Destruction Of Organic Substances Research Articles

Peciliarities of Hormonal Regulation of Growth Rate and Generative Functions of Fishes under Increased Anthropogenic Influence

The hydrochemical parameters, the production and destruction of organic substances in different areas on the Ros and Protoka rivers were studied. Nearby the Horodyshche vil. (Ros River) and Pishchana vil. (Protoka River), concentration of ammonium nitrogen exceeded control values 2-5 times, nitrites - 1.5-2.5 times, nitrates - almost 3.0-5.8 times (as control the Ros River in the Olexandria dendrological park was used). Water of the considered sections was significantly contaminated by pesticides (chlorpyriphos) from the adjacent territories. Elevated content of nutrients in water conditioned intensive production processes (Pishchana vil.), whereas high chlorpyriphos content (Gorodyshche vil.) along with significant concentration of chlorpyriphos (Gorodyshche vil.) suppressed organic matters' production. The water quality deterioration and presence of the toxic contamination caused decrease of the size-mass parameters of common ruff, river perch and common rudd, mainly owing to decrease of somatotropin content in blood. The gonadosomatic index of perch and rudd females from contaminated water bodies increased, whereas in males it decreased as compared with the control. The relative and absolute fertility of rudd increased along with increase of the contamination degree. The females' fertility growth under the unfavorable conditions was associated with increase of the estradiol content in blood. The perch and rudd males were characterized by decrease of the gonadosomatic index along with decrease of the testosterone content in blood. Decrease of size and mass parameters and increase of the females' fertility is an adaptive response aimed at the population maintaining and higher vitality under toxic environment. These processes are provided by hormonal regulation of metabolic processes.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL ENERGY-SAVING SYSTEMS BASED ON PYROLYSIS REACTORS

The article presents the design of a sectional pyrolysis reactor for treatment of organic waste into useful products. Pyrolysis is a process of controlled thermal destruction of organic substances into its constituent parts. It makes it possible to treat oil waste economically, environmentally friendly, and technically relatively simple. The advantage of the presented reactor is in increased efficiency, productivity and reliability due to the waste treatment process in two modes, pyrolysis and oxidation (regeneration), which will allow the waste to be treated to ash residue, thereby obtaining the maximum amount of useful products, and due to the use in its design four sections ensures continuity of waste treatment, as well as intense heat exchange between sections, aimed at reducing energy costs and maintenance the pyrolysis process. In the course of experimental studies, the decay products of oil sludge were found. As possible energy resources for the national economy there are used: the gas fraction, which includes methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), propane (C3H8), ethane (C2H6), butylene (C4H8); liquid fraction: saturated, unsaturated, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons; solid fraction: coke. The quantitative characteristics of the gas fraction are calculated. The pyrolysis gas flow rate necessary to maintain the operation of the reactor is determined. In this case, the reactor is in stand-alone operation, not requiring additional energy sources. As fuel for burners, a part of the produced pyrolysis gas is used. The research results can be applied to inaccessible territories of the Far North and the Arctic regions of the shelf with additional energy resources.

Passive Immunization Against Streptococcus Mutans

Dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of teeth, which is characterized by demineralization of inorganic portion and destruction of organic substance of the tooth which often leads to cavitation. It is a multifactorial disease. Among the various microorganism Streptococcus mutans considered to be chief etiological agent. Immune therapy against this microorganism to curtail this widespread disease has gained interest. Passive antibody administration has also been examined for effects on indigenous mutans streptococci. Passive immunotherapy is of interest due to its many advantages. This review briefs on passive immunotherapy.

New Possibilities of the Classical Method: Automated Determination of Primary Production and Destruction of Organic Substance in a Reservoir by the Oxygen Method

A device for the automated determination of the primary production (PP) and destruction (D) of organic matter in a water body by the oxygen method is presented. It consists of light and dark bottles with optical dissolved oxygen sensors (Onset, YSI) and the pump changing water in bottles through a predetermined period (3 h). Results of 3-day measurements performed in the Mozhaisk Reservoir have shown that the device describes the studied processes fairly well, significantly facilitating field research. The gross PP obtained during the experiment constituted about 4 mg O2/(L day), which corresponds to the eutrophic status of the reservoir. The device can be used for studying the functional characteristics of aquatic ecosystems under changing environmental factors such as temperature, illumination, and content of biogenic elements.

