Distributed Denial Of Service Detection Research Articles

Traffic Feature Selection and Distributed Denial of Service Attack Detection in Software-Defined Networks Based on Machine Learning.

As 5G technology becomes more widespread, the significant improvement in network speed and connection density has introduced more challenges to network security. In particular, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks have become more frequent and complex in software-defined network (SDN) environments. The complexity and diversity of 5G networks result in a great deal of unnecessary features, which may introduce noise into the detection process of an intrusion detection system (IDS) and reduce the generalization ability of the model. This paper aims to improve the performance of the IDS in 5G networks, especially in terms of detection speed and accuracy. It proposes an innovative feature selection (FS) method to filter out the most representative and distinguishing features from network traffic data to improve the robustness and detection efficiency of the IDS. To confirm the suggested method's efficacy, this paper uses four common machine learning (ML) models to evaluate the InSDN, CICIDS2017, and CICIDS2018 datasets and conducts real-time DDoS attack detection on the simulation platform. According to experimental results, the suggested FS technique may match 5G network requirements for high speed and high reliability of the IDS while also drastically cutting down on detection time and preserving or improving DDoS detection accuracy.

Deep Learning-Based Echo State Neural Network for Cyber Threat Detection in IoT-Driven IICS Networks

The advent of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has ushered in a new era in network architecture, providing unprecedented levels of flexibility and adaptability. However, this advanced flexibility exposes SDN to security risks, particularly Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Detecting and mitigating DDoS attacks in SDN environments poses a critical challenge. This study introduces an innovative DDoS detection approach leveraging Echo State Networks (ESN) tailored specifically for SDN. This approach is based on two core assumptions: firstly, routine network operations primarily exhibit normal behavior, and secondly, there are discernible differences in data characteristics between normal and abnormal network conditions. These assumptions hold true in the realm of everyday network dynamics. To validate the efficacy of the ESN algorithm, we augment this approach by incorporating flow features to enhance DDoS detection capabilities. This study underscores the effectiveness of ESN in identifying and mitigating Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, DDoS threats, achieving an impressive average success rate of 97.78%. By harnessing the potential of Echo State Networks, this work makes a substantial contribution to ongoing efforts in fortifying network security, providing a proactive defense against disruptive DDoS attacks.

Deep Learning-Based Echo State Neural Network for Cyber Threat Detection in IoT-Driven IICS Networks

The advent of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has ushered in a new era in network architecture, providing unprecedented levels of flexibility and adaptability. However, this advanced flexibility exposes SDN to security risks, particularly Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Detecting and mitigating DDoS attacks in SDN environments poses a critical challenge. This study introduces an innovative DDoS detection approach leveraging Echo State Networks (ESN) tailored specifically for SDN. This approach is based on two core assumptions: firstly, routine network operations primarily exhibit normal behavior, and secondly, there are discernible differences in data characteristics between normal and abnormal network conditions. These assumptions hold true in the realm of everyday network dynamics. To validate the efficacy of the ESN algorithm, we augment this approach by incorporating flow features to enhance DDoS detection capabilities. This study underscores the effectiveness of ESN in identifying and mitigating Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, DDoS threats, achieving an impressive average success rate of 97.78%. By harnessing the potential of Echo State Networks, this work makes a substantial contribution to ongoing efforts in fortifying network security, providing a proactive defense against disruptive DDoS attacks.

A novel CNN‐based approach for detection and classification of DDoS attacks

SummaryAmong the recent network security issues, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is one of the most dangerous threats in today's cyberspace that can disrupt essential services. These attacks compromise network security by flooding the target with malicious traffic. Several researchers have designed effective DDoS detection mechanisms using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)‐based techniques. However, existing detection approaches paid less attention to issues such as class imbalance, multi‐classification, or computational cost of the models, especially time. In this study, we propose a novel framework for detecting and classifying DDoS attacks with high accuracy and low computational cost. To address the class imbalance, we employ random sampling, while feature selection techniques such as low information gain, quasi‐constant elimination, and principal component analysis are utilized for optimal feature selection and reduction. Our proposed CNN‐based model achieves outstanding performance, boasting an accuracy of 99.99% for binary classification and 98.44% for multi‐classification. The proposed model is compared to existing works and baseline line models and found to be effective in binary and multi‐classification.

