Tube Detector Research Articles

Conservation of the Charge in Signal from Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometers.

Quantitative information obtained from drift tube detectors used in ion mobility spectrometry is contained in the area of peaks forming the drift time spectrum. The area of all peaks corresponds to the total charge of ions entering the drift section of the spectrometer. It was found that this charge is not conserved when the ion composition changes. This work is devoted to studying the causes of this phenomenon. Experimental research consisted of recording drift time spectra for 2-pentanone and n-heptanone, at various analyte concentrations and different opening times of the shutter grid. Measurements of the total ion current were also performed in static mode with an open grid. The research results indicated that the reasons for the lack of ion charge conservation in the drift time spectrum are ion recombination, mutual repulsion, and mobility-dependent transmission of ions through the shutter grid. The explanation of the relationships obtained experimentally was based on a simple theoretical model, which considered the phenomenon of ion transport along the reaction section and the penetration of ions through the shutter. The developed model provides a good description of the measurement results and allows the estimation of ion currents and ion concentrations in the reaction section upstream of the grid. This information is important for proper quantitative analysis as well as when the ion mobility spectrometer is used in quantitative studies of chemical ionization processes.

Fabrication of a cell irradiation technique by alpha-particles using allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC) detector and micro-capillary tubes.

To study the impact of micro-alpha irradiation collimator with a specific design to irradiate specific normal or up-normal cells using capillary tubes and nuclear track detector type CR-39. The in vitro experimental study was conducted at radiobiology Lab, of the Physics department, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq from February to April 2022. Several alpha irradiation collimators were calibrated using allyl diglycol carbonate to fabricate a suitable blood cell irradiation technique. Time of irradiation and alpha particle energy were calibrated. Healthy blood samples of Albino rats and cancer blood samples were used to assess the applicability of the fabricated cell irradiation technique. The Rats were divided into intervention and control groups. Data was analysed using SPSS software version 28. Of the 15 healthy, male Albino rats having a mean weight of 230±12g each, there were 12(80%) in the intervention group and 3(20%) in the control group. Microcapillary tubes with suitable diameters had high stability for deposition of a sufficient density of alpha particles on the surface of allyl diglycol carbonate and blood samples. The optimum time of irradiation that had a significant (p<0.05) effect was 20 sec corresponding to alpha energy 4.5MeV. Low irradiation time had significant impact of alpha particles on the average percentage of lymphocyte and neutrophil cells.

A Whole-Spine Radiography Study to Reduce Patient Exposure Dose and Artifacts Using the EOS Imaging System.

Whole-spine radiography can be accomplished through two methods: (1) segmented imaging employing X-ray tube angulation and detectors, or (2) the Euronext Paris Advanced Orthopedic Solutions (EOS) 2D Imaging system that can capture the entire spine in a single image using X-ray tubes and detectors oriented at a 90-degree angle. This study aimed to establish optimal EOS examination parameters based on patient morphotype and scan speed to reduce patient radiation exposure, repeat examinations, heat stress on equipment, and X-ray tube cooling time. X-ray exposure conditions involved adjustments of scan speed ranging from two to four steps, contingent upon the patient's morphotype ('S', small body; 'M', medium body; and 'L', large body. Patient dose measurements were conducted 20 times for each set of conditions. When transitioning from an 'S' to an 'M' morphotype at a constant scan speed, the entrance skin dose (ESD) exhibited an increase of approximately 41.25 ± 4.57%. A similar change from an 'M' to an 'L' morphotype resulted in an ESD increase of roughly 59.56 ± 24.00%. A transition from an 'S' to an 'L' morphotype at the same scan speed manifested an ESD elevation of approximately 124.21 ± 26.96%. This study underscores significant variations in radiation dose, ranging from 40% to 50%, when altering morphotype while maintaining a consistent scan speed.