Elaboration of an Efficiency Indicator of Treatment Industrial Waste Water by Ozone

While developing the technology of using ozone for the destruction of organic substances in industrial wastewater, it is important to determine the required dose of ozone and the period of water treatment. In some cases, for example, when the dyes are destroyed in textile sewage, the color reduction occurs earlier than the decomposition of the organic matter of the dyes. Thus, there is a need to control the purification process by several indirect indicators, such as oxidability, total organic carbon content and etc. There is also the difficulty in determining the required dose of ozone for the decomposition of contaminants. We carried out experimental researches and examined the material balance of the ozonation process. A generalized method for determining the consumption of ozone in the oxidation of contaminants in sewage waters is proposed. The indicator "chemical demand of ozone" is used. During the trial ozonation of waste water the method allows to obtain the dependence of ozone consumption on the processes of pollution destruction and to determine the required specific dose of ozone for the destruction of contaminants.

Research into effectiveness of cavitation cleaning of wastewater of a fat­and­oil plant from organic and biological contamination in the presence of various gases

The use of cavitation technologies for the processes of cleaning wastewater from a fat-and-oil plant is one of the promising methods for enhancing water quality indicators. The supply of gases of different nature, such as nitrogen, oxygen, air, the mixture of nitrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 1:1, to the cavitation zone was proposed. The influence of the nature of bubbled gases both under the influence of the US and without it on the change in chemical oxygen demand and microbial number was studied. Effective constants of the rate of destruction of organic compounds and biological contaminants were calculated. It was found that the highest value of effective constant of the rate of water disinfection from MO (5.13∙10 -4 s -1 ) was achieved at nitrogen bubbling. The highest value of water disinfection under cavitation conditions (99.9 %) was achieved in the atmosphere of nitrogen, and the highest value of degree of destruction of organic compounds of 64.3% was achieved at the simultaneous influence of the air and the US. It was determined that the process of destruction of organic contaminants and disinfection of wastewater of the fat-and-oil plant can be described by applying the kinetic equation of the first order. The relative series of influence of the nature of the studied gases on cavitation cleaning of water were established. It was shown that cleaning wastewater of the fat-and-oil plant during simultaneous bubbling of gases in the cavitation field during destruction of organic compounds is by 5–35.7 % and during water disinfection from MO by 1–90.5 % more effective than the influence of the US alone. The use of the proposed cavitation technology for cleaning wastewater of the fat-and-oil plant enables complete water disinfection from harmful MO and simultaneous destruction of organic substances. This makes it possible to eliminate the negative impact of harmful substances, contained in wastewater, for protection of the environment and the water basin of Ukraine.

Parametric Evaluation of Bio-Digestion Process-A Review

Anaerobic digestion is the biodegradation of the organic waste with the aid of bacteria which performs it work in the absence of oxygen. The main objective of anaerobic digestion is the degradation and destruction of organic substances, with consequent reduction of the pathogens. & odorous emissions. Anaerobic digestion process consists of four major steps: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis an methanogenesis vegetable wastes are a fine substrate with possibility to produce methane and are available. In abundance This work reviews the various parameters affecting the biodigestion process. A careful consideration when selecting the working method parameter such, organic loading rate (OLR), C/N ratio, Gas production rate inoculums to substrate ration (ISR) temperature & pressure hydraulic retention time, Electricity generation calculations are given. Improvement in C/N ratio, higher bio-degradability, effective volatile solids (VS) elimination, eco-friendly sludge production has been regarded as advantage of co-digestion process.

Domestic Solid Waste Landfills: Experimental Analysis of Leachate Stripping Technique

The domestic solid waste (DSW) landfills activity is based on the natural processes of organic substances decomposition through their processing into other substances by micro-organisms. Such micro-organisms can only live in water or, in other words, they exist only in the aquatic environment, both in natural environment and under artificial conditions, e.g. in DSW landfill sites. This paper investigates the problem of DSW landfills leachate preparation for the reuse as irrigation water. Leachate is formed as an inescapable side-product of DSW landfills operation. Leachate is a result of precipitations and artificial irrigation contaminated by substances of microbiological decomposition and destruction of organic substances coming to landfill sites as domestic solid waste. The use of leachate as irrigation water will significantly change the DSW decomposition technology and the safety of landfill sites operations.

Study of Destruction of Organic Substances in Water Solutions by Pulsed Electrical Discharges in the Iron Granules Layer

The paper reports on the interaction of an electric discharge with solutions of organic substances in the electric reactor with iron loading. A colored water solution of organic substances with well-studied properties such as methylene blue (MB), furatsilin and eosin is used. The chosen organic substances allow to demonstrate the redox reactions, destruction of organic substances and their adsorption. It is found out that the process of direct interaction of organic substances with the discharge is 40%. Efficiency of sorption processes on iron load depends on the properties of the dissolved organic substances and for the MB is 21%, for furatsilin is 42% and for eosin is 63%. Post-effects have been observed after the action of the discharges and have shown activity for 24 hours. The obtained results allow modeling the mechanism of transformation of complex organic compounds e.g. humic substances or oil products.

