Determination Of Serum Iron Research Articles

Ion-pair adsorption film colorimetry of iron (III) in water samples and human serum

The anionic chelate of iron(III)-2,2′-dihydroxyazobenzene (H2L), [FeL2]−, formed 1∶ 1 ion-pair with crystal violet cation (CV+), CV+ [FeL2]−, and was adsorbed on a surface of transparent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film plasticized with di-n-octyl phthalate. Enrichment of the blue violet species of the ion-pair onto the transparent PVC film has enabled a highly sensitive and simple method for the determination of iron(III). The detection limits are 1 × 10–8 mol dm−3 (0.6 ppb) by spectrophotometry at 592 nm, and 4 × 10–8 mol dm−3 (2 ppb) by visual colorimetry. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of iron in water samples and human serum. No preparatory procedures for the separation of serum protein and other coexisting substances are required, since ion-pair adsorption process provides a new method to prevent interference of serum matrix.

Inherited Iron Overload

Several inherited forms of iron overload have been described. It is now accepted that HC, usually regarded as a disease of adult life, is an inherited disorder, hence all first degree relatives must be presumed to be at increased risk of developing iron overload and the diagnosis is now frequently made in young relatives. The combination of serum iron, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin determination will detect iron overload in an early, precirrhotic stage. Liver biopsy and the determination of hepatic iron concentration provide the definitive proof. Where HC is recognized sufficiently early to permit adequate removal of iron before cirrhosis has developed, the prognosis is excellent. Thus haemochromatosis as a clinical disease should be preventable in a large proportion of patients. Severe iron overload has been described in juveniles and also in neonates. These conditions are familial but whether they are HLA-related has not been determined. Cardiac and endocrine disorders are frequently the presenting manifestations of parenchymal iron overload in the young and, at least in neonates, the condition is usually fatal in early infancy. It is not possible at present, to say whether these rare juvenile and neonatal forms of haemochromatosis are related to the much more common adult form. Identification of the gene for HC may assist in answering this question.

Determination of iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, rubidium, molybdenum, and cesium in human serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

A method was developed for the determination of seven trace elements (Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Rb, Mo, and Cs) in human serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Sample preparation was kept as limited as possible. As the only sample pretreatment serum samples were diluted with nitric acid and indium was added as an internal standard. The results for iron, cobalt, copper, and zinc were corrected for interferences from polyatomic ions by using a blank solution containing the same concentration of sodium, sulfur, chlorine, and calcium as human serum. For copper and zinc the corrections are small, whereas for iron and cobalt they are important. No interferences occur for the considered isotopes of rubidium, molybdenum, and cesium. In order to test the accuracy and precision of the analytical technique, a "second-generation biological reference material (human serum)" was analyzed. The results obtained by ICP-MS for the seven elements considered showed good agreement with the certified values.

Mixed reagents in multicomponent flow-injection analysis: Simultaneous determination of iron and copper in blood serum with mixed bathocuproinedisulphonate and bathophenanthrolinedisulphonate or ferrozine

Mixtures of 0.6m M bathocuproinedisulphonate (BC) and 0.2m M bathophenanthrolinedisulphonate (BP) or 2m M BC and 0.2m M ferrozine (FZ) were used for a rapid determination of iron and copper in deproteinated blood serum in the presence of 0.1 M formate buffer (pH 3.5), 10m M ascorbic acid and 0.3 M trichloroacetic acid, by two variants of multicomponent FIA with a diode-array detector (MC—FIA). Merging zones MC-FIA is especially suitable for the determination of 0.7–33μ M Fe and 0.4–35μ MCu, for Cu:Fe concentration ratios from 10:1 to 1:10and with RSD <3 or 2% for Fe or RSD <6 or 5% for Cu in artificial mixtures and deproteinated standard blood sera, respectively, and relative errors of less than 3–5%. The concentrations of both elements were calculated according to a simple computer program (ORTHO) for overdetermined systems (10 or 11 wavelengths), but evaluation at the absorption maxima for the individual chelates (at 2 or 3 wavelengths) also gave satisfactory results.

