Determinants Of Immunization Coverage Research Articles

Determinants of immunization coverage among children aged between 12-23 months in Makueni County, Kenya

Background: Globally, diseases that can be prevented through immunization claim the lives of more than 3 million individuals in the population, 1.5 million of whom are typically children under the age of five. Furthermore, vaccine-preventable diseases are to blame for about 3.5 million with disability worldwide. Only 86% of children worldwide have had vaccinations, making millions of youngsters susceptible to diseases that can be treated or prevented by administering vaccines. Immunization is the only effective way to prevent or treat certain disorders. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Semi-structured questionnaires given by interviewers to mothers and other caretakers in particular households were used to gather the necessary data. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select the questionnaire respondents the study area, a sample size of 384 eligible participants was used to collect quantitative data. Results: The study’s findings showed that Makueni county had an 82% vaccination coverage rate. This was a sign that the county had fallen short of the goal set by the WHO. From the inferential statistics analysis, there were significant association between vaccine uptake and immunization in all the four objectives examined i.e., p≤0.05. Conclusions: The study established that immunization coverage is high for children 23 months and below in Makueni County, with socio-demographic characteristics being the most important factor. It is advised that additional efforts be made to increase the uptake of immunization services. Along with improving their knowledge of child immunization, prenatal clinics should focus on improving the mothers’ health-seeking behaviour.

The determinants of immunization coverage among children aged between 12 and 35 months: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Lao People’s Democratic Republic

BackgroundImmunization is one of the most important public health interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in children. However, factors contributing to low immunization coverage are not fully understood in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors associated with full immunization coverage among children between 12 and 35 months, providing up-to-date information for immunization programs in Lao PDR.MethodsWe analyzed the subpopulation of a nationwide cross-sectional survey using a multistage cluster sampling procedure to evaluate the measles and rubella seroepidemiology. In addition, we categorized children aged between 12 and 35 months into two groups: “fully immunized” children with a birth dose of Bacillus Calmette and Guérin vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine (Hep B), one and three doses for the measles-containing vaccine (MCV) and pentavalent vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and “partially immunized” children who missed any dose of vaccine. Immunization coverage was calculated as the ratio of “fully immunized” to the total. We compared the groups’ demographic characteristics and health service utilization as independent variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between immunization coverage, various demographic factors, and health service utilization.ResultsOverall, 256 of the 416 targeted pairs were included in the analysis. In total, 67.6% of the children were fully immunized. Childbirth at hospitals or health facilities (adjusted odds ratio: 9.75, 95% confidence interval: 5.72–16.62, p < 0.001) was the predictor of full immunization coverage. The 83 children in the partially immunized groups were attributed to Hep B at birth (46, 55.4%), three doses of PCV (34, 41.0%), and the first dose of the MCV (27, 32.5%).ConclusionOur study elucidated that the immunization status among children aged between 12 and 35 months in Lao PDR is satisfactory in improving access to healthcare by strengthening communication with residents regarding health service utilization, and expanding mobile outreach services may play a pivotal role in this endeavor. Further research is warranted to evaluate efforts to increase immunization coverage and target populations with limited access to healthcare.

Differentials and Determinants of Immunization Coverage among Children aged 12-36 Months in India: Analysis of Nationally-Representative, Population-Based Survey Data

Objective Immunization coverage among children is still a major public health concern in India and other low-middle income countries. We examined the immunization coverage rates among children aged 12-36 months in India and its states. We also explored the associated factors affecting immunization coverage among children aged 12-36 in India. Methodology We used data from 75th round of the National Sample Survey Organizations (NSSO), collected from July 2017 to June 2018. The analytical sample of children aged 12-36 months information cases was 15887. Immunization coverage rates of India and its states were calculated. We evaluated the immunization coverage rate by background characteristics in India and its states. We performed multinomial logistic regression analysis to estimate the factors associated with the immunization coverage in India. Findings About 61.95% were fully immunized, 35.62% were partially immunized and the rest 2.43% had not received any vaccine. The children aged 21-28 months (0.50; p&lt;0.01) &amp; 29-36 months (0.35; p&lt;0.01), belonging to North-Eastern regions (0.60; p&lt;0.01) were found to be significantly less likely to receive fully immunization. Likewise, urban children are (1.26; p&lt;0.1) found to be more likely to receive fully immunization. The lowest fully immunization has been seen in Daman and Diu (1.73%) followed by Nagaland (6.93%), NCT Delhi (34.71%), and Tripura (46.33%). Conclusions Socio-economic characteristics are therefore key to understand the coverage of immunization, since these likely impact the poor coverage of immunization among children in India.

