Determination Of Optimal Location Research Articles

Determination of Optimal Locations and Parameters of Passive Harmonic Filters in Unbalanced Systems Using the Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm

This paper discusses the problem of optimal placement and sizing of passive harmonic filters to mitigate harmonics in unbalanced distribution systems. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear multiobjective optimisation problem and solved using the multiobjective genetic algorithm. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested on unbalanced IEEE 13- and 37-bus three-phase systems. The optimal solutions are obtained based on the following objective functions: 1) minimisation of total harmonic distortion in voltage, 2) minimisation of costs of filters, 3) minimisation of voltage unbalances, and 4) a simultaneous minimisation of total harmonic distortion in voltage, costs of filters, and voltage unbalances. Finally, an analysis of the influence of uncertainties of load powers and changes in system frequency and filter parameters on filter efficiency was performed.

Developing a Decision-Making Process of Location Selection for Truck Public Parking Lots in Korea

As the number of truck registrations and the traffic volume have increased continuously in urban areas, the problem of truck illegal parking on the roadside has become more serious in Korea. Although the government presented the necessity and the construction plan of the truck public parking lots through the ‘4th Comprehensive Plan for Expansion of Truck Resting Facilities’, there is no detailed guideline for the local government of where to construct them. The previous studies on the location selection of the parking lots have mainly focused on passenger cars and buses, but not trucks, and the process for candidate location selection was not mentioned. To fill this gap, this study presents a decision-making process for the location selection of truck public parking lots in urban areas based on mixed-integer programming; it includes a candidate location selection by spatial analysis and an optimal location determination by the application of the competitive p-median algorithm. A case study of Incheon was conducted to validate the presented decision-making process. This study introduced a systematic decision-making process that includes standards establishment, data processing, and methodology application; it is universalistic enough to be utilized as a guideline for the government to efficiently construct truck public parking lots.

Determination of optimal location and capacity of distributed generations based on artificial bee colony

This study aims at giving descriptive computation of determining the optimal location and capacity of Distributed Generation (DG) for the compensation of active and reactive power on the electric power system using Artificial Bee Colony and minimizing the power losses. It employed the IEEE 34-Bus Reliability Test System (RTS) as the case study focusing on the determination of the location and capacity of Distributed Generation using Artificial Bee Colony algorithm. The data analysis shows that the placement of DG on the IEEE 34-bus system employing ABC can reduce the real power losses and the real power losses at the optimal location and capacity is minimum.

Determination of Optimal Location and Sizing of Solar Photovoltaic Distribution Generation Units in Radial Distribution Systems

This paper presents an effective biogeography-based optimization (BBO) for optimal location and sizing of solar photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) units to reduce power losses while maintaining voltage profile and voltage harmonic distortion at the limits. This applied algorithm was motivated by biogeography, that the study of the distribution of biological species through time and space. This technique is able to expand the searching space and retain good solution group at each generation. Therefore, the applied method can significantly improve performance. The effectiveness of the applied algorithm is validated by testing it on IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 69-bus radial distribution systems. The obtained results are compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) and the artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC). As a result, the applied algorithm offers better solution quality and accuracy with faster convergence.

Influence of thyristor-controlled series capacitor on wheeling cost incorporating the impact of real and reactive power losses

Electric power transmission and transmission pricing are the key issues in the deregulated electric power industry. Factors like fast power demand growth, competition, service outage, and scarce natural resources make transmission systems operate close to their thermal limits. However, new transmission systems cannot be built in due to economic, environmental, and political reasons. For better utilization of existing power system capacities, the power electronic technology-based power system equipment called flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices like thyristor-controlled series compensators (TCSCs) can be effectively used for operating the transmission grid economically, rapidly, dynamically, and efficiently with increased flexibility and efficiency under different loading conditions. TCSCs, being costly devices, may adversely affect some deregulated power market participants. This paper proposes a unit commitment algorithm for the minimization of power losses and determination of optimal location for TCSC placement. The impact of the TCSC in conjunction with the application of the proposed algorithm on the generation cost and wheeling cost is analyzed using a power flow-based line-by-line rolled-in transmission pricing scheme. The comparison between the annual generation costs and annual wheeling costs with and without the TCSC is carried out under different load conditions in the IEEE 30-bus system. Results and simulations validate the economy of the suitable TCSC's optimal presence over its absence.

