must be stored and used according to the manufacturer's instructions and when interpreting the results, veterinary aspects need to be taken into consideration. The physical and chemical examinations of the urine represent rapid and readily performable methods that provide important information for the diagnosis or the exclusion of numerous diseases.

E-waste infused bituminous mix for flexible pavements

This is a research and development project which involves experimental study of e-waste infused bituminous mix for flexible pavements. Non– hazardous and inert components of e-waste (Printed Circuit Boards) are used for this purpose. This is an effective and sustainable use of e-waste thereby reducing its effect on the environment. The project involves preparation of e-waste infused modified bitumen for the normal mix design used in India i.e. Dense Bituminous Macadam and its properties are analyzed. The aggregates collected are to be tested for the following properties: Specific gravity, Impact value, Flakiness index, Waster absorption. The modified bitumen is to be prepared by adding 2 % and 5% e-waste. The following tests are to be carried out for bitumen: Penetration Test, Specific Gravity Determination, Softening point Test, and Marshall Stability Value. The results of 2% and 5% e-waste infused bitumen are compared with the normal bitumen and the maximum dosage of e-waste to be added is to be determined.

Pharmaceutico-Analytical Study of Mukhapakahara Arka

Arka kalpana is a unique pharmaceutical preparation in Ayurveda in which the volatile oil and active principles of a drug are collected by the process of distillation using Arka yantra or any convenient modern distillation apparatus. Mukhapakahara arka is a formulation mentioned in Arka prakasha sapthama shataka as a Gandusha yoga to cure Mukhapaka. The ingredients of Mukhapakahara arka are Jatheepatra, Amruta, Draksha, Vasa, Darvi, Hareetaki, Vibheetaki and Amalaki. Based on the properties of the ingredients, the formulation possesses potent wound healing, anti- inflammatory properties and hence could be beneficial in conditions like Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. Being an Arka kalpana, Mukhapakahara arka has many advantages in terms of palatability, shelf life and user-friendly aspects. No previous works have been carried out on Mukhapakahara arka. In this study, Mukhapakahara arka was prepared and was subjected to organoleptic evaluation and physicochemical tests like determination of pH value, specific gravity and volatile matter. HPTLC profile of Mukhapakahara arka was also obtained which could be useful for further works.

Mix design, development, production and policies of recycled hot mix asphalt: A review

Worldwide, flexible pavements are the paramount type of pavements. These national assets can be recycled to serve the next design life without the need to dispose of them in landfill. The old/distressed, flexible pavement material is called, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material. In view of the sustainable development practice, 100% RAP should be recycled. However, the practical range of RAP incorporation in a drum mix plant ranges from 10% to 50% whereas in a batch mix plant, it is 10%–35%. In a batch mix plant, incorporation of the hot dried RAP (instead of cold RAP feeding) can increase the RAP incorporation level by 20%. Studies recommended that the rejuvenator should be added over the RAP material instead adding with the base binder. The addition of rejuvenator on the RAP conveyor belt (to the pug mill), provided sufficient time for rejuvenating the aged binder coating over RAP aggregates. Further, a thorough knowledge of the mix design process of recycled hot mix asphalt (RAP-HMA) is essential to produce a durable mix. For high RAP content (>20%), the RAP binder properties are important for the mix design process. However, very limited studies discussed (in detail) the recovery process of the RAP binder. The review article through light on the binder recovery process, method of RAP gradation, specific gravity determination for RAP material, minimum desirable properties of the RAP material etc. This review paper also provides a narrative review of the historical development of RAP-HMA technology, technical aspects related to the procurement of RAP material, mix design and production of the recycled mix. Moreover, the international & national policies/laws for construction and demolition waste are discussed. • Parallel heating of RAP in a pug mill increases the mixing ratio. • Performance grade, PG mixing rule was found most reliable. • The mix design process must consider the type of mix plant and RAP feeding method. • Conveyer belt found to be the most promising location for Rejuvenator addition. • The mixing temperature has an equivalent effect as that of a rejuvenator in the recycled mixture. • Stiffness modulus found a promising test to compare the performance of recycled mixtures.

GAMBARAN KARAKTERISASI DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL LIMBAH RAMBUT JAGUNG MANIS (Zea mays L.)

