Determination Of Flavonoid Content Research Articles

GC-MS Profile, Spectrophotometric Determination of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Leaves of Cochlospermum Planchonii

GC-MS Profile, Spectrophotometric Determination of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Leaves of Cochlospermum Planchonii

DETERMINATION OF 70% Ethanol EXTRACT FLAVONOID TOTAL LEVELS BINAHONG (Anredera cordifolia [Ten] Steenis) LEAVES IN PELEM VILLAGE, TANJUNGANOM, KAB. NGANJUK

Binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia [Ten] Steenis) belonging to the Basellaceae family contain flavonoid compounds, saponins, and polyphenolic alkaloids. The largest secondary metabolites of phenolic compounds are flavonoids which have pharmacological effects such as antioxidants. This study aims to determine the flavonoid content of binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia [Ten] Steenis) from Pelem village in 70% ethanol solvent. This study uses a pure experimental method. The extract was obtained by maceration method with 70% ethanol as solvent. The maceration process was carried out for 3 days with repeated maceration 2 times and occasionally shaking. After the viscous extract was obtained, qualitative tests were carried out for flavonoid screening and determination of flavonoid content using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The qualitative test results of 70% ethanol extract proved to contain flavonoids. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the determination of total flavonoid levels using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer method was obtained at 0.1842% (w/w).

Determination of polyphenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of ethanolic, chloroform and ethyl acetate extract of the plant species Thymus serpyllum L.

This research aimed to examine the phytochemical composition, content of polyphenols and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extract of the plant species Thymus serpyllum L. The extracts were tested for the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, cardiotonic glycosides, and coumarins. The total content of polyphenols was determined spectrophotometrically with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, according to Singleton's method, while the total content of flavonoids was determined using the method with aluminum chloride. The highest contents of polyphenols and flavonoids were determined in ethanolic extracts, where the measured values ranged from 111.00 ± 0.26 to 288.00 ± 0.23 mg GAE/g of dry extract for polyphenols, and 65.80 ± 0.19 to 198.22 ± 0.34 mg RE/g dry extract for flavonoids. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The tested extracts show a good effect on DPPH radical inhibition, with the IC50 values ranging from 35.15 ± 0.33 to 398.27 ± 0.24 mg/ml, and the greatest ability of ethanolic extract to neutralize the DPPH radical. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed a wide spectrum of phytochemicals, where ethanol, as the most polar solvent, extracts almost all tested phytochemicals.

Hydro-Alcoholic Leaf Extract and Fractions of <i>Codiaeum variegatum</i> (var. Mollucanum) Exhibited an Improved Anti-Amoebic and Moderate Anti-Oxidant Potential

Amoebiasis, classified as the third intestinal parasitic infection, represents a public health problem in low-income countries where hygiene and sanitation conditions are poor. With the resurgence of resistant pathogenic strains as well as ancestral considerations in developing countries such as Cameroon, many people rely on medicinal plants to treat a plethora of diseases. This work aimed to highlight the anti-amoebic and anti-oxidant potential of Codiaeum variegatum extracts and fractions. The anti-amoebic potential of C. variegatum was assayed on the polyxenic culture of the clinical isolates of E. histolytica. Then, the anti-oxidant potential of the ethanolic/hydroethanolic extracts and fractions was evaluated through DPPH radical scavenging, iron reduction (FRAP), lipid peroxidation inhibitory potential and total antioxidant capacity tests followed by the determination of phenolic compound and flavonoid content. It was found that the fractionation process decreased the amoebicidal activities of C. variegatum leaf extracts. However hydroethanolic extract (CI50: 10.08 ± 0.42, 5.18 ± 0.09, 5.18 ± 0.09 μg/mL respectively after 24, 48 and 72 hours) was more active than ethanolic extract (CI50: 15.59 ± 6.17; 9.61 ± 2.37; 6.26 ± 3.22 μg/mL respectively after 24, 48 and 72 hours). Interestingly, the activities of hydroethanolic extract were significantly non-different compared to metronidazole CI50: 8.42 ± 0.44, 6.45 ± 0.22 and 3.42 ± 0.33 μg/mL, respectively after 24, 48 and 72 hours). Ethanolic extract and EF5 showed higher Phenolic compound contents and higher antioxidant activity than hydroethanolic extract and other fractions through DPPH radical scavenging power (EC50 = 311.50 ± 4.12 μg/mL) and total antioxidant capacity (44 ± 0.07 mgEAA/gF). However, these activities are significantly lower than those of ascorbic acid (EC50 = 31.20 ± 4.39 μg/mL, and 61.34 ± 4.42 μg/mL respectively). This low antioxidant activity was confirmed by poor phenolic and flavonoid compounds contents found in the extracts and fractions. The present result brings a new approach to the ethnopharmacological uses of C. variegatum against dysentery in cases associated with Amoebiasis in Cameroun.

