Scenario based risk assessment of ammonia bunkering facilities in ports

Cognitive aids are used to reduce practitioners' mental load during clinical emergencies. Emerging evidence suggests the utility of cognitive aids in clinical settings such as anaesthesia, but little is known about their use within emergency medicine. This scoping review describes the extent and type of evidence on how cognitive aids assist in the resuscitation of patients in the Emergency Department (ED). The search strategy aimed to locate English language studies in the peer-reviewed literature on resuscitation or resuscitative procedures performed on patients of any age in the ED. Searches were performed using Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science, from 1 January 2015 to 9 January 2025. Simulation and non-simulation studies and both electronic and non-electronic aids were included. Studies for non-ED settings were excluded. We included all study designs and data were analysed descriptively. The search yielded 4873 citations which were imported into Covidence. Following abstract/title review, 3275 citations were excluded; 74 full texts were reviewed, resulting in inclusion of 45 studies. The included studies demonstrated considerable heterogeneity in design, population, and context, with low evidence quality overall. This scoping review describes the broad array of cognitive aids available to assist ED resuscitation and highlights that although supporting evidence is generally weak there appears to be little harm from cognitive aid use. The findings indicate a need for multicentre trials of cognitive aids assessing real-world effectiveness and patient-centred outcomes. Future studies should also ensure transparent detailing of cognitive aid design and implementation to facilitate reproducibility and practical uptake.

Integrated on-board charger (OBC) and low-voltage DC-DC converter (LDC) system is attractive for electric vehicles (EVs) due to its reduced number of switching devices and magnetic components. This paper proposes a novel high-density integrated magnetic component (IMC) that achieves the integration of the high-frequency transformers of the OBC and the LDC with the resonant inductor of the OBC, which reduces the cost, the weight, and the volume of the charging system. Based on the proposed IMC, the system can simultaneously charge the high-voltage battery (HVB) and the low-voltage battery (LVB). Moreover, an elliptical ring-shaped magnetic shunt is employed to achieve controllable leakage inductance, and Litz wire is adopted to replace the conventional busbar winding of the LDC to reduce eddy-current losses and support high-current output. Detailed analysis and design guideline of the proposed IMC are provided. To validate the feasibility of the proposed IMC, a prototype with an integrated 6.6 kW OBC and 2 kW LDC is built. The experimental results show that the proposed IMC achieves a power density of 660 W/in3 and enables the prototype to achieve a peak efficiency of 98.17

A conceptual study on the repackaging of spent nuclear fuel from pressurized water reactors

On-board chargers (OBCs) with conventional two-stage architecture, consisting of an active front-end (AFE) converter and an isolated dc-dc stage, require bulky line filters and dc-link capacitors, resulting in low volumetric efficiency. Active third-harmonic injection and current unfolding methods offer significant improvement in terms of efficiency and power density in power factor correction (PFC) applications. However, existing unfolding-based topologies require two isolated dc-dc converters capable of handling the rated power for PFC and output voltage regulation. This article presents a three-phase ac-dc converter with a third-harmonic current injection circuit that processes a fraction of the total power and a single isolated dc-dc converter for galvanic isolation. Line frequency switching in the rectifier produces varying dc-link voltages, eliminating the requirement of bulky electrolytic capacitors. The article discusses detailed operation and design procedures along with an elaborate comparative analysis between the proposed topology and the conventional two-stage and Swiss rectifier-based isolated topologies. A 6.6 kW prototype is developed and tested for experimental validation of the system in both balanced and unbalanced grid conditions. The experimental results demonstrate unity power factor (upf) operation throughout the operating range, achieving a peak efficiency above 97%.

China Spallation Neutron Source phase-II (CSNS-II) upgrade project will build the first Muon Source MELODY (Muon station for sicEnce, technoLOgy and inDustrY) in China based on the high power proton accelerator. During the first stage, a muon target station and a surface muon beam-line will be constructed before 2029. The surface muon beam-line will focus on the applications of muon spin μSR spectroscopy. At the target station, muons are generated by proton pulses hitting the muon target and captured by a large aperture solenoid. However, a lot of positrons are also generated along with muons. These positrons have the same momentum as the muons and can be transport along the beam line. These positrons must be eliminated otherwise they will arrive at the spectrometer and disturb the signals induced by the interaction between the muons beam and the experimental samples. Wien filter is the key device in the beam-line to remove the positrons from the muon beam. A Wien filter consists of a dipole magnet and a high voltage electrostatic separator and can simultaneously generate the magnetic field and electric field perpendicularly to each other. Muons with velocity that equals to the ratio of the electric filed to the magnetic field ([Formula: see text]) can pass through the Wien filter without deflection. Meanwhile, positrons move much faster than muons resulting in a significant deflection. The optimization of the Wien filter structure can improve the field quality to make the E/B as constant as possible along the beam path and thus minimize the deflections to muons. This paper introduces the design details of a Wien filter at MELODY.