Traditional plants in Indonesia, have a variety of benefits to overcome various diseases. For example, sweet corn hair waste (Zea mays L), was the residue from corn which is usually used for culinary purposes. Corn silk in previous studies was thought to have pharmacological activity as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive. This study aims to determine the characterization of the ethanol extract of sweet corn hair waste in a hilly area of Kediri, East Java. Characterization to determine the content of active compounds in the ethanol extract of sweet corn hair waste and to ensure the quality of corn hair waste extract when it will be used as raw material for traditional medicine. Characterization includes specific parameters such as screening for metabolites in plant extracts using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and non-specific parameters including determination of water content and specific gravity. The sample used was ethanol extract of sweet corn hair waste (EELRJM) obtained from the hilly area of Kediri, East Java. The results of the specific parameters of the secondary metabolite compound test by TLC indicated that EELRJM contains quercetin compounds of the flavonoid group. Non-specific parameters resulted that the water content of EELRJM did not meet the requirements of the extract monograph because it was suspected that there was an influence on the weather including rainfall.

GAMBARAN KARAKTERISASI DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL LIMBAH RAMBUT JAGUNG MANIS (Zea mays L.)

Traditional plants in Indonesia, have a variety of benefits to overcome various diseases. For example, sweet corn hair waste ( Zea mays L), was the residue from corn which is usually used for culinary purposes. Corn silk in previous studies was thought to have pharmacological activity as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive. This study aims to determine the characterization of the ethanol extract of sweet corn hair waste in a hilly area of Kediri, East Java. Characterization to determine the content of active compounds in the ethanol extract of sweet corn hair waste and to ensure the quality of corn hair waste extract when it will be used as raw material for traditional medicine. Characterization includes specific parameters such as screening for metabolites in plant extracts using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and non-specific parameters including determination of water content and specific gravity. The sample used was ethanol extract of sweet corn hair waste (EELRJM) obtained from the hilly area of Kediri, East Java. The results of the specific parameters of the secondary metabolite compound test by TLC indicated that EELRJM contains quercetin compounds of the flavonoid group. Non-specific parameters resulted that the water content of EELRJM did not meet the requirements of the extract monograph because it was suspected that there was an influence on the weather including rainfall.

Effects of Oven Temperature and Addition of Ethanol on Measurement of Water Content and Specific Gravity of Cement-Stabilized Soft Clay

Abstract Water content and specific gravity are two fundamental soil properties. The water content is usually measured by the oven-drying method, and the dried soil is used for specific gravity determination of the soil. However, for cement-stabilized soils, high oven temperature accelerates the cement hydration rate and causes dehydration of some clay minerals, which may affect the measurement accuracy of water content and soil specific gravity. Hence, researchers have proposed the use of ethanol to terminate cement hydration reactions and a low oven temperature to reduce the dehydration of hydration products. To verify the effectiveness, this experimental study investigated the effects of oven temperature (60°C and 110°C) and the addition of ethanol on the measurements of both water content and specific gravity of cement-stabilized soft clay. These measurements are compared with those measured with the freeze-drying method, which is termed as a control measurement. The test results indicated that the effect of ethanol on water content measurement was insignificant. For 7-day stabilized clay, oven drying at 110°C achieved lower errors (3.06–3.63 %) than the oven-drying method at 60°C (7.36–9.44 %). For 180-day cement-stabilized clay, all the oven-drying methods had similar measurement errors (4.02–5.58 %). The effect of drying method on the specific gravity measurement was insignificant, with the percentage of measurement error ranging from 0.19 to 2.17 %.