Determination of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Leaf and Flower Extracts of Clerodendrum infortunatum and Hibiscus rosa sinensis Growing in Bara Nepal

In the human body, oxidative stress imposed due to the increase in the concentration of free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to the initiation and progression of different diseases. The synthetic antioxidants have low efficacy with side effects, for that plant-derived natural antioxidant can prevent oxidative stress by reducing the risk of having these diseases. In the present study, the methanolic extracts of two traditionally used medicinal plants (leaf and flower) have tested for their antioxidant capacity, α-amylase enzyme inhibitory activity and determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content in the plant extracts. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The highest DPPH radical scavenging was shown by Clerodendrum infortunatum (IC50 = 71.95±0.51μg/mL) whereas leaf and flower of Hibiscus rosa sinensis showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 98.74±1.91 and 117.23±7.72 μg/mL) respectively. Among the tested plant extracts, the highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content was found in the methanolic extract of C. infortunatum with TPC of 87.07±9.22 mg GAE/g and TFC 34.40±2.00 mg QE/g. The antidiabetic activity of plant extracts was evaluated by the α-amylase enzyme inhibition assay. The leaf extract of C. infortunatum showed moderate α-amylase inhibition activity (IC50 = 118±4.80 μg/mL) whereas the standard acarbose has (IC50 = 12.96±0.22 μg/mL).

Determination of free radical scavenging activity, phenolic and flavonoid content of seven corn cultivars from the Southwest Maluku District, Indonesia

Abstract. Sinay H, Mahulette F, Yáñez JA. 2022. Determination of free radical scavenging activity, phenolic and flavonoid content of seven corn cultivars from the Southwest Maluku District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5974-5981. The variation of corn (Zea mays L.) kernel might be considered as a surrogate indicator of the phytochemical and bioactive content. This study aimed to determine the phenolics, flavonoids, and free radical scavenging activity of seven local corn cultivars from Kisar Island, Southwest Maluku District in Indonesia. Sample extraction was done by the maceration method. Flavonoid content was determined using the Dowd method, and total phenolic content was performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Free radical scavenging activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging method. One-way ANOVA was performed with Duncan multiple range tests to assess the differences between corn seed cultivars, and p < 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. The results show that the total flavonoid content varied from 8.463 mg QE/mg (Putih cultivar) to 40.075 mg QE/mg (Kuning Dalam cultivar). Total polyphenol content also varied between 105.63 mg GAE/mg (Merah Delima Tongkol Putih cultivar) and 136.41 mg GAE/mg (Pulut cultivar). The antioxidant activity by DPPH assay determined that the seven local corn cultivars had IC50 values ??that were similar to quercetin (used as control), some were even lower. The IC50 value of the seven local corn cultivars ranged from 5.56 to 16.96 µg/mL, while quercetin had an IC50 value of 11.97 µg/mL. It was observed that the Merah Delima Tongkol Cokelat, Merah Delima Tongkol Putih, and Putih cultivars had comparable antioxidant activity to the control quercetin. The Merah Darah, Kuning Genjah, and Kuning Dalam cultivars exhibited a statistically significant higher antioxidant capacity than quercetin. These results can contribute to the selection of corn cultivars to harvest for commercial purposes and potential nutraceutical applications.

A Study on the Whitening and Anti-Wrinkle Effects of Red Sword Bean Extract in Functional Cosmetics for Skin Care