Cloud computing is the most emerging technology that becomes the demanding architecture for IT enterprise. It exhibits remarkable potential to offer cost-effective and more flexible service to the customers over the network. A vast number of big organisations like Google, Facebook, Dropbox etc. all depend upon this type of computing. It dynamically increases the capability of the organisation without training new people. Cloud computing moves its database and applications to various data centres across various countries where management of data and its security is the major concern. The dynamic and scalable nature of cloud computing creates security challenges in their management examining policy failure or malicious activity. In this paper, we examine the detailed design of cloud computing architecture in which service models, deployment models, cloud security are exploded. Furthermore, this study identifies the security challenges in cloud computing during the transfer of data into the cloud and provides a viable solution to address the potential threats.

Since the 1980s, South Korea has continuously supplied public rental housing alongside the development of new towns. However, systematic studies examining the relationship between qualitative changes in floor plan design and the institutional factors influencing them remain limited. This study is based on the premise that floor plans in public rental housing are not merely the result of design improvements, but are structurally shaped by legal and institutional frameworks. It systematically analyzes changes in floor plan types and planning elements according to development periods and housing sizes. To achieve this, this study examines public rental housing supplied in Korean new towns from the 1990s to the 2010s, classifying floor plan types by period and housing size and analyzing their planning characteristics. The analysis focuses on the composition and arrangement of interior spaces, the size of each space, bay structure, and aspect ratio. A comparative analysis further examines the relationship between floor plan changes and relevant laws and institutional frameworks. The results show that floor plan configurations evolved in distinct phases in response to institutional changes and housing size differentiation. In the 1990s, standardized one-bay layouts with integrated living and sleeping spaces were predominant under strict regulatory conditions, including spatial dimension constraints. In the 2000s, following the legalization of balcony extensions, floor plans diversified into two-bay and three-bay configurations. In the 2010s, floor plan types became increasingly diversified and complex under the influence of district unit plans and detailed design guidelines issued by public agencies. In terms of housing size, smaller units (around 20 m2) maintained simplified one-room configurations, while medium-sized units (around 30–40 m2) exhibited a clear transition from integrated to functionally separated layouts, and larger units (around 50 m2) showed a significant increase in spatial diversity and variation in layout composition. These findings indicate that floor plan evolution is not a linear process of design improvement, but a structurally conditioned transformation shaped by regulatory frameworks, institutional changes, and path dependency. The persistence and gradual modification of earlier standardized layouts suggest that floor plan configurations are continuously reproduced and adapted within institutional constraints. By empirically identifying the structural relationship between institutional frameworks and floor plan design, this study reveals the mechanisms through which institutional conditions shape housing design. Furthermore, it contributes to an interdisciplinary understanding that integrates architecture, urban planning, and housing policy, and provides important implications for design guidelines and policy development aimed at improving the quality of public rental housing.

The rapid increase in wastewater generation due to urbanization and institutional activities has created a significant demand for efficient, compact, and sustainable treatment technologies. This study focuses on the design and performance evaluation of a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) using Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (SMBR) technology for institutional wastewater. The SMBR system integrates biological treatment with membrane filtration, enabling effective removal of organic pollutants, suspended solids, and microorganisms, and producing high-quality effluent suitable for reuse.The research includes estimation of wastewater generation based on population data, laboratory analysis of influent characteristics, and detailed design of treatment units such as collection tank, aeration tank, and membrane bioreactor. Performance evaluation is carried out based on parameters like Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS).The results indicate that SMBR technology achieves more than 90% removal efficiency of organic pollutants and produces clear, reusable water, making it highly suitable for decentralized wastewater treatment systems in institutions. Its compact design, operational reliability, and ability to meet environmental standards make SMBR a sustainable alternative to conventional sewage treatment methods.