Direct determination of iron in urine and serum using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.

A simple, rapid and low-cost method for the routine determination of iron in urine and serum using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is described which may provide an alternative to the more widespread automated spectrophotometric methods. The urine and serum samples were simply diluted with water prior to analysis. Matrix modification was found to be redundant. The standard additions technique or the use of matrix matched standards (addition calibration) was found to be unnecessary and, therefore, the calibration was performed using aqueous standards. For serum analysis the degree of dilution could be reduced by using the less sensitive 302.0-nm resonance line, yielding more precise determinations, and for urine analysis, interferences were eliminated by means of a L'vov platform. The interferences that exist in the presence of nitric acid are also discussed. Finally, the presence of background absorption was investigated by means of Zeeman effect atomic absorption.

Traumatic Hemolytic Anemia in Children with Rheumatic Heart Disease

ABSTRACT Fifty children (5 to 15 years of age) with inactive compensated rheumatic heart disease were screened for traumatic hemolytic anemia. Eleven patients (22%) had normocytic hypochromic anemi...

A sensitive, direct colorimetric assay of serum iron using the chromogen, nitro-PAPS

A direct colorimetric method is presented for the determination of serum iron in 0.1-ml sized samples, using a new, water-soluble, reagent, 2-(5-Nitro-2-pyridylazo)-5-( N-propyl- N-sulfopropylamino)phenol Na salt ( ϵ 585nm = 9.4 × 10 4 l/mol per cm). Interference of copper and zinc in sera can be eliminated entirely by forming copper- and zinc-thioglycollate complexes immediately upon the dissociation of the protein-bound iron, copper and zinc by thioglycollate and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The serum blank was minimized by the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate as a protein denaturant. Within-run and between-run precision (CV) were in the range of 0.7–2.9% and 1.1–3.6%, respectively, depending on the serum iron content. A good correlation ( r = 0.995) was obtained between this method and the reference method proposed by the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology.

Iron Deficiency in Children with Celiac Disease

SummaryTo evaluate the incidence of either evident anemia or a subclinical status of iron deficiency in celiac disease (CD), we studied 80 celiac children aged 6 months to 18 years. They were subdivided into various groups according to morphology of gut mucosa and diet. Only eight of 47 celiac children had an evident anemia at the time of the first peroral bowel biopsy. In addition, 51% of the patients with atrophic mucosa and 56% of the children on a gluten‐containing diet had serum iron levels &lt;50 μg/dl; 35% of patients of both groups had serum ferritin levels &lt;12 μg/L. On the contrary, only a small number of children with normal mucosa on a gluten‐free diet showed a laboratory, subclinical picture of iron deficiency. The results of our study can therefore be summarized in three major items: (a) Low levels of both serum iron and ferritin can frequently be found during active CD. (b) Regular determination of serum iron levels appears to be useful in controlling the state of iron stores in such patients, as well as in deciding whether and when to recommend temporary iron supplementation, (c) Serum ferritin tests did not offer more information than the easier and cheaper serum iron determinations.

Iron deficiency in children with celiac disease.

To evaluate the incidence of either evident anemia or a subclinical status of iron deficiency in celiac disease (CD), we studied 80 celiac children aged 6 months to 18 years. They were subdivided into various groups according to morphology of gut mucosa and diet. Only eight of 47 celiac children had an evident anemia at the time of the first peroral bowel biopsy. In addition, 51% of the patients with atrophic mucosa and 56% of the children on a gluten-containing diet had serum iron levels less than 50 micrograms/dl; 35% of patients of both groups had serum ferritin levels less than 12 micrograms/L. On the contrary, only a small number of children with normal mucosa on a gluten-free diet showed a laboratory, subclinical picture of iron deficiency. The results of our study can therefore be summarized in three major items: (a) Low levels of both serum iron and ferritin can frequently be found during active CD. (b) Regular determination of serum iron levels appears to be useful in controlling the state of iron stores in such patients, as well as in deciding whether and when to recommend temporary iron supplementation. (c) Serum ferritin tests did not offer more information than the easier and cheaper serum iron determinations.