Light Scattering Measurements of KCl Particles as an Exoplanet Cloud Analog

Salt clouds are predicted to be common on warm exoplanets, but their optical properties are uncertain. The Exoplanet Cloud Ensemble Scattering System (ExCESS), a new apparatus to measure the scattering intensity and degree of linear polarization for an ensemble of particles, is introduced here and used to study the light scattering properties of KCl cloud analogs. ExCESS illuminates particles with a polarized laser beam (532 nm) and uses a photomultiplier tube detector to sweep the plane of illumination. Scattering measurements for KCl particles were collected for three size distributions representative of modeled clouds for the warm exoplanet GJ 1214b. Our measurements show that Lorenz–Mie calculations, commonly used to estimate the light scattering properties of assumedly spherical cloud particles, offer an inaccurate depiction of cubic and cuboid KCl particles. All of our measurements indicate that Lorenz–Mie scattering overestimates the backscattering intensity of our cloud analogs and incorrectly predicts the scattering at mid-phase angles (∼90°) and the preferential polarization state of KCl scattered light. Our results align with the general scattering properties of nonspherical particles and underscore the importance of further understanding the effects that such particles will have on radiative transfer models of exoplanet atmospheres and reflected light observations of exoplanets by the upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and Habitable Worlds Observatory.

Determination of Capsaicinoids in Air Using Colorimetric Detectors

The significant physiological effect of capsaicinoids on the human body is utilized in the fields of food industry, medicine, and internal state security (riot control agents, RCAs). Detection and determination of capsaicinoids in solutions and extracts are fairly well developed, but only marginal attention is given to their detection in the form of aerosols and vapors, which are the primary form of their use as RCAs. In the article, three variants of a simple tube detector for direct detection of capsaicinoids in air (using pelargonic acid vanillylamide – PAVA, as the standard) are presented, utilizing classical color reactions with Turnbull’s blue, Gibbs reagent, and Marquis reagent. The use of these reactions for these purposes is innovative. Each reaction has been optimized and the proposed detectors have been compared, emphasizing their sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. PAVA in the air at a concentration of 0.1 mg/m3 can be detected with the naked eye. The stability of the proposed detectors allows for their commercial use.

Weak signal detection based on pulse width counting method for underwater wireless optical communication with an analog mode PMT detector.

This work proposes a weak signal detection method based on pulse width counting (PWC) for the on-off keying (OOK) underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system with an analog mode photomultiplier tube (PMT) detector. The signal output model of the analog mode PMT in weak light communication and the influence of pulse overlap are investigated. We experimentally evaluate the proposed algorithm under different sampling rates, detection thresholds, data rates as well as received optical powers (ROPs), and compare the performance of the proposed approach with that of pulse amplitude detection and pulse peak counting. A 10-Mbps OOK UWOC link is realized with a sensitivity of -71.5 dBm in a 7-meter tank, which is 1.1-dB and 3.8-dB lower than that of pulse peak counting (PPC) and pulse amplitude detection (PAD) methods, respectively, and the total link attenuation is 94.8 dB. This system utilizes the analog mode PMT with larger dynamic range than photon-counting mode PMT to achieve weak light signal detection, which benefits design long-range UWOC systems.

Influence of atmospheric moisture on the gas evolution tolerance of halide solid electrolytes

Much attention has been paid on research and development on solid electrolytes for all-solid-state Li batteries. Although halide solid electrolytes such as Li3YCl6 and Li3InCl6 are promising due to fast Li ion conductivity and oxidation-resistant against positive electrode, a better understanding of their reactivity with atmospheric H2O is required for commercialization. In this study, the gas evolution tolerances of Li3YCl6 and Li3InCl6 were investigated. Temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD-MS) experiments at dew points below − 60 °C and gas detector tube experiments at dew points of − 30 °C both revealed significant differences in the H2O and HCl evolution behavior of Li3YCl6 and Li3InCl6. In TPD-MS, the onset temperature of HCl evolution for Li3YCl6 (~ 100 °C) was significantly lower than that for Li3InCl6 (~ 220 °C), indicating that Li3InCl6 solid electrolytes have superior gas evolution tolerance. This difference may be attributable to differences in the retention of H2O derived from the material synthesis stage and from contact with the atmosphere during the measurements. In particular, based on first-principles calculations, the low-temperature HCl evolution observed in Li3YCl6 was ascribed to the partial replacement of Cl− ions by OH− ions upon contamination with trace H2O. Because the heating and drying of solid electrolytes (including slurries) are inevitable processes during battery manufacturing, these findings can aid in the rational design of halide solid electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries.