In this study, to analyze and determine the bioactive compounds of red sword bean as natural ingredients for functional cosmetics, hot water extraction was performed with ethanol contents of 20%, 50%, and 80%. In addition, for the respective extracts, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for the determination of bioactive compounds and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis for the determination of polyphenol and flavonoid contents were performed along with the determination of antioxidant capacity. Moreover, experiments were performed to test the skin whitening and anti-wrinkle effects; a cytotoxicity evaluation was also conducted. As a result of the colorimetric assay, the lightness (L) value decreased with increasing ethanol content, whereas the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values tended to increase. This is presumed to be because the active compounds of the double bond structure increased as the ethanol content increased. As a result of GC-MS analysis to determine chemical composition, the detection of ethyl gallate, an antioxidant, and mandelic acid, an active compound with whitening and wrinkle improvement effects, was confirmed; the detected concentrations increased with increasing ethanol content. In the experiment to examine the antioxidant effect of red sword bean extract, the IC50 value of the 80% ethanol extract showed a high antioxidant capacity comparable to that of the control, ascorbic acid. As a result of the tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay, the highest inhibition (%) was confirmed at 80% ethanol content. Furthermore, in the collagenase inhibitory activity assay, all extracts showed high collagenase inhibitory activity of over 90%. Specifically, at 20% ethanol content, a higher inhibition (%) was confirmed than that of the control, ascorbic acid.

Antioxidant activity assay and determination of phenolic and flavonoid content of Libho (Ficus Septica Burm. F) fruits

Background: One of the plants used in Indonesian traditional medicine Libho (Ficus Septica Burm. F) is traditionally used to treat some diseases, including malaria, diarrhea, diabetes, analgesic, antifungal, dysentery, anthelmintic, antioxidant, hemostatic and anti-inflammatory. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate the potential in vitro antioxidant activity assay and phytochemical content of Libho fruits. Methods: Libho leaves powder was extracted with the maceration method Antioxidant activity was evaluated using ABTS cation and CUPRAC radicals. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Meanwhile, the total flavonoid content was determined using the aluminum chloride complex colorimetric method; Results: Extract and fraction of Ficus Septica Burm. F fruits have the strongest antioxidant potential. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest antioxidant activity on both ABTS and CUPRAC radicals with IC50 values of 6.33 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 11.64 ± 0.28 µg/mL, respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction also showed high phenolic and flavonoid content with values of 28 ± 0.05 mg GAE/100 mg sample and 43.08 ± 0.48 mg QE/100 mg sample, respectively. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate fraction has the potential to be used as a source of natural antioxidants and has the potential to be used as a nutraceutical.

A Comparison of the Flavonoid Biosynthesis Mechanisms of Dendrobium Species by Analyzing the Transcriptome and Metabolome.

Dendrobium huoshanense, Dendrobium officinale, and Dendrobium moniliforme, as precious Chinese medicinal materials, have a variety of medicinal properties. Flavonoids are important medicinal components of Dendrobium, but their accumulation rules and biosynthesis mechanisms remain unclear. To explore the similarities and differences of flavonoid accumulation and biosynthesis in these three Dendrobium species, we performed flavonoid content determination, widely-targeted metabolomics and transcriptome sequencing on 1–4 years old Dendrobium species. The results showed that in different growth years, D. huoshanense stems had the highest flavonoid content in the second year of growth, while D. officinale and D. moniliforme stems had the highest flavonoid content in the third year of growth. A total of 644 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 10,426 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. It was found that DAMs and DEGs were not only enriched in the general pathway of “flavonoid biosynthesis”, but also in multiple sub-pathways such as “Flavone biosynthesis”, and “Flavonol biosynthesis” and “Isoflavonoid biosynthesis”. According to a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis, the expression levels of the F3′H gene (LOC110096779) and two F3′5′H genes (LOC110101765 and LOC110103762) may be the main genes responsible for the differences in flavonoid accumulation. As a result of this study, we have not only determined the optimal harvesting period for three Dendrobium plants, but also identified the key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and provided a basis for further study of the molecular mechanism of flavonoid synthesis.

Determination of flavonoid content of ethanol and ethyl acetate extract from purple passion fruit peel

Purple passion fruit is a fruit that is widely cultivated in Indonesia for syrup and juice making. Purple passion fruit has a high nutritional value, such as antioxidants. Passion fruit contains vitamin A, vitamin C, β-carotene, flavonoid, and fiber components. However, passion fruit peel is a waste that can not be appropriately facilitated, so it becomes a waste that can pollute the environment. In addition, the passion fruit peel contains flavonoids that can be used as antidiabetic drugs. This study aimed to determine the difference in flavonoid levels in the peel extract of purple passion fruit by using ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents. The total flavonoid test using the AlCl3 method is then read on a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed total flavonoid levels of passion fruit peel extract with ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents of 15.01 mg QE/g samples and 1.27 mg QE/g extract. The highest total flavonoid levels were obtained in ethanol extract of 15.01 mg QE/g extract.