ARTHUR MARTYNOVYCH KANGER – ASSISTANT MANAGER OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND FORENSIC EXAMINATION CABINET AT THE PROSECUTOR OF THE ODESA COURT CHAMBER (to the 145th anniversary of his birthday and the 60th anniversary of his death)

The article is devoted to the main stages of life and activity of Professor Artur Martinovich Kanger (1875-1960) – pharmacist, forensic chemist, criminologist and teacher. The main attention is paid to his work as an assistant to the head of the Cabinet of Scientific and Forensic Expertise under the Prosecutor of the Odesa Court Chamber. Working in this institution for eight years (1914-1922), he held the position of assistant manager of the Cabinet, and in recent years headed the Forensic Department. He has hundreds of chemical expertise, including studies of explosives, gunpowder, poisons, etc. In addition, chemical methods were used in the study of handwriting and ink research, forgery of documents made by mechanically. In particular, during 1922, Professor A. M. Kanger and his closest assistant laboratory assistant Shettle I. H. conducted 215 chemical examinations. In most cases, chemical analysis methods were used in the research. However, in addition to this method, others were used: microscopic analysis, physical methods (for example, determination of specific gravity) and photographic methods. It is noteworthy that a significant part fell on the study of objects that were material evidence in cases of counterfeiting paper banknotes. Along with work at the Odesa Cabinet of Scientific and Forensic Expertise, Professor A. M. Kanger was a rector of Odesa Institute of Chemical and Pharmaceuticals (1921-1922) and at the same time headed the Department of Pharmaceutical and Forensic Chemistry. At the beginning of 1923 Arthur Martynovych Kanger together with his wife and young son went to Riga. Working in scientific and educational institutions, he made a significant contribution to the formation of the state system of scientific and forensic exspertise in Latvia and contributed to the development of criminalistics in the German Democratic Republic (GDR).

Assessment of reliability of natural limestone cladding material

The goal of research was identifying possible application of natural limestone samples as a cladding material for facades by means of evaluation of physical and chemical properties and inclusive of external aggressive factors. As the object of research, there were used the samples of naturally occurring limestone, of Afanasyevskiy deposit, Moscow region, designated for face slabs manufacturing of ventilated facades. In compliance with the All-Union Standard (GOST) 30629-2011, the samples have been exposed to the following testing, namely determination of mean density and true specific gravity, kg/m3, pore-saturation coefficient with water; ultimate compressive strength, MPa, water fastness (lowering of compressive strength in the water-saturated state, %); ultimate bending strength, MPa; freeze-thaw resistance, cycles, acid fastness. Chemical (elemental) analysis was carried out by the method of scanning electron microscope investigation. The tests were implemented on the electronic microscope FEI Quanta 200. The microscope is equipped by X-ray spectrometer that is designated for elemental analysis (EDAX). Both masonry units have satisfactory freeze-thaw resistance. As far as acid fastness is concerned, only marmorized limestone has demonstrated satisfactory performance. Thus, only the second group of samples presented by marmorized limestone could be recommended as a reliable material for façade cladding.

Occupation-Specific Physical Demands And Physiological Strain Of American Football Referees While Officiating

Occupational incidences of sudden cardiac death (SCD) are greater among workers that experience high levels of physical exertion, physiological strain, and extreme thermal environments. American football referees fall under this distinction, yet are underrepresented in occupational research. PURPOSE: To bridge this gap by quantifying the physical demands and physiological strain they experience while officiating. METHODS: Twelve male officials (mean±SD; age=43±11 y, body mass index [BMI]=31.9±7.2 kg/m2, 67% white), across 3 games, provided urine samples for urine specific gravity (USG) determination, ingested core temperature (Tc) pills, and wore GPS-enabled performance monitoring systems. Outdoor conditions were monitored using a weather meter. Analyses included descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations. RESULTS: Games lasted ≈2.5 h and evening weather conditions were typical of the Southeastern US (wet bulb globe temperature: 23.5±2.2°C, relative humidity: 72.5±9.2%). Across all 3 games, 58% of officials were hypohydrated (USG>1.020); they covered an average of 5.5±1.6 km (total distance) at a speed of 1.9±0.3 kmph, with corresponding Tc and heart rate (HR) values of 37.4±0.4°C (peak Tc=38.3±0.4°C) and 132±16 bpm (peak HR: 169.2±17.5 bpm), respectively, across all referees and over the entire sampling period. Higher relative humidity at the start of each game was associated with greater physiological strain (average HR: r=0.61, P=0.04; peak HR: r=0.56, P=0.06). Pre-game hydration status (r=0.50, P=0.09) and BMI (r=0.50, P=0.09) tended to elicit greater physiological strain (defined as the proportion of the game spent above 85% of age-predicted maximal HR). CONCLUSIONS: Football referees experience elevated levels of physiological strain while performing officiating duties. Individual and environmental factors appear to influence levels of strain and should be explored in a larger and more diverse sample of referees to identify patterns and develop strategies to best mitigate strain and prevent SCD.