Hybrid spectral CT system with clinical rapid kVp-switching x-ray tube and dual-layer detector for improved iodine quantification.

Spectral computed tomography (CT) is a powerful diagnostic tool offering quantitative material decomposition results that enhance clinical imaging by providing physiologic and functional insights. Iodine, a widely used contrast agent, improves visualization in various clinical contexts. However, accurately detecting low-concentration iodine presents challenges in spectral CT systems, particularly crucial for conditions like pancreatic cancer assessment. In this study, we present preliminary results from our hybrid spectral CT instrumentation which includes clinical-grade hardware (rapid kVp-switching x-ray tube, dual-layer detector). This combination expands spectral datasets from two to four channels, wherein we hypothesize improved quantification accuracy for low-dose and low-iodine concentration cases. We modulate the system duty cycle to evaluate its impact on quantification noise and bias. We evaluate iodine quantification performance by comparing two hybrid weighting strategies alongside rapid kVp-switching. This evaluation is performed with a polyamide phantom containing seven iodine inserts ranging from 0.5 to 20 mg/mL. In comparison to alternative methodologies, the maximum separation configuration, incorporating data from both the 80 kVp, low photon energy detector layer and the 140 kVp, high photon energy detector layer produces spectral images containing low quantitative noise and bias. This study presents initial evaluations on a hybrid spectral CT system, leveraging clinical hardware to demonstrate the potential for enhanced precision and sensitivity in spectral imaging. This research holds promise for advancing spectral CT imaging performance across diverse clinical scenarios.

The multi-slit very small angle neutron scattering instrument at the China Spallation Neutron Source.

A multi-slit very small angle neutron scattering (MS-VSANS) instrument has been finally accepted at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). It is the first spallation neutron source based VSANS instrument. MS-VSANS has a good signal-to-noise ratio and can cover a wide scattering vector magnitude range from 0.00028 to 1.4 Å-1. In its primary flight path, a combined curved multichannel beam bender and sections of rotary exchange drums are installed to minimize the background downstream of the instrument. An exchangeable multi-slit beam focusing system is integrated into the primary flight path, enabling access to a minimum scattering vector magnitude of 0.00028 Å-1. MS-VSANS has three modes, namely conventional SANS, polarizing SANS and VSANS modes. In the SANS mode, three motorized high-efficiency 3He tube detectors inside the detector tank cover scattering angles from 0.12 to 35° simultaneously. In the polarizing SANS mode, a double-V cavity provides highly polarized neutrons and a high-efficiency 3He polarization analyser allows full polarization analysis. In the VSANS mode, an innovative high-resolution gas electron multiplier detector covers scattering angles from 0.016 to 0.447°. The absolute scattering intensities of a selection of standard samples are obtained using the direct-beam technique; the effectiveness of this method is verified by testing the standard samples and comparing the results with those from a benchmark instrument. The MS-VSANS instrument is designed to be flexible and versatile and all the design goals have been achieved.

Prototype development and evaluation of a hyperspectral lidar optical receiving system.