Simultaneous determination of iron and copper ions by low-injection analysis with a multichannel photodiode-array detector

Iron(II) and copper(II) ions are determined simultaneously in a simple manifold by using a multichannel photodiode-array detector. 1-(2-Pyridlazo)-2-hydroxy-7-sulfonaphthalene (PAN-7S) is used as the sole chromogenic reagent. The absorbance at 550 nm is related to the PAN-7S chelates of iron(II) and copper(II)and that at 764 nm to the iron(II) chelate alone. Calibrations are linear over the range 0–8.0 x 10 −6 M for each metal. Interference from zinc is avoided by addition of nitrilotriacetic acid; nickel interferes. Appliation to the determination of iron and copper ions in blood serum is discussed.

Determination of iron and iron-binding capacity in serum without blank sample.

A highly sensitive monoreagent for the determination of iron and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) in serum is described in this paper. It contains the dye chromazurol B which gives with iron a high molar absorption complex (A630nm = 1.6 X 10(5) l/mol cm). The more complex problem in the study of the reagent was to make negligible the interferences of the substances in the sera in order to get the procedure without blank samples or deproteinization. Until now none of the reagents presents these peculiarities, that might render easier both the manual analysis and the application to the automatic apparatus. Furthermore, the stability of the reagent (2 years) and the reliability of the results, as detected by data on accuracy, precision (coefficient of variation = 1.9%), linearity (up to 110 mumol/l) and correlation with three different methods, indicate that this procedure is particularly suitable for routine clinical chemistry.

Determination of calcium, magnesium, iron and copper in serum by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Calcium, magnesium, iron, and copper concentrations in serum have been investigated by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The serum samples of 234 individuals of adult population in Kaohsiung City were analyzed. The samples were directly analyzed after dilution. The method is simple, rapid and inexpensive. The reliability of the analysis was checked with Biotrol－33 Plus. The distributions of all the elements measured are presented and the results are compared are presented and the results are compared with available data. Factors affecting the analysis are discussed in detail.

Determination of iron in serum and water by resonance ionization isotope dilution mass spectrometry.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of iron in serum and water by resonance ionization isotope dilution mass spectrometryJ. D. Fassett, L. J. Powell, and L. J. MooreCite this: Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 12, 2228–2233Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1984https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00276a055RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views79Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (868 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Serum iron determination using ferene triazine

The synthesis and characterisation of a new colorimetric reagent for iron, 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-bis(2-furyl)-1,2,4-triazine are described. Peak assignments and chemical shifts of the high resolution 13C nmr spectrum are given. The reagent forms a tris iron(II) complex with epsilon max of 32000 Lcm-1 mol-1 at 577 nm. The results of precision, linearity and recovery studies for use of the reagent in direct serum iron determinations are reported. Thiourea effectively suppresses copper interference for the serum iron determinations. With the procedure used, the presence of hemolysed cells in the serum had no effect on serum iron levels recorded.

Treatment of gonorrhea with thiamphenicol.

For many years thiamphenicol has been the drug of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea at the Center for Venereal Disease of the University of Milan. During the last four years, 1,110 of 1,112 cases of uncomplicated gonorrhea treated with 500 mg of oral thiamphenicol three times a day for six days have been cured. Recently, the effectiveness of single-dose treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea with this drug was evaluated. A dose of 2.5 g of thiamphenicol was given orally to 159 patients. The diagnosis of gonococcal infection was based on culture results in all cases. In 77 cases red and white blood cell counts and hemoglobin and serum iron determinations were made before and one week after therapy. Clinical and bacteriologic cure was achieved in 144 (90.6%) of the 159 patients. The only adverse reactions to the drug were transient diarrhea in ten patients, epigastric pain in two, and vomiting in one. No statistically significant variations were detected in blood tests.