Evaluation of CBR Characteristics of Waste Dust from Construction Debris as Pavement Material

In this study an attempt is made to investigate the properties and CBR characteristics of fine sand and waste dust from construction debris. Attempts are also made to study the effect of soaking period on CBR value of waste dust from construction debris. Waste dusts passing through 600 µm sieve from construction debris and river sand are selected for investigation. Standard Test procedures specified by AASHTO are followed in this investigation. The testing includes the determination of specific gravity, sieve analysis, optimum moisture content, dry density and CBR value. Dense unit weight, specific gravity and fineness modulus of construction debris is 1273.44 Kg/m³, 2.43 and 1.36 respectively and for fine sand 1132.25 Kg/m³, 2.62 and 1.64 respectively. Un-soaked CBR value of construction debris and fine sand are 10.36% and 12.5% respectively. Soaked CBR values of construction debris and fine sand are 5.36% and 6.07% respectively. The study reveals that waste dust from construction debris is as good as fine sand for construction of sub-grade from the stand point of properties and CBR characteristics.

A Silicified Carboniferous Lycopsid Forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA

The 1930 discovery of Carboniferous lycopsid fossils in south central Colorado resulted in the naming of a new species of scale tree, Lepidodendron johnsonii (=Lepidophloios johnsonii (Arnold) DiMichele). Cellular structures of L. johnsonii axes and periderm are preserved in silica—an unusual mode of fossil preservation for Pennsylvanian lycopsid plant remains. The early reports on the Trout Creek lycopsid fossils focused on taxonomic and paleobotanical aspects. Our 2019 reinvestigation of the locality produced many new specimens and a wealth of new data from a variety of analytical methods. Optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive electron spectroscopy, determination of specific gravity, and Loss on Ignition provide details of mineralization. Cell walls are preserved with very small fine quartz particles, and cell lumina are filled with microcrystalline quartz. Some cell exteriors are encrusted with euhedral quartz crystals. These multiple forms of quartz are evidence that petrifaction involved several episodes of silicification. The dark color of the fossil wood and siliceous matrix appears to be caused by traces of dispersed carbon, but 500 °C Loss on Ignition reveals that the fossil wood preserves only very small amounts of the original organic matter.

Biodegradation of biosolids and specific gravity determination

This paper presents a literature review on the geotechnical behaviour/properties of biosolids and sewage sludge materials, including biodegradation effects, and then focuses on the determination of specific gravity (Gs) for these challenging and difficult geomaterials. For water pycnometry, biodegradation occurring during the course of the test procedure results in apparent higher Gsvalues, leading to erroneous determinations for the solid, liquid and gas phases per unit volume. As demonstrated in the paper, this issue can be addressed by using kerosene or white spirits as the density liquid. Since the pycnometer method is tedious and time consuming, specific gravity is often correlated with total volatile solids (STV), as measured by ignition loss, which is a more straightforward test, having arguably greater reliability. Existing correlations are investigated but found unsuitable for biosolids and sewage sludge materials. Hence, a new Gs–STVrelationship is established specifically for these materials, avoiding the necessity for direct Gsdeterminations in practice. Other issues investigated include the effects of intraparticle voids within the test material and the different specimen oven-drying temperatures of 50 and 105°C specified in different codes. It is concluded that oven drying at 105°C should be consistently used for testing of these materials.

Use of co-fired blended ash in the development of sustainable construction materials

This experimental investigation studied the potential of co-fired blended ash (CFBA), obtained from co-firing sawdust and coal, for the development of bricks and mortar. The identified new raw material CFBA underwent chemical (X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), physical (specific gravity determination, sieve analysis), mineralogical (X-ray diffraction) and morphological (scanning electron microscopy) characterisation. CFBA was used as a partial fine aggregate substitute in the production of bricks and as a supplementary cementitious material in mortar. The developed bricks were tested for compressive strength, water absorption and efflorescence. Bricks developed with 15% sand substitution by CFBA were found to be in accordance with the Indian standard (IS 1077) and were suggested for non-load-bearing walls. In contrast, in the case of mortars (10–30% CFBA content), decreases in compressive strength (25–63%) and flexural strength (3–9%) were observed in comparison with standard mortars. Hence, the study concluded that the use of CFBA as an alternative raw material for the production of bricks was feasible.