As a new type of active Earth observation technology, airborne hyperspectral lidar combines the advantages of traditional lidar 3D information acquisition and passive hyperspectral imaging technology, and it can achieve integrated imaging detection with a high spatial and hyperspectral resolution. Thus, it has become an important future direction of Earth surface remote sensing technology. This article introduces the design and development of an airborne hyperspectral imaging lidar system. The hyperspectral lidar adopts a focal plane splitting method, combined with an array of 168 optical fibers, to couple wide-spectral-range laser echo signals one by one to the corresponding single tube detector, achieving efficient splitting and precise coupling of supercontinuum laser pulse echo signals. This article proposes a fast synchronous calibration method that is suitable for hyperspectral imaging lidar systems. Results show that the spectral range of the hyperspectral lidar system is 400-900 nm, and the spectral resolution of single-fiber detection is greater than 3 nm. Notably, this article focuses on analyzing the abnormal detection channels based on the calibration results. With the test results of adjacent channels combined, the reason for the abnormal spectral bandwidth of channel 17 is analyzed as an example. This research points out the direction for verifying the design parameters of the hyperspectral lidar prototype and lays an important foundation for airborne flight test of the hyperspectral lidar.

An 8-channel low power ASIC for Helium-3 tube position sensitive neutron detectors

The majority of neutron spectrometers designated for use in the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) rely on position-sensitive detectors that utilize Helium-3 tube detector technology. To minimize the impact of air on neutron scattering experiments, detectors must be located inside a vacuum chamber. For these types of spectrometers, it is also advisable to house the readout electronics within the vacuum chamber to limit the number of feed-through cables required and enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. This paper proposes an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) dedicated to position-sensitive Helium-3 tube detectors, including front-end amplification, shaping module and readout driving buffer. The 8-channel chip, named HEROCV1 (HElium-3 ReadOut Circuits), achieves an input dynamic range from 10 fC to 1 pC, with a counting rate of up to 100 kHz. The equivalent noise charge (ENC) measurement is 1297e-@15pF, and the power consumption is less than 9.9 mW per channel. The ASIC has replaced the traditional front-end circuit based on discrete components, fundamentally addressing the issue of front-end power consumption and enabling the entire detector system to operate in a vacuum environment.

40 MHz triggerless readout of the CMS Drift Tube muon detector

The Level-1 trigger scouting system of the CMS experiment aims at intercepting the intermediate data produced by the L1 trigger processors before the final trigger decision. This system can be complemented by adding the raw stream of data collected from the detector front-end, whenever the throughput is manageable. In this work, the triggerless readout of the CMS Drift Tubes (DT) detector is presented. This is realized by reading a sector of the DT which has been equipped with the preproduction of Phase-2 upgrade front-end boards. A Xilinx VCU118 acts as a concentrator of the Phase-2 demonstrator lpGBT links and transmits data to a server via 100G TCP/IP. First results coming from a test-stand mimicking the sector demonstrator are shown.

Evaluation of fumigant toxicity of cyclohexanone to 5 species of insect pests.

Cyclohexanone is a major precursor for nylon production and is also used as a pesticide solvent. In this study, cyclohexanone was evaluated as a fumigant against rice weevil adults, confused flour beetle adults, western flower thrips larvae and adults, spotted wing drosophila adults, and subterranean termite workers. Cyclohexanone fumigation was effective against all 5 insects, and there were considerable variations in susceptibility to cyclohexanone fumigation among the 5 species. At 20 °C, complete control of spotted wing drosophila adults was achieved in 1-h fumigation with 25 μl/l of cyclohexanone and complete control of eastern subterranean termite workers was achieved in 3-h fumigations with 50 μl/l dose of cyclohexanone. Stored-product insects confused flour beetle, and rice weevil adults were more tolerant to cyclohexanone fumigation. Fumigations of 24 h with 75 μl/l dose of cyclohexanone caused 100% mortality of rice weevil adults and 98% mortality of confused flower beetle adults. Even at a 100 μl/l dose, the 24-h fumigations did not achieve 100% mortality of confused flour beetle adults. At 5 °C, complete control of western flower thrips was achieved in 3- and 6-h fumigations with 100 and 50 μl/l doses of cyclohexanone, respectively. Cyclohexanone vapor concentrations were measured using cyclohexanone detector tubes. Vapor concentrations were far below the expected saturation concentration indicating that most cyclohexanone did not exist as vapor in fumigation chambers. The results of effective control of all 5 insect species suggest that cyclohexanone has the potential to be used as a fumigant for postharvest pest control.