Determinants of Immunization Coverage and Associated Factors among Children aged under Two-Year-Old in the National Immunization Program of Mewat district, Haryana (2019-2020)

Background: Vaccination against childhood communicable diseases through Expanded Program on Immunization is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions. Additional 1.5 million child deaths can be prevented if global vaccination coverage is improved. Mewat district has one of India’s lowest immunization rates despite a long-standing Universal Immunization Program and continues to sustain a high prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases. This study investigates determinants of immunization status among children aged 0-23 months. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to June 2020, among 800 children aged 0-23months, randomly selected in one rural and one urban ward each from all 4 blocks of Mewat. Socio-demographic conditions and vaccine-related data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Immunization was assessed by vaccination card and by mother’s recall where the card was unavailable. Results:Mewat has increased full immunization coverage from 13.1% in 2015-16 to 59.4%. Immunization card was available with 68.5% (292/426) beneficiaries. Dropout rates for Pentavalent1 to Pentavalent3 was 27.5% and 54% for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin to measles. After adjusting for the state of residence, religion, gender, paternal education, health professional presence during birth, place of vaccination and knowledge of mother on due dose were significantly associated with full immunization. Awareness gap and fear of side effects for vaccines were main reasons of vaccine hesitancy. Conclusion: Full immunization coverage in the district is sub optimal and behind the desired coverage goal, mainly due to vaccine hesitancy. Enhancing community knowledge about the benefits of vaccination is recommended.

Determinants of immunization coverage among 12-23 months children: A study from Haryana

Background: Immunization is safe, powerful and proven tool for elimination and controlling various highly infectious diseases and in spite of every possible effort put by the Government still there is a big gap between reported and evaluated coverage. Aims &amp; Objectives: To find out the immunization coverage and its determinants among children in the age group 12 – 23 months in urban and rural area of district Ambala. Material and Methods: It was a cross sectional study carried out by WHO recommended 30 by 7 cluster survey technique. Results: It was observed that overall 83.1% children were fully immunized, 14% were partially immunized and 2.9% were unimmunized. In present study Educational status of mothers, Occupation of mothers, Religion, Sex, Monthly Family Income and Caste were found to be significantly associated with immunization coverage. “Fear of side effects” of vaccination was found to be the main reason for failure to fully immunize the child. Conclusion: To conclude, immunization coverage was found to be reasonably but still there is a lot of scope for improvement.

Status and determinants of child immunisation coverage in three South Asian countries, India, Bangladesh and Nepal: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Survey

Background: Vaccination is the most cost-effective intervention to improve health and reduce morbidity and mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases in the child population. The South Asian region was home to 1.8 of the 6 million babies who died within twenty-eight days of birth in 2015. Objective: To describe the status and its determinants of immunisation coverage in three South Asian countries, India, Bangladesh and Nepal. Method: The study utilized data from the Demographic Health Surveys of India, Bangladesh and Nepal. We used the principal component analysis (PCA) to compute the wealth index. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression model were utilised to access the status and factors associated with immunisation coverage. Results: The study found increasing trends in immunisation coverage in India, Bangladesh and Nepal. More than 85% of children from Nepal and Bangladesh were fully immunised in contrast to 43.6% from India. There was a wide variation in child immunisation coverage in terms of socioeconomic and demographic factors. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that factors like mother’s age, residence, birth order and religion had minimal impact on complete immunisation coverage. However, mother’s education and wealth index appeared as the significant confounding factors of full immunization coverage. Children belonging to the higher educated and rich families were more likely to be fully immunised. Maximum impact of education (AOR=9.833; p Conclusions: More than 85% of children from Nepal and Bangladesh were fully immunised in contrast to 43.6% from India. Mother’s education and wealth index appeared to have a significant impact on full immunization coverage. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2018; 47 (1): 56-63

Determinants of Immunization Coverage in Children 12-23 Months in Miga Local Government Area, Jigawa State Nigeria

Determinants of Immunization Coverage in Children 12-23 Months in Miga Local Government Area, Jigawa State Nigeria

Determinants of immunization coverage in lucknow district.