An ensemble-based approach for effective distributed denial of service attack detection in software defined networking

<p>Software defined networking (SDN) is a network framework that aims to redefine network characteristics through the programmability of network components, faster and larger network monitoring, centralized network operation, and effective detection of fraudulent traffic and special malfunctions. However, SDN networks are vulnerable to security threats that can cause complete network failure. To address this issue, in this paper, machine learning techniques are suggested for the swift detection of attacks. Various methods for detecting distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are evaluated, and the study identifies the most precise method for categorizing such attacks within a SDN network. The results indicate that the proposed system achieves high accuracy in detecting DDoS attacks, with ensemble learning achieving 99% accuracy. This indicates a remarkable improvement percentage in comparison to the approaches of decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and support vector machine (SVM).</p>

Systematic Literature Review of IoT Botnet DDOS Attacks and Evaluation of Detection Techniques.

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has become an inevitable part of our daily lives. With the increase in usage of IoT Devices, manufacturers continuously develop IoT technology. However, the security of IoT devices is left behind in those developments due to cost, size, and computational power limitations. Since these IoT devices are connected to the Internet and have low security levels, one of the main risks of these devices is being compromised by malicious malware and becoming part of IoT botnets. IoT botnets are used for launching different types of large-scale attacks including Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks. These attacks are continuously evolving, and researchers have conducted numerous analyses and studies in this area to narrow security vulnerabilities. This paper systematically reviews the prominent literature on IoT botnet DDoS attacks and detection techniques. Architecture IoT botnet DDoS attacks, evaluations of those attacks, and systematically categorized detection techniques are discussed in detail. The paper presents current threats and detection techniques, and some open research questions are recommended for future studies in this field.

Detecting vulnerabilities in website using multiscale approaches: based on case study

In the realm of modern web applications, security stands as an utmost priority. To address this critical concern, we've developed a versatile Python script with the primary goal of proactively identifying vulnerabilities and thwarting transient attacks. Leveraging various libraries, this tool comprehensively covers a broad spectrum of threats, including SQL injection (SQLi), cross-site scripting (XSS), cross-site request forgery (CSRF), sensitive data leakage, security misconfiguration, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) vulnerabilities, and secure socket layer (SSL) or transport layer security (TLS). This Python-based solution prioritizes adaptability, ensuring seamless integration of future updates to effectively combat evolving threats. Utilizing innovative methods such as SQLi and XSS payload injection, the script assesses the susceptibility of input fields. And addressing CSRF vulnerabilities, the script generates and validates tokens, fortifying defenses against unauthorized actions. Employing pattern analysis, it combats sensitive data exposure and security misconfigurations, adeptly identifying elements like credit card numbers, passwords, and headers. Furthermore, the script enhances overall security by scrutinizing SSL/TLS protocols and monitoring port accessibility. It reinforces DDoS detection by actively monitoring traffic patterns, identifying anomalies, and proactively averting disruptions.

Deep Learning-based DDoS Detection in Network Traffic Data

Deep Learning-based DDoS Detection in Network Traffic Data

A Robust DDoS Intrusion Detection System Using Convolutional Neural Network

In today’s digital age, the proliferation of network-connected devices has triggered a surge in cyberattacks. Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks pose a particularly formidable challenge to network security by disrupting access to vital services. While numerous researchers have proposed DDoS detection methods utilizing machine learning and deep learning techniques, developing a robust and reliable DDoS intrusion detection system remains challenging. This challenge is exacerbated by issues such as highly imbalanced data, multi-classification, and computational complexity. This paper proposes an innovative feature selection approach to create a robust intrusion detection system capable of detecting and classifying recent common DDoS attack types. We evaluate the performance of our model on the CICDDoS2019 benchmark dataset. Our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed model outperforms existing methods, achieving a detection accuracy of 96.82%, a recall of 96.82%, a precision of 96.76%, and an F1 score of 96.50%. Additionally, our model exhibits faster prediction times, with the ability to predict an attack in just 0.189 ms. Notably, our approach, combined with preprocessing and feature selection techniques, outperforms previous works and baseline models in DDoS attack classification.