Sparse Action Tube Detection.

Action tube detection is a challenging task as it requires not only to locate action instances in each frame, but also link them in time. Existing action tube detection methods often employ multi-stage pipelines with complex designs and time-consuming linking procedure. In this paper, we present a simple end-to-end action tube detection method, termed as Sparse Tube Detector (STDet). Unlike those dense action detectors, our core idea is to use a set of learnable tube queries and directly decode them into action tubes (i.e., a set of tracked boxes with action label) from video content. This sparse detection paradigm shares several advantages. First, the large number of hand-crafted anchor candidates in dense action detectors is greatly reduced to a small number of learnable tubes, which results in a more efficient detection framework. Second, our learnable tube queries directly attend the whole video content, which endows our method with the capacity of capturing long-range information for action detection. Finally, our action detector is an end-to-end tube detection without requiring the linking procedure, which directly and explicitly predicts the action boundary instead of depending on the linking strategy. Extensive experiments shows that our STDet outperforms the previous state-of-the-art methods on two challenging untrimmed video action detection datasets of UCF101-24 and MultiSports. We hope our method will be an simple end-to-end tube detection baseline and can inspire new ideas in this direction.

Automatic Tube Counter Monitoring System using Infrared Sensor based on NODEMCU ESP8266

Technology is needed in every industry because it can simplify the production process, improve production quality, and enhance the company's reputation in the sight of consumers. The cylinder counting activity at PT Batuah Energi Indonesia is still done manually, involving time and standardized estimation of LPG cylinder loads, which faces inaccuracy issues. In fact, PT Batuah Energi Indonesia has facilities that handle many LPG cylinders from various users and providers of LPG cylinders. While accurate cylinder counts are beneficial to the industry, companies need technology that can automatically calculate the number of filled LPG cylinders. Therefore, this study was carried out to demonstrate to students how to develop automatic tube counters using an infrared E18-D80NK as a tube detector, NodeMCU microcontrollers ESP8266 as controllers, Arduino IDE for developing programs, and IoT for remote monitoring. The developed device approach, specifically using the E18-D80NK infrared proximity sensor based on the NodeMCU ESP8266, can be coded using the Arduino IDE compiler. For the detection of the number of tubes, the E18-EN80K infrared sensor is used and data transmission wirelessly utilizes the Blynk application. The results of the automatic tube counter monitoring tool were successfully tested with a 100% accuracy rate, utilizing the E18-D80NK infrared sensor and NodeMCU microcontroller ESP8266, and can be monitored remotely using Blynk.

Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (BBCEAS) Coupled with an Interferometer for On-Band and Off-Band Detection of Glyoxal.

Glyoxal (CHOCHO) is a trace gas in the atmosphere, often used as an indicator of biogenic emissions. It is frequently compared to formaldehyde concentrations, which serve as indicators of anthropogenic emissions, to gain insights into the characteristics of the environmental source. This study employed broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy to detect gaseous CHOCHO, methylglyoxal, and NO2. Two different detection methods are compared. Spectrograph and CCD Detection: This approach involves coupling the system to a spectrograph with a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. It achieved a 1 min 1-σ detection limit of 2.5 × 108 molecules/cm3, or 10 parts per trillion (ppt). Methylglyoxal and NO2 achieved 1 min 1-σ detection limits of 34 ppt and 22 ppt, respectively. Interferometer and PMT Detection: In this method, an interferometer is used in conjunction with a photomultiplier tube (PMT) detector. It resulted in a 2 min 1-σ detection limit of 1.5 × 1010 molecules/cm3, or 600 ppt. The NO2 2 min 1-σ detection limit was determined to be 900 ppt. Concentrations of methylglyoxal were difficult to determine using this method, as they appeared to be below the detection limit of the instrument. This study discusses the advantages and limitations of each of these detection methods.

