Desolvation Method Research Articles

Fabrication and Characterization of Allyl Isothiocyanate-Encapsulated Sodium Caseinate Polymeric Nanoparticles for Anticancer Application

Our research described here aimed to address the challenges associated with the clinical utility of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a naturally derived compound with potent anticancer properties, by overcoming its poor aqueous solubility, limited dissolution, and poor bioavailability. A sodium caseinate (SC)-based nanocarrier system (SC-NPs) was developed to improve the delivery and therapeutic efficacy of AITC. AITC-encapsulated sodium caseinate nanoparticles (AITC@SC-NPs) were synthesized using the desolvation method. The nanoparticles were characterized for stability, particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency using spectroscopic and photometric analyses. The drug release profile was evaluated to determine the release kinetics over time. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed against the BT474 human breast cancer cell line. The optimized AITC@SC-NPs demonstrated excellent stability, with a zeta potential of −11.08 mV and an average particle size of 187.6 nm. The nanoparticles achieved a high entrapment efficiency of 91.06 ± 0.12%. A sustained drug release of up to 82.76% was observed over 60 h. In vitro studies revealed significant therapeutic potential, with the nanoparticles achieving 79.7% cytotoxicity against the BT474 human breast cancer cell line. This study highlights the dual functionality of AITC@SC-NPs, demonstrating their potential as a versatile nanoplatform for breast cancer applications. The findings underscore the efficacy of the AITC@SC-NPs delivery system in enhancing the therapeutic potential of AITC, paving the way for future clinical development.

New Transparent Rare‐Earth‐Based Hybrid Glasses: Synthesis, Luminescence, and X‐Ray Imaging Application

ABSTRACTMetal–organic hybrid glasses have recently emerged as the fourth member in the glass family due to its versatile hosting ability to various functional ions. However, no luminescent ions have been successfully introduced into hybrid glasses to date. Here, we reported a benign desolvation method, whereby rare‐earth‐based hybrid glasses (RE(NO3)3(C5H2N4)2 glasses) were rapidly formed within 1 h at a low temperature down to 140°C. Such a facile synthesis was applicable to the full rare‐earth family, including Y, Sc, and lanthanide series. The hybrid glasses exhibited not only a high transparency of over 88% but also a high luminescent quantum yield of up to 70%, which demonstrated a high spatial resolution in X‐ray imaging screen. Hydrogen bond played a key role in maintaining the structural integrity of the organic‐metal framework, which in turn promoted the radiative recombination of excited states including both singlet and triplet states of organic moiety (4,5‐dicyanoiazole, or DCI). An efficient energy transfer from DCI to luminescent lanthanide ions, also known as the antenna effect, was probed by both steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopy. Apart from the luminescent hybrid glasses, the incorporation of inert rare‐earth ions such as La, Y, and Lu generated a transparent glass of enhanced room‐temperature phosphorescence. This work not only improved the synthesis toolbox of metal–organic hybrid glasses, but also provided an ideal transparent matrix for the energy‐transfer investigation between organic linker and rare‐earth ions.

Enhanced antimicrobial efficacy and biocompatibility of albumin nanoparticles loaded with Mentha extract against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

In an effort to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), this study investigates the potential of mentha-loaded albumin nanoparticles (MLAN) as a novel antimicrobial agent. MLAN was synthesized by a desolvation method in which the mentha extract was encapsulated in albumin nanoparticles to increase stability and reduce toxicity. Characterization of the nanoparticles by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) confirmed their spherical morphology, a size range of 100–200 nm and uniform distribution. The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and loading capacity (LC%) of MLAN were determined to be 80% and 72.73%, respectively, indicating a high effectiveness of the encapsulation process. Evaluation of cytotoxicity using the MTT assay revealed that MLAN exhibited significantly higher biocompatibility compared to aqueous Mentha extract and maintained cell viability at 85.1 ± 3.5% at the highest concentration tested (250 µg/mL). Antimicrobial evaluations against MRSA showed that MLAN had larger zones of inhibition and lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values (0.39 mg/mL and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively) compared to the aqueous extract (MIC: 0.78 mg/mL, MBC: 1.56 mg/mL). In addition, real-time PCR showed that MLAN significantly downregulated the expression of key virulence genes (icaA, icaD and ebps) in MRSA, indicating a potential reduction in bacterial virulence. These results suggest that MLAN could be a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics with improved antimicrobial efficacy and reduced cytotoxicity. The study underlines the potential of combining plant extracts with nanotechnology for the development of new therapeutic approaches against antibiotic-resistant pathogens such as MRSA. Further in vivo studies are warranted to validate the clinical applicability of MLAN.

Thiolated gellan gum/polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogels containing timolol maleate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for ophthalmic delivery

The combination of hydrogels with nanoformulations can significantly enhance the delivery and effectiveness of drugs in ophthalmic drug delivery systems. In the current study, the polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)/thiolated gellan gum (GGSH) hydrogels based on GGSH and PEGDA were prepared via thiol-ene reaction using Irgacure 2959 as a photoinitiator. To this end, the modification of GG was achieved by esterification of the hydroxyl groups of GG with the carboxyl group of mercaptopropionic acid with a free thiol amount of 95.5 μmol g-1. To provide sustained release, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) containing timolol maleate (TM) with 56.4% entrapment efficiency were synthesized by the desolvation method and encapsulated in the developed hydrogel. The values of zeta potential and particle size of CSNPs were +26.0 mV and 182.4 nm, respectively. The physico/chemical properties of the hydrogels were investigated via texture analyzer, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. Thein vitrodegradation, swelling behavior, rheological assessments, cell viability testing, and porosity determination were evaluated. With the increase in PEGDA concentration, the mechanical properties were increased. While the rate of swelling, degradation, and drug release were decreased. Thein vitrobiocompatibility of hydrogels was confirmed using the MTT test. According to anex vivostudy, ocular drug delivery using the obtained transparent hydrogels is promising due to improved drug permeation and sustained release of TM via CSNPs.