VAIDANSHH: Adaptive DDoS detection for heterogeneous hosts in vehicular environments

Vehicular networks are vulnerable to Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), an extension of a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. The existing solutions for DDoS detection in vehicular networks use various Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. However, these algorithms are applicable only in a single layer in a vehicular network environment and are incapable of detecting DDoS dynamics for different layers of the network infrastructure. The recently reported attacks on transport networks reveal the fact that a research gap exists between the existing solutions and the multi-layer DDoS detection strategy requirements. Additionally, the majority of the current detection methods fail in the consideration of traffic heterogeneity and are not rate-adaptive, where both the mentioned parameters are important for an effective detection system.In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive ML-based Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) against DDoS attacks in vehicular networks. Our proposed NIDS combines a three-tier security model, traffic adaptivity, and heterogeneity traffic provisions. We call our model Vehicular Adaptive Intrusion Detection And Novel System for Heterogeneous Hosts (VAIDANSHH). As mentioned earlier, VAIDANSHH has a three-tier security system: at RSU's hardware, communication channel, and RSU application level. VAIDANSHH combines the Adaptive Alarming Module (AAM) and the Detection Module (DM) for data generation, collection of generated data, flow monitoring, pre-processing, and classification. We use the NS3 simulation tool for our experiments to generate synthetic data and apply ML with WEKA. We run a thorough set of experiments, which show that VAIDANSHH detects UDP flooding, a form of DDoS attack, with 99.9% accuracy within a very short time. We compare VAIDANSHH with other state-of-the-art models; the comparative analysis shows that VAIDANSHH is superior in terms of accuracy and its multi-tier workflow.

Advanced DDos Attack Detection in SD-IoT Using DNFN and Nature-Inspired Optimizations

The purpose of this research is to improve the detection of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks in systems that employ Software-Defined Internet of Things (SD-IoT). First, feature selection techniques such as PCA is used to improve the Deep Neuro Fuzzy Network (DNFN) model's detection accuracy of DDoS assaults. With an overall accuracy of 0.969, the findings show that the DNFN model has above average accuracy rates when applied to feature selection technique. To further improve the DDoS detection capabilities, optimization approaches like Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) and the hybrid Elephant-Herding-Water-Cycle-Algorithm (EHWCA) are then developed. The EHWCA approach is superior than the current EHO method, as shown by a comparative study that compares the two. The DNFN model achieves an accuracy of 0.99 when optimized using EHWCA, whereas it only achieves 0.97 with EHO. The suggested system's scalability and efficiency are greatly enhanced by the inclusion of the water cycle in the optimization process. Overall, this research contributes to the development of strong cybersecurity solutions for IoT networks by demonstrating the efficacy of sophisticated optimization approaches, in particular EHWCA, in improving the detection of DDoS assaults in SD-IoT settings.

Machine learning for network defense: automated DDoS detection with telegram notification integration

As the prevalence and sophistication of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks escalate, the imperative for advanced defense mechanisms becomes paramount, especially in rapidly growing digital landscapes like Indonesia. This research presents the development of an innovative intrusion detection system (IDS) that harnesses machine learning (ML) algorithms to automate the detection of DDoS attacks in real time. By monitoring TCP streams, the system utilizes ML-enhanced IDS components to identify malicious traffic patterns indicative of DDoS activities. An automatic alert is dispatched to network administrators via Telegram upon detection, ensuring immediate awareness and facilitating swift countermeasures. Additionally, the system embodies a self-improving architecture by retraining its ML model with newly encountered attack data, thus continuously refining its detection capabilities. The system's efficacy, marked by its adaptive learning and proactive notification system, not only contributes to the fortification of network security but also underscores the potential for ML in cybersecurity within Indonesia’s expanding digital domain. The deployment of this system is anticipated to significantly bolster cybersecurity infrastructure by addressing the urgent need for advanced and responsive defense strategies against the evolving landscape of cyber threats.

Enhancing DDoS Attack Detection and Network Resilience Through Ensemble-Based Packet Processing and Bandwidth Optimization

It is critical to identify Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks to preserve network integrity and guarantee continuous service delivery. Our research suggests a novel way to lower the network's packet drop ratio and improve the accuracy of DDoS attack detection. Conventional techniques occasionally just use anomaly detection or signature-based detection, which might not be sufficient to protect against DDoS assault schemes that are always changing. To increase the precision and resilience of DDoS detection, our system incorporates several detection strategies, such as signature-based, anomaly-based, and machine learning-based techniques. Additionally, we use network traffic analysis and anomaly detection tools to quickly discover and block harmful traffic patterns. During suspected DDoS attempts, we dynamically modify network parameters and reroute data to reduce the packet drop ratio and maintain service for authorized users. Additionally, our system has feedback systems that allow us to continuously adjust and improve detection algorithms, improving the overall dependability and effectiveness of DDoS attack detection. We illustrate how successfully our method lowers packet drop ratios and strengthens network resilience against DDoS attacks using both simulation and real-world experience.