Corrigendum: Biodegradation of biosolids and specific gravity determination

Corrigendum: Biodegradation of biosolids and specific gravity determination

Physicochemical study of the homoeopathic drug, Blatta orientalis

Introduction: Blatta orientalis or oriental cockroach, also known as water bug or black beetle, belongs to class insecta and family Blattidae. In Homoeopathy, medicine prepared from it is used in a number of ailments, especially in the treatment of asthma. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical study includes evaluation of different parameters, namely foreign matter, moisture content, total ash, water-soluble and acid-insoluble ash values, water and ethanol extracts of the raw drug. Physicochemical studies, namely organoleptic specifications, sediment, specific gravity determination, total solids, pH measurement, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet-visible spectra and alcohol content have also standardised and presented for both in-house and commercial mother tinctures (finished products). Results: The study indicates that the values of the preliminary parameters of this drug are quite different from the ranges reported for plant drugs. TLC study confirms the complexity of the composition of the prepared drug. Conclusion: The physicochemical data of the drug, B. orientalis, may serve as pharmacopoeial standard for authentication, quality assurance and quality control process of the commercially available drug.

Selected physicochemical properties of amniotic fluid according to week of pregnancy.

A hundred years ago, scientists believed that amniotic fluid is a yellowish hypotonic mixture of foetal urine and maternal transudate with peculiar odour. Current knowledge shows that it represents a dynamic, complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds. Despite modern technological procedures, information is still lacking about the composition and properties of amniotic fluid. We focused on dynamics of selected physical and chemical properties of the amniotic fluid with the increasing gestational week. The physicochemical characteristics of 89 amniotic fluid samples were determined according to the week of pregnancy. The determination of pH, specific gravity, glucose and nitrites was performed immediately, at room temperature. Our results show a significant negative correlation between week of pregnancy and semi-quantitative determined parameters of specific gravity (p < 0.001), pH (p < 0.01) and glucose (p < 0.001) values. Within the whole group of samples (n = 89), 29 % (n = 26) were nitrites positive (N+) and 71 % (n = 63) nitrites negative (N-). In this study were determined basic parameters of amniotic fluid, which could be related to a wide range of pathological states (Tab. 2, Fig. 1, Ref. 27).

Hydrocephalus-Induced Changes in the Endocrine Hypothalamus of the Hamster

Hydroceplanllus-induced changes in intracranial pressure (ICP), ventricular size, periventricular edema and erytlirocyte density(ED), median eminence thickness, and pituitary gland morphology were determined in adult female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Hydrocephalus (HC) was induced by intracisternal injection of kaolin (0.03 ml, 50 mg/ml saline); controls did not receive kaolin. Animais were chronically cannulated and ICP measured periodically (Camino V 420). At selecied times control and treated animals were decapitated, brains removed with the pituitary gland attached and fixed by immersion in formalin. Coronal brain slices containing the paraventricular nuclei (PVN), supraoptic nuclei (SON), suprachiosmatic nuclei (SCN), subfornical organ (SFO) and median eminence (ME) were prepared using a rodent brain matrix slicer and ventricular arca was quantitated by morphometric analysis (Jandel Video Analysis System). Samples were collected from the cortex and periventricular white matter (containing the PVN, SON, and SCN) and the median eminence. The whole pituitary gland was also collected for determination of specific gravity by linear density column method. Erythrocyte Densiry was assessed by immersing hydrocephalic brain slices containing the select nuclei in Karnoviskys fixative on day 9 post HC induction, and in simerythrocytes stained for endogenous peroxidase by tretramethyl benzidine cylochemistry to facilitate visualization. Previous studies in our laboratory have establislied that HC can result in alterations in estrous cycle, water balance, food intake and growth. The result in part from decrease perfusion of the endocrine liypothalamus and pituitary gland, edema and pressure-induced changes in the median eminence structures.