The 33T Cryogen-Free Superconducting Magnet (33T-CSM) project is progressing at Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University. The 33T-CSM consists of a 19T REBCO coil (HTS) with a 68mm bore and a 14T Nb3Sn+NbTi Rutherford coil (LTS) with a 320mm bore. The 14T-LTS coil was completed in 2024 and its stand-alone test was successfully performed. The 19T-HTS coil design, which involves winding REBCO tape conductors in a two-layer bundle and impregnating only the end faces, has been completed and is expected to enter the manufacturing phase soon. This design reduces the risk of local degradation, which can cause hotspots, and optimizes the stress distribution within the coil to minimize maximum stress. Following these concepts, detailed manufacturing design of specific stacking methods of the pancakes and connections between the pancakes is discussed. In addition, the evaluation of the cooling capacity of the GM-JT and GM cryocoolers used for gas circulation cooling of the HTS and LTS coils in the cryostat of the 33T-CSM, as well as the future scalability, will be presented.

Supercritical CO₂ Brayton cycles coupled with advanced Molten Salt Reactors offer a promising zero-GHG propulsion alternative for large ocean-going vessels. Their high power density, favourable part-load performance, and compatibility with compact heat-exchanger technologies make them strong candidates for deep-sea decarbonisation. The main objective of this study is to identify optimal sCO₂ cycle and powertrain configurations for marine nuclear propulsion through integrated thermoeconomic optimisation, using a very large ore carrier as a representative application case whose scale and operational regularity render it particularly suitable for nuclear propulsion. A comprehensive thermoeconomic modelling framework is formulated, encompassing multiple sCO₂ cycle variants and three shafting configurations (electric, mechanical, hybrid). Detailed design and off-design component models are combined with energy, exergy, and cost correlations within a generic super-configuration, enabling unified synthesis, design, and operational thermoeconomic optimisation. The optimal solution achieves a design-point efficiency of approximately 45%, comparable to modern large two-stroke diesel propulsion systems, while eliminating direct GHG emissions. Optimisation results reveal two dominant configurations depending on the objective: a fully electric recompression cycle for maximum efficiency, and a hybrid mechanical–electric arrangement for minimum annualised cost. Reactor-cost sensitivity shows that recompression cycles remain optimal across a wide cost range, confirming their structural robustness. Part-load optimisation demonstrates high efficiencies down to 50% load and yields optimal operating set-points for future control development. A preliminary operational lifetime comparison with a conventional diesel-based ship indicates that, despite much higher capital expenditure, the nuclear sCO₂ system achieves a lower annualised cost and becomes economically favourable after approximately ten years of operation. Overall, the results highlight the technical and economic viability of nuclear sCO₂ propulsion for large commercial vessels and provide a rigorous framework for future component design, integration, and assessment. • A thermoeconomic optimisation framework is developed for MSR-driven sCO₂ cycle applied to a marine propulsion system. • A generic super-configuration enables unified optimisation of cycle synthesis, component design, and shafting arrangements. • Optimal solutions achieve about 45% efficiency and identify electric and hybrid powertrains as the best-performing configurations. • Sensitivity and lifecycle analyses show the recompression cycle's robustness and the economic competitiveness of nuclear sCO₂ propulsion. • The nuclear sCO₂ system achieves a lower annualised cost and becomes economically favourable after approximately ten years of operation.

Embracing the circular economy through hydrogen production from municipal solid waste using aspen plus: waste to energy

ABSTRACT In Germany, career changers and lateral entrants are increasingly deployed in primary schools – and thus in PSSE (Destatis 2025). This practice poses substantial challenges given the subject’s multi-perspectival complexity and dual-connectivity function. Through a standardised questionnaire distributed to primary schools in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (N = 327 teachers), this investigation compares planning practices between out-of-field teachers engaged in collaborative versus individual planning. Drawing on Kirsch’s (2020, 2022) framework of instructional planning in PSSE, the study analyses which specific planning dimensions – including content determination, objective setting, perspective integration, methodological-media selection, detailed instructional design, and assessment planning – are addressed during different planning modes. Additionally, teachers’ perceptions of CLP benefits and challenges are examined. Findings reveal that collaborative planning substantially enhances engagement with perspective integration and strengthens systematic attention to lifeworld connectivity and formative assessment practices. However, individual planning maintains advantages in student-responsive flexibility, whilst media selection shows unexpected reversal patterns warranting further investigation. Results suggest that CLP particularly supports competencies requiring navigation of PSSE’s multi-perspectival complexity, though gaps remain in addressing implementation details. Implications include developing school-based collaborative structures and targeted professionalisation programmes for out-of-field teachers in this foundational primary subject.