Background:Immunization remains one of the most important public health interventions and a cost-effective strategy to reduce both the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases. Over two million deaths are delayed through immunization each year worldwide.Aims:This study sought to identify specific factors associated with immunization coverage in order to advance improved intervention, policies/strategies therefore raising overall immunization coverage.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among a total of 198 children aged 12-23 months at Urban Health and Training Centre (UHTC), Era's Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow, over a period of 6 months i.e., from July 2012-December 2012. Data were collected, compiled and tabulated using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS 17.0 version.Results:A total of 198 children of age 12-23 months were included in this study, of which 74.7% of children were fully immunized, 11.1% were partially immunized and 14.1% were not immunized at all. The most common reason for partial or non-immunization was family problems (24%) of the respondents followed by lack of knowledge of immunization (20%), and fear of side effects (16%). The odds of risk of partial/non-immunization in illiterate women is 5.78 more than the graduate women (P = 0.039).Conclusions:Although in the present study, majority of the children were immunized, it is still not up to the mark. We have to make it 100%, so that we can reduce mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases. Increasing awareness and reducing fear of side effects of immunization among parents through health education, counseling, etc. can increase the percentage of immunized children.

A study on determinants of immunization coverage among 12-23 months old children in urban slums of Lucknow district, India

To find out the suitable factors for raising the coverage of immunization. To determine the coverage and to identify the various factors of primary immunization. Urban slums of Lucknow district. WHO 30-cluster sampling technique was used for the selection of the subjects. Mother, father or relative of a total of 510 children with 17 children per cluster were interviewed in the study. Chi-square test, binary logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression analysis were done to test the statistical significance of the association. About 44% of the children studied were fully immunized. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that an illiterate mother (OR=4.0), Muslim religion (OR=2.5), scheduled caste or tribes (OR=2.3) and higher birth order (OR approximately 2) were significant independent predictors of the partial immunized status of the child; while those associated with the unimmunized status of the child were low socioeconomic status (OR=10.8), Muslim religion (OR=4.3), higher birth order (OR=4.3), home delivery (OR=3.6) and belonging to a joint family (OR=2.1). The status of complete immunization is about half of what was proposed to be achieved under the Universal Immunization Program. This emphasizes the imperative need for urgent intervention to address the issues of both dropout and lack of access, which are mainly responsible for partial immunization and nonimmunization respectively.

Determinants of immunisation coverage in Butere-Mumias district, Kenya

Butere-Mumias district is one of the districts which performs poorly on immunisation coverage, as observed from the Kenya Expanded Programme of Immunisation reports. To identify factors that contribute to the low level of immunisation coverage in the district among children under the age of five years. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Butere-Mumias district. Out of the 293 mothers who were sampled, 238 (80%) had attained primary level of education while, 55 (20%) attained secondary level and above. Immunisation coverage was found to be 35% in this district. Long distances to health facilities, poor states of the roads, age, attitude and knowledge regarding immunisation among mothers were significant factors that determined immunisation coverage. Low levels of education, long distances to the nearest health facilities, lack of knowledge on immunisations and lack of staff were responsible for the low coverage. There is therefore, need to act on these factors which hamper the immunisation coverage in order to reduce child mortality rate which are attributable to non-immunisation.

Determinants of immunisation coverage among children in Mathare Valley, Nairobi.

To establish the factors that determine the levels of immunisation coverage among children under five years in Mathare Valley. A cross-sectional study describing the situation at a point in time. Mathare Valley slum with a population of 50,000 people in the city of Nairobi. The study population was mothers with children under five years in Mathare Valley and had been resident there for a period not less than five years prior to the study. Level of immunisation coverage among children in the study population and the factors that contribute to the low immunisation coverage. Knowledge on immunisation was high with 90% of the respondents able to define immunisation. The attitude on immunisation was positive (74.4%) and immunisation coverage stood at 62.2%. Age, level of education, attitude and knowledge on immunisation among the residents were significant determinants of immunisation coverage. Immunisation coverage was lower than the national average in Mathare Valley. Advanced mother's age, low level of education and relative lack of knowledge on immunisation were responsible for the low coverage.