Optimal Allocation of Flexible AC Transmission System Controllers in Electric Power Networks

Due to increasing power demand, incorporation of prosumers, continuous expansion, competitive market and inherent limitations of alternating current, the management and operation of power system has become very complex. For economical, reliable and secure operation, the use of emerging technologies is unavoidable. Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) is one of the emerging technologies which does not only solve the problems but also gives new directions in existing high voltage AC (HVAC) and high voltage DC (HVDC) power systems. However, allocation of FACTS controllers i.e., determination of optimal location, size, number and type of these devices with minimized cost is a difficult problem. This paper, in broader sense, discusses FACTS allocation for the solution of issues of power system. The benefits and objectives of optimal allocation of FACTS have been reviewed from view point of objective functions, decision variables, constraints and recent optimization algorithms.

Development of method for experimental determination of wheel–rail contact forces and contact point position by using instrumented wheelset

This paper presents the development of a unique method for experimental determination of wheel–rail contact forces and contact point position by using the instrumented wheelset (IWS). Solutions of key problems in the development of IWS are proposed, such as the determination of optimal locations, layout, number and way of connecting strain gauges as well as the development of an inverse identification algorithm (IIA). The base for the solution of these problems is the wheel model and results of FEM calculations, while IIA is based on the method of blind source separation using independent component analysis. In the first phase, the developed method was tested on a wheel model and a high accuracy was obtained (deviations of parameters obtained with IIA and really applied parameters in the model are less than 2%). In the second phase, experimental tests on the real object or IWS were carried out. The signal-to-noise ratio was identified as the main influential parameter on the measurement accuracy. Тhе obtained results have shown that the developed method enables measurement of vertical and lateral wheel–rail contact forces Q and Y and their ratio Y/Q with estimated errors of less than 10%, while the estimated measurement error of contact point position is less than 15%. At flange contact and higher values of ratio Y/Q or Y force, the measurement errors are reduced, which is extremely important for the reliability and quality of experimental tests of safety against derailment of railway vehicles according to the standards UIC 518 and EN 14363. The obtained results have shown that the proposed method can be successfully applied in solving the problem of high accuracy measurement of wheel–rail contact forces and contact point position using IWS.

Case studies on optimal location and sizing of renewable energy generators in distribution system

Optimal location and sizing of different types of renewable energy generation system at the distribution networks for the purpose of active power loss minimization is revealing much attention of electric power utilities in the recent days. In the present work, optimal location and sizing of different types of renewable energy generators (REGs) have been proposed for IEEE 33-bus test system. The vastness of the REGs is determined by minimizing the power loss in the distribution system. Power distribution losses have been minimized with the determination of optimal location as well as optimum size of distributed generator. In this work, various case studies such as active power loss, reactive power loss, combined real and reactive power, optimum power factor, and multi REGs placements have been considered for optimal location of REGs. A simple but efficient Repeated Load Flow (RLF) technique has been used to ascertain optimal location of REGs. The simulation results obtained from this RLF technique have also been compared with an outcome of other approach results. The proposed approach has been validated on IEEE 33-bus and 69 radial distribution test systems.

A new simultaneous placement of distributed generation and demand response resources to determine virtual power plant

Summary Virtual power plant (VPP) is combining different types of generations and interruptible loads to be able to contribute to the market as a power plant with a significant output. In other words, different power generations are combined in a complementary manner to form a defined generation and a demand profile. Because the most important elements of these operators are distributed generation (DG) units and demand response loads (DRLs), the determination of optimal location, capacity, type, as well as the installation time of DGs, DRLs participation size, and place in the distribution system are the most important challenges of operators. In this paper, the formulation of optimal placement of DG resources and DRLs is presented and solved simultaneously in a distribution system to determine the optimal VPP. For this purpose, the concepts of commercial virtual power plant and technical virtual power plant are introduced first, and then the optimal VPP, which can send its energy bids as a short-term and long-term power scheduling to the power market, is determined. Here, commercial virtual power plant and technical virtual power plant will act jointly as commercial–technical virtual power plant to extract the results of the proposed optimization procedure. In this paper, the binary particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem in the distribution system. The proposed method is applied to the IEEE 33-bus distribution test network, and the results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Determination of Optimal Location, Sizing and Power Factor of Grid-Connected Solar PV Plant

The increasing number of grid-connected solar PV plants today has brought great benefits to the power system. However, it has also created several technical issues that need to be addressed by planning engineers. Due to this reason, the optimization for interconnection of solar PV plants has attracted their attentions, in order to operate these plants safely and economically. In this paper, three key parameters which are the location, size and operating power factor of the solar PV plant are optimized. The proposed method considers the technical constraints of the network such as voltage limits, together with the intermittency of PV generation and system loads. Two case studies are simulated on a typical 11kV distribution system with 54 buses. Results show a reduction in system energy losses for the optimized values, without violating any power system requirements.