The research methodology uses a descriptive qualitative approach through regulatory analysis, inventory of existing conditions, and conformity assessment with the Semarang City Regional Spatial Plan. The results of the study show that the existing parking conditions in the cemetery area are not able to accommodate the increasing number of vehicles. The required land area is around 1,139 m² with the status of land owned by residents, so a fair land procurement mechanism is needed and in accordance with the rules. This study recommends the preparation of a Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Design, and environmental analysis as the basis for development implementation. Thus, the preparation of the DPPT is expected to provide legal certainty, protection for affected communities, and support the sustainable development of religious tourism destinations.

This project is about the design and development of a semi-automatic multipurpose machine, which can perform drilling,cutting,shearing,andpunchingoperationsusingdifferentattachments.Thisdesignwasinitiallydevelopedas an automatic machine using IR sensors. However, the design was modified based on safety issues, as the IR sensors could be triggered accidentally during metal cutting operations. The developed design uses a pedal for operating the machine, ensuring safety while operating the machine. A motor is included in the design, which is accompanied by a speed controller and safety stop features. The project includes detailed design calculations, fabrication steps, cost analysis, safety considerations, and performance evaluation. The results show that the system is highly suitable for small-scale industries, rural workshops, and educational institutions.

Functional nanocomposites have emerged as a transformative class of materials for advanced energy and electronic applications due to their ability to integrate multiple functionalities within engineered nanoscale architectures. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental principles governing nanocomposite behavior, including classification frameworks, commonly employed nanofillers, and critical structure–property relationships. Emphasis is placed on interfacial interactions, dispersion quality, percolation phenomena, and anisotropic effects that dictate electrical, thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical performance. State-of-the-art synthesis and fabrication strategies—ranging from solution-based and melt-processing techniques to vapor-phase deposition and additive manufacturing—are systematically examined in relation to microstructural control and scalability. The multifunctional properties of nanocomposites are critically evaluated, highlighting their relevance in energy storage systems, energy conversion technologies, flexible electronics, sensors, and electromagnetic interference shielding. Key challenges, including nanofiller agglomeration, interfacial compatibility, long-term stability, cost, and sustainability considerations, are discussed alongside emerging solutions. Finally, future perspectives focusing on next-generation nanofillers, AI-assisted materials design, and sustainable manufacturing pathways are outlined, providing a roadmap for the rational development and industrial translation of high-performance multifunctional nanocomposites. The scope of this review is deliberately focused on materials-level structure–process–property relationships in functional nanocomposites, rather than on detailed device-level electronic design or application-specific electromechanical implementations.

Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) of marine mammals is essential for biodiversity monitoring and communication studies. Tracking animals in situ further enables behavioral investigation. Monitoring from boats, tags, or moorings is limited by the durability of tracking, whereas underwater gliders offer potential for long-term PAM-based tracking. In this paper, we present the design details of backseat driver operations on such a glider. The backseat driver employs acoustic detection, source separation, and angle of arrival estimation of sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) echolocation clicks from a four-element hydrophone array mounted on top of a customized Project CETI-SeaExplorer glider. The measurements are used to change the bearing angle of the underwater glider in real time, allowing it to react to the presence of sperm whales and follow them. The glider is a passive system with no radiated noise except when changing buoyancy (a few seconds roughly every hour), and its distance from the whales is above 100m to have minimal impact on whale behavior. We discuss the operation and connectivity of the backseat driver to the SeaExplorer glider's main computer and how estimation results are shared with the user upon surfacing. While long-term whale monitoring is left for future work, our results from a controlled sea experiment demonstrate the backseat driver operation and show performance in terms of response latency to commands, and results from a field trial off Dominica show the backseat driver source separation capabilities. The code and data for this experiment are open source.