Isolation of active compound from Nephelium lappaceum L. rind as an antioxidant

The consumption of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) results in a vast amount of rambutan rind. It is very interesting to explore rambutan rind as natural antioxidants. This study aimed to explore the antioxidant activities of rambutan rind in vitro and to correlate those activities with a group of compounds (phenolics and flavonoids). Rambutan rind was cleaned, dried using a conventional oven, powdered, and the powder obtained was subjected to maceration. The macerate was fractionated using petroleum ether and chloroform to get chloroform fraction. The sub fractionation was done toward chloroform fraction. The chloroform fraction and its subfractions were then subjected to antioxidant activity measurement, determination of phenolics and flavonoid contents, and the active compound present in the most active subfractions was isolated using column chromatography. The isolate was identified using several methods including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the chloroform fraction and its subfractions were correlated with the phenolic and flavonoid contents found in rambutan rinds. The phenolic and flavonoid content of chloroform fraction was 32.32±0.79 and 55.05±3.900, respectively, whereas the IC50 of antioxidant activity was 49.77±0.22 for DPPH and 45.36±0.27 for ABTS. The reducing power was 34.478±0.245 (mg vitamin C equivalent/g sample) and the metal chelating activity was 332.753±0.695 (mg Na EDTA equivalent/g sample). The phenolic contents contributed towards the metal chelating activities compared to other antioxidant activities with an R 2 value of 0.8726, while flavonoid contents contributed more to ABTS radical scavenging activity with an R 2 value of 0.8916. One of the active compounds present in rambutan rind having antioxidant activity was identified as 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Thus, the under-utilized part of rambutan rind could be explored as a natural antioxidant to be used as a food supplement

PERBANDINGAN KADAR FLAVONOID EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KELENGKENG (Dimocarpus logan L.) DENGAN VARIASI METODE EKSTRAKSI

Longan plants (Dimocarpus logan L.) are generally used by the community only for their fruit. Longan leaves contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, and tannins. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds and have antioxidant properties that are not heat-resistant, therefore a suitable method is needed for extracting flavonoids, especially methods that do not use heat. Maceration extraction method is an extraction method by immersing simplicia at room temperature, while the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) extraction method is an extraction method using microwave radiation. The study aims to determine the most effective method for flavonoid content of longan leaves using 2 extraction methods, namely maceration and MAE. Determination of flavonoid content was done using Aluminium chloride reagent whose absoption was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the best extraction method to produce the highest flavonoid content in 70% ethanol extract of longan leaves was the Microwace Assisted Extraction method which produced flavonoid levels of 1.32 ± 0,09%.

Combined Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal the Flavonoids Changes and Biosynthesis Mechanisms in Different Organs of Hibiseu manihot L.

Hibiseu manihot L. (Jinhuakui, JHK), also known as a garden landscape plant, is widely cultivated as a landscape plant having pharmacological effects due to its high flavonoids content. Although flavonoids were the main active pharmaceutical ingredients in JHK, little information was obtained about the content, composition, and accumulation pattern of flavonoids in different tissues. Most studies only identified a few kinds of flavonoids in JHK limited by separation and identification problems. Therefore, combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis was performed to explore the accumulation patterns and biosynthesis mechanisms of flavonoids in JHK. In this study, we identified 160 flavonoids in 15 samples of JHK (flower, leaf, root, stem, and seeds) by using LC-MS/MS. Consistent with the total flavonoid content determination, these flavonoids were significantly accumulated in flowers, followed by leaves, stems, roots, and seeds. Among them, certain flavonoids, with high content, were also identified for the first time in JHK, such as tricetin, catechin, hesperidin, ncyanidin-3-O-sambubioside, astragalin, procyanidin B2/B3/C1, apigenin-5-O-glucoside, etc. Different tissues underwent significantly reprogramming of their transcriptomes and metabolites changes in JHK, particularly in the flavonoid, flavone, and flavonol biosynthesis pathways. We conducted a correlation analysis between RNA-seq and LC-MS/MS to identify the key genes and related flavonoids compounds, rebuild the gene-metabolites regulatory subnetworks, and then identified 15 key genes highly related to flavonoids accumulation in JHK. These key genes might play a fine regulatory role in flavonoids biosynthesis by affecting the gene expression level in different organs of JHK. Our results could be helpful for the improvement of the market/industrial utilization value of different parts of JHK, to pave the way for the regulatory mechanism research of flavonoids biosynthesis, and provide insight for studying the production quality improvement of JHK.