Determination of Optimal Location and Settings of Pressure Reducing Valves in Water Distribution Networks for Minimizing Water Losses

The determination of the optimal location and settings of PRV is an operational problem that water utilities must deal with in order to reduce the real losses that are inherent to their water distribution system. In this research, a multi-objective optimization approach was developed to provide an optimal solution for the addressed problem, using the well-known metaheuristic algorithm NSGA-II and including the usage of hydraulic criteria to reduce the solution space, in order to enhance the performance of the procedure. The proposed methodology was tested using two different networks, which differ in their leakage configuration and the hydraulic parameters used for this modeling.

Optimal Location Determination of Some Public Facilities within Minna Metropolis: A Geospatial Technique Approach

Theoretical frameworks used to explain the location of services include central place theory, aspects of industrial location theory and spatial diffusion theory. They are all described as normative theories which optimize with respect to defined criteria operating in prescribed environmental conditions (Rushton, 1979). However, recent advancement in geospatial technologies has led to several applications in geographically orientated challenges, hence, the adoption of an effective decision tool like Geographic Information System (GIS), high resolution products of satellite remote sensing as well as the Global Positioning System (GPS) in solving the rather challenging task of optimal location for facilities with respect to necessary criteria. Minna metropolis is being affected adversely by the problem of appropriate location of public facilities. These facilities are either too far from their market zone or they are too congested in a particular location and in some cases, political consideration to the siting of these facilities dominate without given considerations to the necessary criteria for demands and public interest. The study is an investigation into the “optimal determination of the locations of some public facilities in Minna metropolis of Niger State, using geospatial techniques”. The fusion of remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) and GPS techniques was explored. Geodata base of existing facilities was created and Euclidean-distance geometry used to spatially analyze the appropriate locations with regards to the set of standard criteria. The results showed the haphazard and uncontrolled pattern of development of schools location. However, petrol stations met the evaluated criteria and optimal location indexes.

Optimal location and sizing of real power DG units to improve the voltage stability in the distribution system using ABC algorithm united with chaos

Abstract The introduction of a Distributed Generation (DG) unit in the distribution system improves the voltage profile and reduces the system losses. Optimal placement and sizing of DG units play a major role in reducing system losses and in improving voltage profile and voltage stability. This paper presents in determination of optimal location and sizing of DG units using multi objective performance index (MOPI) for enhancing the voltage stability of the radial distribution system. The different technical issues are combined using weighting coefficients and solved under various operating constraints using a Chaotic Artificial Bee Colony (CABC) algorithm. In this paper, real power DG units and constant power load model and other voltage dependent load models such as industrial, residential, and commercial are considered. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated by testing it on a 38-node and 69-node radial distribution system.

Determination of Optimal Location and Capacity of Detention Facilities

The importance of the effective distribution of runoff in sewer network throughout a detention facility has recently been recognized. This study aims to determine the location and the capacity of detention facilities in urban sewer network. The optimal location and capacity of the detention facilities can be determined by numerous iterations of an optimization model. In this paper, an interfacing Visual Basic (VB) programming tool with a SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) DLL for hydraulic and hydrological computation in sewer network completes the optimization routine. A multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is adopted to minimize both the total overflow and the installing cost. The developed model is applied to S city in South Korea. The goal in prevention performance of urban disaster is used as rainfall. The model will help engineers find effective alternatives to achieve the goal of the urban disaster prevention performance.

Application of IPSO-Monte Carlo for optimal distributed generation allocation and sizing

Determination of optimal location and size of Distributed Generations (DGs) is one of the major problems of distribution utilities. In this paper, a multi-objective methodology for optimal distributed generation allocation and sizing in distribution systems is proposed. The objective function is considered willing to minimize the costs of active and reactive losses, and to improve the voltage profile and reliability of the distribution systems. Besides, the effect of load models is considered in the optimal DG allocation. A hybrid method based on improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm and Monte Carlo simulation is proposed for solving the problem. The proposed algorithm is applied to the practical 33-bus distribution system and results are compared with other versions of PSO and artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. Numerical studies are representing of the effectiveness and out-performance of the proposed method.

Determination of optimal location to monitor temperature in low pressure die casting process

Controlling and eliminating defects, such as macroporosity, in castings is a continuing challenge that manufacturers must continually address. Since the encapsulation of liquid regions by a solid shell and subsequent formation of macroporosity cannot be detected during casting, the die temperature, which is routinely measured, has been used as an indirect indicator of this defect. A finite element model has been developed to predict the evolution of temperature as well as the volume of encapsulated liquid in a casting with a high propensity to form macroporosity. The boundary conditions in the model were iteratively adjusted until the temperature predictions matched the experimental data for a variety of operational conditions. A model based methodology has been developed to analyse the correlation between the die temperature and the encapsulated liquid volume. This methodology is employed to assess the suitability of different in-cycle die temperatures for use as indicators of macroporosity formation, and to help determine the optimal location to monitor temperature for the purpose of minimising macroporosity.