Deep Learning Algorithms for Detecting and Mitigating DDoS Attacks

Raising the threat of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks means that high and adapted detection tools are required now more than ever. This research focuses on exploring the latest solutions in preventing DDoS attacks and emphasizes how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is involved in enhancing end-to-end detection techniques. Through the analysis of several key approaches, this work notes that AI-guided models quickly identify and counteract any unusual traffic patterns that may indicate an oncoming DDoS attack. Essential aspects towards creating more resilient networks against such attacks include machine learning algorithms, sophisticated data analytics together with AI based detection systems for traffic pattern recognition. Importantly, AI does well in behavioral analysis because it can distinguish and adapt to changing attack vectors. Additionally, it puts AI into perspective as making positive mitigation strategies possible that contain quick interferences such as temporary halt of traffic, rerouting and targeted block listing with real time control panel operations. On the contrary, current DDoS detection prevention techniques remain critically addressed of persistent challenges and limitations fundamental to them. From what emerges, they should always be ready for innovation and improvement because of how attacks might evolve over time. This paper aligns itself with the position that AI-driven detection mechanisms are natural to network security against DDoS attacks. It underlines the importance of integrating AI-based solutions with conventional practices in order to enhance network resilience and efficiently counteract cyber threats that are evolving all the time.

Smart network security using advanced ensemble-DDoS attack detection and hybrid JA-SLOA-linked optimal routing-based mitigation

ABSTRACT Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are distributed at a faster rate, and they are considered to be fatal threats over the Internet. Moreover, several deep learning approaches are insufficient to attain the maximum efficiency and appropriate detection due to the complexity and diversity of DDoS attack traffic under fast fast-speed network environment since they are providing with individual performance. Hence, an ensemble learning model is developed for DDoS detection and mitigation with the hybrid optimization algorithm to ensure good detective performance against DDoS attacks. The pre-processed data is fed to the feature extraction process where it is done through the Deep Belief Network (DBN) and Autoencoder techniques for acquiring the deep features. The optimized fusion of deep features takes place using hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm of Adaptive Sound Speed-based Jaya Sea Lion Optimization (ASS-JSLnO). The attack detection is performed by the Improved Ensemble Learning (IEL) approach. Then, the mitigation strategy is applied by the optimal routing and multi-objective function. Finally, the experiments are made to establish the high detection efficacy of the implemented attack detection and mitigation framework.

Feature-Selection-Based DDoS Attack Detection Using AI Algorithms

SDN has the ability to transform network design by providing increased versatility and effective regulation. Its programmable centralized controller gives network administration employees more authority, allowing for more seamless supervision. However, centralization makes it vulnerable to a variety of attack vectors, with distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks posing a serious concern. Feature selection-based Machine Learning (ML) techniques are more effective than traditional signature-based Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) at identifying new threats in the context of defending against distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. In this study, NGBoost is compared with four additional machine learning (ML) algorithms: convolutional neural network (CNN), Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), Decision Tree, and Random Forest, in order to assess the effectiveness of DDoS detection on the CICDDoS2019 dataset. It focuses on important measures such as F1 score, recall, accuracy, and precision. We have examined NeTBIOS, a layer-7 attack, and SYN, a layer-4 attack, in our paper. Our investigation shows that Natural Gradient Boosting and Convolutional Neural Networks, in particular, show promise with tabular data categorization. In conclusion, we go through specific study results on protecting against attacks using DDoS. These experimental findings offer a framework for making decisions.

Adversarially robust and real-time DDoS detection and classification framework using AutoML

ABSTRACT Denial of Service (DoS) attacks target the availability part of the CIA triad (Confidentiality, Availability, and Integrity). A special category of these attacks is the Distributed DoS (DDoS) attack, where the attacker uses a network of compromised systems called a botnet to flood a target server with requests and refuses to serve legitimate users. DDoS attacks can cost an organization millions of dollars in terms of lost revenue, remediation costs, and damage to brand reputation. Hence, all organizations need speedy real-time detection of DDoS attacks. This work presents a DDoS detection and classification framework using the flow-based approach for feature engineering and the AutoML technique. Our detection system is trained on the latest DDoS datasets – CIC-DDoS 2019 and CIC-IDS 2017, which contain various categories of DDoS attacks. We use various tools to perform adversarial attacks on our trained model. We retrain our models using adversarially crafted network packet captures and then test our models for robustness against practical adversarial attacks that an attacker might use to evade detection. Finally, we deploy our model in real-time using a GUI-based tool. Our model achieves a validation accuracy of 99.9% and a low false positive rate of 0.05%.