Extraction flotation-spectrophotometric determination of iron in serum

Extraction flotation-spectrophotometric determination of iron in serum

Serum iron and total iron-binding capacity determination by flow-injection analysis with atomic absorption detection.

The deproteinised sample (150 microliters) is 'injected' into a continuously flowing stream of deionised water which is pumped, via a capillary tube, to the nebuliser of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Analytical readout is obtained, in the form of transient peaks, 6 s after sample injection. Before injection traces of haemoglobin are removed from the serum by treatment with trichloroacetic acid-ascorbate solution. This protein precipitant facilitates rapid removal of haemoglobin bound iron without the need for heating. After centrifugation the supernatant solution is introduced into the flowing stream by use of a novel inexpensive 'injector'. Analytical recovery and precision are good, and results compare well with those obtained by a standard AutoAnalyzer procedure.

Selective spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of iron with di(2-pyridyl)-NN-di[(8-quinolyl)amino]methane: determination of iron in blood serum.

Di(2-pyridyl)-NN-di[(8-quinolyl)amino]methane (DPQAM) has been examined to evaluated its usefulness as a sensitive and selective spectrophotometric reagent for iron. A green complex is formed, which is extracted into chloroform at pH 2.9–5.4 in the presence of perchlorate and ascorbic acid (the molar absorptivity, Iµ= 1.14 × 104l mol–1 cm–1 nm). The distribution ratio of this extraction is very favourable, so that iron can be determined in the range 0.25–2.50 p.p.m. (Iµ= 1.71 × 105l mol–1 cm–1). The effect of foreign ions has been studied and the method has been applied to the determination of iron in blood serum with good results.

Ferene-S as the chromogen for serum iron determinations

Ferene-S was tested as the iron chromogen and the results were compared with the chromogen Ferrozine. With Ferene-S the volume of serum could be halved. We also tried to adapt Ferene-S in total iron binding capacity determinations but failed. From the interfering substances in serum iron determination the effects of bilirubin, copper and zinc were tested. Bilirubin was not observed to have any effect on iron values with Ferene-S or Ferrozine as chromogens. Copper ions had a distinct additive effect with both chromogens, but it could be eliminated by the addition of thiourea to the solutions. Zinc had no effect.

Sequential changes in erythrocyte volume distribution and microcytosis associated with iron deficiency in kittens.

Hemograms, erythrocyte volume distribution curves, serum iron and percent transferrin saturation determinations were done on samples from 50 kittens to characterize feline erythrocytic responses between one and ten weeks of age. At one week of age, all kittens had marked macrocytosis and anisocytosis. Most of the macrocytic cells no longer were present by five weeks. Macrocytes were replaced by erythrocytes of normal volume in 30% of the kittens. At five weeks of age, 70% of the kittens had produced microcytic cells which correlated with significantly lower packed cell volume values (p less than 0.02) and mean corpuscular volume values (p less than 0.001). By seven weeks of age, kittens with microcytosis were producing normocytic erythrocytes. Between two and four weeks of age, kittens with microcytosis had significantly lower serum iron and percent transferrin saturation values (p less than 0.01) compared to kittens without microcytosis. Between five and seven weeks of age, all kittens had very high iron values which were significantly greater than those of healthy adult cats (p less than 0.01). Six kittens with low iron values received an iron dextran injection at two to three weeks of age. At five weeks, these kittens had significantly greater mean corpuscular volumes, packed cell volumes (p less than 0.01) and lower percentage of microcytic cells (p less than 0.001) than littermate controls. These data demonstrate that transient microcytosis and anemia observed in kittens is attributable to iron deficiency. It also was demonstrated that erythrocyte volume distribution curves were more sensitive than the mean corpuscular volume in detecting microcytosis in kittens.