This study analyzes the selection of electrical component vendors in an offshore structure EPC project during the detailed engineering design (DED) and procurement stages, vendor evaluation is critical to ensuring project quality and schedule compliance. A multi-criteria decision-making approach combining the Fuzzy SWOT and data envelopment analysis (DEA) methods was employed to assess 15 electrical cable vendors bidding for Project X in an EPC company based in Jakarta. The Fuzzy SWOT method was used to qualitatively assess each vendor based on predetermined selection criteria, while DEA measured their relative efficiency quantitatively. The analysis identified two vendors, PT. STD and PT. KBL, as the most efficient with an efficiency score of 1. This integrated approach offers a robust, objective framework for vendor selection, supporting efficient procurement decisions that align with project requirements and reduce the risk of delays and quality issues in the construction phase.

Liquid hydrogen (LH2) as an energy source is viewed as a potential path to achieve carbon neutral commercial aviation, albeit accompanied by a plethora of structural, thermal and safety challenges that still need to be resolved. With respect to a LH2 tank’s structural integration aspect, static, damage tolerance and impact/crashworthiness responses need to be investigated. Ιn the present work, an efficient structural integration concept of LH2 tanks into a Regional Commercial Aircraft fuselage is proposed, analyzed and preliminary designed, as part of the Clean Aviation project HERFUSE. The main purpose of the work is the feasibility assessment of introducing adhesively bonded solutions in the connection of LH2 tanks to the aircraft fuselage. The initial design of the potential mounting system configuration was investigated via a finite element parametric simulation model that was developed for this purpose and used to analyze different variations in the proposed concept, under certification relevant load cases. Different variations in the mounting system were assessed, considering their effect on the stress concentrations developed in the fuselage and the tank structure, as well as induced deformations and potential joints debonding. The results indicated that the utilization of adhesive bonding elements in the design of an LH2 tank integration system is conceptually efficient, although the specific configuration-related shortcomings that were identified need to be tackled. As far as the preliminary design study results are concerned, the minimum required number of joining elements were identified and an initial mass prediction of the mounting system was performed to be used as initial value in the entire hybrid–electric novel aircraft design loop. Future studies on the detailed design and sizing of the mounting system, as well as to incorporate dynamic crash analyses and implementation of energy absorbing elements are needed.

To explicitly illustrate the relationship between heliostat field optimization and power generation, a coupled model was established in Simulink. By optimizing the geometric layout of the heliostat field, the solar heat collection efficiency can be significantly improved, thereby increasing the thermal input to the system. The optimized heliostat field design can convert solar energy into thermal energy more efficiently and transfer it to the steam generator through the molten salt loop, thereby driving power generation in the Rankine cycle. In this process, the Rankine cycle is responsible for converting the thermal energy supplied by the molten salt loop into mechanical work and ultimately into electrical power output. At the same time, real meteorological data from a commercial heliostat field were introduced, and annual power generation simulations demonstrated that the integrated modeling of the heliostat field, thermal storage, and power block based on actual meteorological boundary conditions and system parameters can effectively reflect the power generation performance of a commercial tower solar thermal power plant. Meanwhile, research on heliostat field optimization should further evolve from identifying general patterns toward parameter design and overall system performance improvement. For molten-salt tower solar thermal power plants, key design variables such as receiver tower height, receiver dimensions, heliostat dimensions, and heliostat field spacing parameters affect not only the annual average optical efficiency of the heliostat field and the thermal power output of the receiver, but also the annual power generation of the entire plant. By integrating SOLARPILOT 1.5.2 and SAM 2025.4.16, the design variables were systematically analyzed to investigate their effects on the annual average optical efficiency of the heliostat field, the number of heliostats, the receiver output power, and the annual power generation, and the reasonable value ranges of the heliostat field parameters were determined accordingly. The established Rankine cycle power block model was then coupled with the parameter optimization results to carry out a secondary optimization of the initial heliostat field. Through the above study, the aim is to realize a shift from single-objective geometric optimization of the heliostat field to comprehensive optimization oriented toward annual plant power generation performance and scenario adaptability, thereby providing a basis for scheme design and parameter selection of molten-salt tower solar thermal power plants. For external validation, the annual generation predicted for the Delingha 50 MW commercial plant was 142.15 GWh, corresponding to a relative deviation of 2.64% from the published design value of 146 GWh. This indicates that the coupled framework can reasonably capture the integrated response of the heliostat field, thermal storage system, and power block at the plant level. The model is therefore suitable for generation-oriented parameter screening and preliminary design of tower molten-salt CSP plants, while detailed component-level transient design still requires higher-fidelity engineering models.