Comparative Overview of Methods for the Detection of Airborne Electrolyte Components Released from Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Lithium‐ion battery leakage indicates battery malfunction. In an electric vehicle, the evolving vapors can pose a risk to the health of the passengers. Early detection of a leakage reduces this risk and can prevent further damage. In this review, gas detection techniques such as detector tubes, portable gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, gas sensors, and laser spectroscopy are discussed in relation to their capacity of detecting airborne compounds coming from the evaporation of a leaked battery electrolyte. Possible scenarios in which battery leakage can occur are introduced that are partially based on the Global Technical Regulation on Electric Vehicle Safety: parked, driving, charging, postcrash (accident), rescue, and stationary application. The applicability for a potential early warning system using the discussed gas detection techniques is assessed and because no off‐the‐shelf solution could be found overlaps of the capabilities of the techniques with the needs of each scenario are identified and opportunities for further development are pointed out.

Development of continuous measurement system for hydrogen and impurity gases using detector tube.

A relatively accurate, inexpensive, simple, and continuous quantification system for hydrogen and impurity gas(es) using a detector tube was developed in this study. Additionally, different detector tubes can be applied to measure different types of gases in a wide range from ppm order to % level. We optimized this system and evaluated its accuracy as well as the behavior of released H2 and impurity (NH3) gases from a hydrolysis of ammonia borane using a Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. The accuracy of hydrogen quantitation achieved by this system was comparable to that of commercial mass flow meters, and the accuracy of ammonia quantitation was 10% or 5% relative standard deviation, which depends on the detector tube. The concentration of released NH3 was evaluated by image analysis with a time-lapse video of the detector tube and succeeded in analyzing from ppm to % order. The H2 and NH3 release behaviors agreed with pH, and the percentage of reaction was estimated by NMR measurement of the reacted solution. These results confirmed the accuracy of this system.

Dependence of ghost on the incident light angle into dichroic mirror.

The dichroic mirror (DM) is a key component in microscope. We found ghost in the reflection channel of a dual-channel fluorescence microscope, and studied the relationship between the ghost and the incidence angle 𝜃 into the DM. The DM emission surface reflection generated ghost if the 𝜃 is not 45◦ . We analyzed the distance and intensity relationship between the ghost and the primary image, which is 𝜃-dependent and was demonstrated by imaging live cells and stage micrometer. The ghost can be eliminated by placing the DM between objective and tube lens, but not between tube lens and detector, ensuring that the incident light into the DM is approximately parallel. Furthermore, the transmitted light of the DM is shifted towards longer wavelength with increasing 𝜃. Collectively, microscopists must carefully optimize the 𝜃 when designing a microscope to avoid the ghost. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Auto-Lectin Dotcoding by Two Octopuses: Rapid Analysis of Fluorescence-Labeled Glycoproteins by an 8-channel Fully-Automatic Bead Array Scanner with a Rolling-Circle Detector.

Protein glycosylation is a crucial factor that must be evaluated in biological pharmaceuticals. The glycoform profile of a protein can vary depending on the conditions of the cultivation, purification process, and the selection of a host cell. Lectin microarrays are reliable bioanalytical methods used in the early phases of bioprocesses for the detection of glycosylation. The concept of a fully automated glycan detection with a bead array has been previously reported; however, no simple system has been constructed on fluorescence-based detection using a microarray. Here, we present a fully automated detection system equipped with a novel fluorescence detector for a 13-lectin bead array with a single tip. The lattice-like arrangement of a set of fibers proximate to the tip of the light emitting diode and photomultiplier tube detector minimized the noise caused by the reflection of incident light on the plastic capillary tip and bead. A unique rolling-circle fiber unit with quadruple lattices stacked in two layers realizes the 8-parallel automeasurement with a drastic reduction in scanning time and machine size. The 8-glycan profiles obtained automatically within 25 min were identical with those obtained with the conventional lectin microarray after overnight incubation. The signals obtained were represented as lectin dotcodes. Therefore, autolectin dotcoding assisted by the twin 8 legs named as "detection and irradiation octopuses" may be a rapid glyco-evaluation system during the production and development of biopharmaceuticals.