Toward Generating a New Cloud-Based Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Dataset and Cloud Intrusion Traffic Characterization

The distributed denial of service attack poses a significant threat to network security. Despite the availability of various methods for detecting DDoS attacks, the challenge remains in creating real-time detectors with minimal computational overhead. Additionally, the effectiveness of new detection methods depends heavily on well-constructed datasets. This paper addresses the critical DDoS dataset creation and evaluation domain, focusing on the cloud network. After conducting an in-depth analysis of 16 publicly available datasets, this research identifies 15 shortcomings across various dimensions, emphasizing the need for a new approach to dataset creation. Building upon this understanding, this paper introduces a new public DDoS dataset named BCCC-cPacket-Cloud-DDoS-2024. This dataset is meticulously crafted, addressing challenges identified in previous datasets through a cloud infrastructure featuring over eight benign user activities and 17 DDoS attack scenarios. Also, a Benign User Profiler (BUP) tool has been designed and developed to generate benign user network traffic based on a normal user behavior profile. We manually label the dataset and extract over 300 features from the network and transport layers of the traffic flows using NTLFlowLyzer. The experimental phase involves identifying an optimal feature set using three distinct algorithms: ANOVA, information gain, and extra tree. Finally, this paper proposes a multi-layered DDoS detection model and evaluates its performance using the generated dataset to cover the main issues of the traditional approaches.

Using the method of nonlinear recursive analysis for detecting DDOS anoma-lies in time series data

This research endeavors to address this gap by determining a qualitative char-acteristic for server network traffic and use it to construct the corresponding recur-rence plot (RP). The goal of this study is to develop and assess a novel technique based on nonlinear recursive analysis to detect Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) anomalies in network traffic time series data. With the increasing frequency of DDoS attacks on modern digital infrastructures, there is a pressing need for more efficient and accurate detection methods. There has been some attempts to apply nonlinear analysis to network traffic [2-4], but those studies lack critical steps in determining parameters for embedding space dimension and delay time . More recent studies have explored machine learning and deep learning approaches [7], which offer improved accuracy but can be computationally intensive and require extensive training data. Despite the advance-ments, there remains a need for a method that is both accurate and efficient, espe-cially in real-time detection scenarios. The researchers employed nonlinear recursive analysis by estimating RQA pa-rameters and determining a qualitative characteristic of data points of DDoS attack contained in CIC-IDS2017 dataset. A technique for determining hidden information for this series and its use for constructing the corresponding recurrence diagram (RP) at the points of information retrieval are described. It is shown that the use of RP has significant drawbacks associated with the visualization of information on a computer monitor screen, so another way of research is proposed - the calculation of numerical indicators of RP The given calculated RP indicators made it possible to typify the received data and determine the type, which was named "DDOS-RP", which makes it possible to distinguish some types of DoS/DDoS type attacks. The study concludes by recom-mending further exploration of this method in diverse network environments and against more complex DDoS attack patterns.

Drift Adaptive Online DDoS Attack Detection Framework for IoT System

Internet of Things (IoT) security is becoming important with the growing popularity of IoT devices and their wide applications. Recent network security reports revealed a sharp increase in the type, frequency, sophistication, and impact of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on IoT systems, making DDoS one of the most challenging threats. DDoS is used to commit actual, effective, and profitable cybercrimes. The current machine learning-based IoT DDoS attack detection systems use batch learning techniques, and hence are unable to maintain their performance over time in a dynamic environment. The dynamicity of heterogeneous IoT data causes concept drift issues that result in performance degradation and automation difficulties in detecting DDoS. In this study, we propose an adaptive online DDoS attack detection framework that detects and adapts to concept drifts in streaming data using a number of features often used in DDoS attack detection. This paper also proposes a novel accuracy update weighted probability averaging ensemble (AUWPAE) approach to detect concept drift and optimize zero-day DDoS detection. We evaluated the proposed framework using IoTID20 and CICIoT2023 dataset containing benign and DDoS traffic data. The results show that the proposed adaptive online DDoS attack detection framework is able to detect DDoS attacks with an accuracy of 99.54% and 99.33% for the respective datasets.