From Hops to Craft Beers: Production Process, VOCs Profile Characterization, Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content Determination and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation

In this work, selections of seven international hop varieties and three craft beers obtained from them were analyzed by SPME-GC/MS techniques with the aim to describe their volatile chemical profile. The brewing process was also reported. Furthermore, the hop extracts and beers were investigated to determine their flavonoid and polyphenol content and to evaluate their antioxidant power by DPPH and ABTS assays. The findings showed the presence of compounds belonging to different chemical classes such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, esters and fatty acids. In particular, sesquiterpenes were the main compounds with β-caryophyllene (from 1.7 to 16.2%) and humulene (from 10.8 to 43.9%) as the major components in all varieties of dried hop cones investigated. On the contrary, with the exception for the Pacific sample, monoterpenes were the class of compounds that were more abundant in the hop extracts and, among these, β-myrcene appeared to be the predominant constituent (from 31.8 to 71.4%). Regarding the craft beers obtained by adding these hop varieties, some differences in the qualitative and quantitative volatile composition have been found. All hop samples showed a high scavenging potential against both radicals. In the case of DPPH, the obtained IC50 values ranged from 0.027 to 0.047 mg/mL while they varied between 0.023 and 0.134 mg/mL by the ABTS assay. A positive correlation was found with polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Among beer samples, ACD was the richest one in polyphenols (292.0 mg GAE/100 mL beer) and flavonoids (5.8 mg QE/100 mL beer) and the most powerful against DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals with IC50 values equal to 4.969 and 0.198 v/v%, respectively.

Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid Content and in vitro Sun Protection Factor test of Arabica Coffee Leaves Extract (Coffea arabica L)

Background: Arabica coffee leaf (Coffea arabica L.) is a well-known plant by the Indonesian people because it has many benefits apart from being a drink. Coffee leaves are known to have good antioxidant activity. The use of antioxidants in sunscreen preparations can prevent various diseases caused by UV radiation from UV rays’ sunlight.
 Aim: This study aims to determine the phenol content, the flavonoid content and the value of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) from differences between solvent extracts of arabica coffee leaves (Coffea arabica L.).
 Method: The extraction method used was maceration with solvents: 70% ethanol, 96% ethanol and methanol. Determination of phenol content was carried out using the Folin ciocalteu method. Determination of flavonoid content was done by the AlCl3 method. SPF value is based on the Mansur equation from absorbance scanning using UV Spectrophotometry.
 Result: The results obtained were the highest phenol and flavonoid content is in the methanolic extract of arabica coffee namely 62.371 ± 0.47 mgGAE/g and 8.6707 ± 0.04 mgQE/g. In the SPF test, the highest value was obtained from 70% ethanol extract of 5.0593 ± 1.28 at 100 ppm extract concentration with intermediate protection category.
 Conclusion: Arabica coffee leaves have the potential as an active ingredient in herbal sunscreens

Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Kembang Bulan Leaves (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray)

Many plants are used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of disease and restoration of health. One of these medicinal plants is Tithonia diversifolia . This study aims to determine the phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method from the leaves of T. diversifolia . Phenolic identification was carried out with FeCl 3 reagent; the blackish green color formed indicates the presence of phenolic compounds. Identification of flavonoid was carried out using a reagent between magnesium powder and concentrated HCl; the orange-red color formed indicated the presence of flavonoid. Determination of phenolic and flavonoid contents from extract of T. diversifolia leaves was carried out colorimetrically using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the Total Phenolic Contents (TPCs) of the ethyl acetate and ethanolic extract of the T. diversifolia leaves was 1.28 and 1.37% GAE, respectively, while the Total Flavonoid Contents (TFCs) was 2.21 and 3.41 mgQE/g, respectively. Better antioxidant activity was shown by the ethanol extract with an IC 50 value of 84.018 µg/ml. Keywords : Antioxidant, flavonoid, phenolic, Tithonia diversifolia

Nyctanthes arbortristis: In Vitro Efficacy Of Anti-Oxidant Potential And Cytotoxicity Study Of Bark Extracts On Sw982 Rheumatoid Arthritis Cell Line Followed By Phytochemical Profiling By GCMS

Nyctanthes arbortristis, commonly known as the night-jasmine, is a plant rich in bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effects of Nyctanthes arbortristis bark extracts on SW982 rheumatoid arthritis cell line in vitro. Sequential solvent extraction method was employed to obtain extracts with varying polarities. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, NO, and H2O2 radical scavenging assays and total phenolic and flavonoid content determination. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay on SW982 cells. Results revealed that the bark extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with the methanol extract showing the highest radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoids contents. Furthermore, the bark extracts demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on SW982 cells, with the ethyl acetate extract exhibiting the most potent cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that Nyctanthes arbortristis bark extracts possess substantial antioxidant potential and cytotoxic effects against SW982 rheumatoid arthritis cells, indicating their potential as therapeutic agents in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate their efficacy in vivo.