Genetic algorithm-based approach for fixed and switchable capacitors placement in distribution systems with uncertainty and time varying loads

Installation of capacitors in primary and secondary networks of distribution systems is one of the efficient methods for energy and peak load loss reduction. Also voltage profile in the feeder is improved and static voltage stability is enhanced. The main challenge is the determination of optimal location and size of fixed and switchable capacitors with respect to network configuration, distribution of load in the feeder, time variation of load and uncertainty in load forecasting or load allocation process. To solve this complex problem, an efficient method for simultaneous allocation of fixed and switchable capacitors in radial distribution systems is presented. Energy and peak load loss reduction, and capacitor cost are considered in the cost function. Time variation and uncertainty of load are also involved in problem formulation. Genetic algorithm with a new coding as two rows chromosomes is used for optimisation. Numerical studies show the effectiveness of the proposed procedure.

Determination of Location and Capacity of Power Facilities by Genetic Algorithm

This article presents the determination of optimal location and capacity of power facilities by using genetic algorithm (GA) based on reliability, loss of load and dump power. We determine optimal capacity after optimal location; however, since the optimal location and capacity are closely related, the optimal location varies with the capacity and vice versa. Hence, we propose the method that determines the optimal location and capacity at the same time. Using the proposed method, expected loss of load in faults can be reduced by 32.3% in comparison with that of separate optimization techniques.

Determination of optimal location for parachute ripcord handle in a suspended position

A number of parachuting fatalities are attributed every year to the inability of the parachutist to pull the ripcord. The purpose of this study was to determine a location for the ripcord handle in parachutes, which would be most compatible with human capabilities. Eight different ripcord handle locations were selected for this investigation. Eighteen male and 18 female subjects participated in the study. The subjects were tested while being suspended 5 cm above floor level wearing a parachute harness. Maximum voluntary force exertions were measured with the subjects pulling the ripcord handle using their left, right and both hands at all locations. The results indicate that the thigh locations are superior in regard to pull forces for all hand applications (left, right, and both). Also, two-handed pulls yield the largest forces at all locations.

Optimum Location of Trunklines in Oil and Gas Fields

COATS, KEITH H., JERSEY PRODUCTION RESEARCH CO., TULSA, OKLA. JUNIOR MEMBER AIME Introduction In many oil and gas fields, significant investments are required in piping networks for collection, injection and disposal of various fluids. A single field may concurrently require piping systems for gathering of oil, gathering of gas, injection of water or gas and disposal of salt water. Two problems arise in the consideration of any one of these networks. The first involves the sizing of the various segments of the network to minimize piping and compression costs. The second problem, treated herein, is that of optimally locating the trunkline(s) for a given piping system to minimize the total length of pipe connecting the individual wells or lease batteries to the trunkline. This minimization problem may arise in field automation if it involves replacement of individual lease batteries by a central field battery which will require trunklines and connecting pipelines to individual wells. The problem also aims in connecting a gas pipeline through a subsidiary trunkline to wells in a gas storage field.The first analysis given below treats the case of a single trunkline and of separate connecting lines for all field units.* The analysis is then extended to consider multiple trunklines and common connecting lines for groups of field units. Varying sizes, and therefore costs, of the connecting lines are taken into account. A simplified development is given to illustrate the manner in which line sizing calculations may be integrated with the line placement problem. This study is primarily directed toward the placement of straight trunklines, although for certain field shapes or well distributions curved trunklines might be preferable. Some mathematical consideration is therefore given to the placement of a curved trunkline in a field.The determination of optimal locations for two or more trunklines involves some difficulties which are discussed below. The need for further research in this area is emphasized. The problem of a single trunkline is solved in relation to an actual oil field. The problem of optimally locating two trunklines in the same field is also treated and the results are compared to the single-trunkline case. All calculations reported were performed on an IBM 7072 digital computer.The importance of right-of-way, roads and terrain in locating trunklines and connecting lines is realized. The present analysis is advanced on the premise that in planning piping networks one should start with the optimal conditions whenever possible and proceed therefrom. PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL CONSIDERATIONS If an x-y coordinate system is imposed over a plan view of an oil or gas field, each field unit will be represented by a point (x, y). A single trunkline can be represented by a straight line of slope in and intercept b, given as (1) The method of least squares determines m and b so the sum of the squares of the vertical or horizontal distances between the field units and trunkline is a minimum. Application of this method yields (2) If this function of m and b is to be a minimum, then the partial derivatives with respect to m and b must both equal zero. JPT P. 1019^