Jelly-like Microbial Mats over Subsurface Fields of Gas Hydrates at the St. Petersburg Methane Seep (Central Baikal)

Jelly-like microbial mat samples were collected from benthic surfaces at the St. Petersburg methane seep located in Central Baikal. The concentrations of certain ions, specifically chloride, bromide, sulphate, acetate, iron, calcium, and magnesium, were 2–40 times higher in the microbial mats than those in the pore and bottom water. A large number of diatom valves, cyanobacteria, and filamentous, rod-shaped and coccal microorganisms were found in the samples of bacterial mats using light, epifluorescence and scanning microscopy.Comparative analysis of a 16S rRNA gene fragment demonstrated the presence of bacteria and archaea belonging to the following classes and phyla: Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Euryarchaeota. The chemical composition and phylogenetic structure of the microbial community showed that the life activity of the mat occurs due to methane and its derivatives involved. Values of δ13C for the microbial mats varied from −73.6‰ to −65.8‰ and for animals from −68.9‰ to −36.6‰. Functional genes of the sequential methane oxidation (pmoA and mxaF) and different species of methanotrophic bacteria inhabiting cold ecosystems were recorded in the total DNA. Like in other psychroactive communities, the destruction of organic substances forming formed as a result of methanotrophy, terminates at the stage of acetate formation in the microbial mats of Lake Baikal (1,400 m depth). Its further transformation is limited by hydrogen content and carried out in the subsurface layers of sediments.

“A calculation method for determining the concentration of potentially acid substances in feedwater of once-through boilers”

The problem of chemically monitoring the products resulted from destruction of organic substances in the steam-water path of a supercritical-pressure power unit is considered. The level at which the concentrations of acetic and formic acids have to be measured is determined, and the results from measurements of electric conductivity and pH in feedwater and steam are given. A procedure that allows the conditional concentration of acetic acid in steam to be calculated from measured electric conductivity in feedwater and steam is presented.

A calculation method for determining the concentration of potentially acid substances in feedwater of once-through boilers

The problem of chemically monitoring the products resulted from destruction of organic substances in the steam-water path of a supercritical-pressure power unit is considered. The level at which the concentrations of acetic and formic acids have to be measured is determined, and the results from measurements of electric conductivity and pH in feedwater and steam are given. A procedure that allows the conditional concentration of acetic acid in steam to be calculated from measured electric conductivity in feedwater and steam is presented.

Consumption of the primary production of phytomicrobenthos and destruction of organic substances by the free‐living ciliates in benthos of the Tsibulnik bay of the Kremenchug reservoir

AbstractThe role of the benthic ciliofauna of the Tsibulnik bay of the Kremenchug reservoir in the comsumption of the primary production of phytomicrobenthos and the destruction of organic Substances is shown. In July all over the buy ciliates had consumed 41 % of the benthic primary production. During the process, consumption rates had reached 1.34 kJ/m2 d on seperate sections of the bottom. Sufficiently high is the role of these protists in the destruction of organic substances. They had destroyed 1.4… 1.5% of the whole mineralised organic substances in summer and 10… 11% in autumn. The authors made a conclusion on the importance of the benthic ciliofauna in the transformation of organic substances in an eutrophic bay.

The Perchloric Method for the Determination of Sulfur in Rubber

Abstract The problem of the determination of sulfur in rubber has been dealt with extensively in the literature, and it seems as if discussions and descriptions of new technic are nowhere nearly ended yet. The determination is so essential, and its rapid and precise execution is of such importance in industrial technic, that efforts in this direction should not be regarded as wasted. In 1926 and in 1927 Le Caoutchouc et La Gutta-Percha contained two articles in which the present author discussed the conditions of the determination of sulfur in rubber and then proposed the use of a new oxidizing mixture, not mentioned previous to that time, which involved the destruction of organic substances by perchloric acid. This method consisted simply in the attack on a 1-gram sample of rubber by 10 cc. of nitric acid (d. 1.39) and 5 cc. of perchloric acid (d. 1.61). Upon heating, attack by the nitric acid takes place, and this is followed by evaporation of the excess nitric acid, then at a little higher temperature there is an attack by the perchloric acid, which oxidizes the rest of the organic substance completely. This publication was concerned much more, in the determination of sulfur by the perchloric method, with the general idea of the destruction of organic substances than it was with the precise details of carrying it out. The technic had been studied somewhat superficially, as is shown by the text of the article itself.