Chemical composition of essential oil by SPME and evaulation antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of medicinal plant of Quercus infectoria galls

Quercus infectoria galls have been utilized to cure widespread illnesses. In line with it, this paper aims to investigate the chemical combination of the volatile oils obtained from galls of Q. infectoria and evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial features. The volatiles of Q. infectoria has been isolated by solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The compositions of the volatiles were revealed via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-nine substances have been characterized in the volatile essential oil of Q. infectoria. The major components of the volatile oil were (Z)-Anethol 28.55%, pentadecanolide (26.44%), diethyl phthalate (6.46%), and acetoin (5.66%). Q. infectoria showed good-moderate antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptomyces griseolus, Pseudomonas citronellosis) and antifungal (Candida glabrata, Candida krusei) activities against to test microorganisms with MIC value 250 µg/mL and 125 µg/mL, respectively. Also, total flavonoid and total polyphenol amounts were found for Q. infectoria, and our total polyphenol result (342.87 mg GAE/g) was found higher than the studies in the literature. At the same time Q. infectoria has been observed to have high antioxidant activity according to DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays. Especially it exhibited excellent DPPH activity for the IC50 rate of 0.002 μg/mL which is higher than the standard Trolox (IC50 = 0.008 μg/mL). This study is important because it is the first one, which reports the determination of essential oil, total polyphenol, flavonoid contents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities all together for Q. infectoria.

Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content in Small Berries

The authors of this article applied the determination of phenolic and flavonoid content in small berries to create a didactic cycle based on student-centered active learning (SCAL) in which students actively participated in the topic while studying and profile-forming as future biology and chemistry teachers. The fundamental part of the proposed didactic cycle is that students solve the following task: Determine the phenolic and flavonoid content in berries (Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., and Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in your region. The submitted interdisciplinary topic is relevant to everyday life, and it aroused interest and enthusiasm among students. The students had the opportunity to test their theoretical knowledge in practical experimental research, and they attempted to work as researchers.

Determination of Antioxidant Capacity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Zahdi Date Seed and Their Effect on Beef Patties

The study included preparation of aqueous (As) and alcoholic (ethanolic Es,methanolic Ms) and oil extracts (Os) of Zahdi date seeds (Zs)(Phoenix dactylifera) . Chemical content of date seed was studied and the total content of phenols and flavonoids were estimated for prepared extract. Bioactive compounds of this extract was identification by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer GCl MS. Antioxidant activity , reducing power, chelating of iron ions of extract was studied , then used the extract which gave highest antioxidant activity in beef patties with two concentrations 0.05% and 0.1% to test their efficiency in oxidative inhibition and prolonging the reservoir age of stored beef patties in refrigerated for 10 – days and following chemical indicators in Peroxide value(PV) , Thiobarbituric acid(TBA) in treated beef patties . Moisture , protein ,oil, ash and carbohydrate contents of Zs 9.36%, 4.87% , 8.56% , 1.34%, 75.87% respectively . All extracts containing many bioactive compounds that identification of GC-MS and differented in their percentage according to the type of extract. All extracts share with some bioactive compound as 1-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, gamma.sitosterol ,Octadecanoic 5-Methyl-2-ethylamino-2-thiazoline, acid , Hexadecanoic acid and 2-hydroxy-1-(hydrixymethyl)ethylester . Alcoholic extracts (Es and Ms) exhibited the highest content of phenolic compound compared with As was 67.32mglml for Es , Ms was 65.32mglml While the total content of flavonoids for As 33.32mglml and Es 52.16 mglml , 46.16mglml for Ms , As and alcoholic extracts of Zs exhibited antioxidant activity was 88.70% for Es and 87.02% for Os , 85.22% for Ms , but As was the lowest 43.01% . The prepared extracts showed the higher reducing power was 2.63 and Chelating of iron ions 60.93 % and for Es ,There was a significant decrease (P<0.05)in peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid in beef patties treated with ethanolic extracts compared with control.