Periodate-Mediated Cross-Linking for the Preparation of Catechol Conjugated Albumin Nanoparticles Used for in Vitro Drug Delivery.

Conjugation of serum albumin protein with catechol-containing dopamine molecules provides an alternative method for the preparation of albumin nanoparticles (NPs). A commonly used desolvation method utilizes glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Here, the catechol cross-linking mechanism is used instead of glutaraldehyde providing advantages to prevent toxicity and an undesirable reaction of glutaraldehyde with cargo molecules. Covalent cross-linking between dopamine conjugated bovine serum albumin (D-BSA) proteins was obtained in the presence of sodium periodate (NaIO4) as an oxidizer. As a result, spherical D-BSA NPs with a uniform size distribution of around 100 nm in diameter and negative zeta potential around -28 mV were prepared. Optimal conditions were reached when a dopamine:IO4- molar ratio of 2:1, pH 7.4 of the medium, and acetone as the desolvating agent were used. Furthermore, the obtained NPs display antioxidant properties, have rapid biodegradability in the presence of trypsin, and have a high doxorubicin (DOX) loading (9.1%) with a sustainable drug release. DOX loaded D-BSA NPs also caused up to 90% breast cancer cell (MCF-7) death within 24 h. These results show that drug carrying albumin NPs can alternatively be prepared via covalently cross-linked catechol groups and used in drug delivery studies.

Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles encapsulating Dasatinib and Celecoxib for oral cancer: Preparation, characterization, and in-vitro evaluation.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a diverse complex disease. Despite the ever-expanding repertoire of anti-cancer treatments, the outcomes are often inadequate highlighting the urgent need for innovative approaches. In this regard, co-targeting signaling pathways such as Src and COX-2 have attracted growing attention in several cancers, but co-inhibition of these two pathways using dasatinib and celecoxib has not been explored in oral cancer. However, the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs is limited due to their low aqueous solubility. Nanoencapsulation can improve this by utilizing naturally available proteins due to their ease of fabrication and biocompatibility. In this sense, this study aimed at preparing and characterizing dastatinib (DAS)/celecoxib (CXB)-loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles as well as investigating their potential anticancer effects in vitro on SCC-4 oral cancer cell line. DAS/CXB-loaded BSA nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by the desolvation method, then characterized in terms of their hydrodynamic particle size, zeta potential, morphology and in vitro drug release. The IC50 was determined viathe MTT assay. Cyclin D1, COX-2, p-Src and FAK protein expression levels were determined using ELISA while active caspase-3 was determined colorimetrically. DAS/CXB-loaded BSA NPs exhibited particle size of 336.6 ± 1.098 nm with low PDI value of 0.211 ± 0.019 and zeta potential of -35.0 ± 4.03 mV. Moreover, the in vitro cytotoxicity study revealed decreased IC50 value in case of the dual drug-loaded NPs compared to all treated groups, with significant decrease in the expression levels of cyclin D1, COX-2, p-Src and FAK proteins, besides, increased caspase-3 level. The findings suggest that DAS/CXB-loaded BSA NPs could serve as a drug delivery platform with increased antitumor effectiveness.

Co-Delivery of Glycyrrhizin and Paclitaxel via Gelatin-Based Core-Shell Nanoparticles Ameliorates 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Precancerous Lesions in Colon.

Colorectal cancer is a lethal malignancy that begins from acquired/inherent premalignant lesions. Thus, targeting these lesions at an early stage of the disease could impede the oncogenesis and maximize the efficacy. The present work underscores a combinatorial therapy of paclitaxel (PTX) and glycyrrhizin (GL) delivered via gelatin-derived core-shell nanoparticles [AC-PCL(GL + PTX)-GNPs] for effective management of precancerous lesions. The desolvation method was adopted to prepare GL-loaded gelatin nanoparticles (GL-GNPs), which were coated with PTX and AC-PCL. The prepared NPs exhibited optimal physical attributes and had spherical morphology, as analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. In vitro release studies revealed sustained release for ∼96 h. Cell culture studies in HTC 116, and HT-29 cells showed synergistic action with CI < 0.9 and DRI > 1. Moreover, AC-PCL(GL + PTX)-GNPs exhibited amplified intracellular uptake and thus significantly reduced IC50. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed substantiated pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0-∞, Cmax, etc.). In vivo studies in a 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine-induced model revealed a decrease in the number of lesions, mucin depletion, and subside infiltrations. An immunohistochemical study revealed elevated expression of caspase-9 and suppressed expression of VEGF and Ki-67. Toxicity studies showed insignificant changes in systemic biomarkers along with no alterations in organ morphology and hemocompatibility. In essence, AC-PCL(GL + PTX)-GNPs render a competent and safer tactic to regulate early-stage precancerous lesions.

Efficient and Rapid Microfluidics Production of Bio-Inspired Nanoparticles Derived from Bombyx mori Silkworm for Enhanced Breast Cancer Treatment.

Background/Objectives: In the quest for sustainable and biocompatible materials, silk fibroin (SF), derived from natural silk, has emerged as a promising candidate for nanoparticle production. This study aimed to fabricate silk fibroin particles (SFPs) using a novel swirl mixer previously presented by our group, evaluating their characteristics and suitability for drug delivery applications, including magnetic nanoparticles and dual-drug encapsulation with curcumin (CUR) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Methods: SFPs were fabricated via microfluidics-assisted desolvation using a swirl mixer, ensuring precise mixing kinetics. Comprehensive physicochemical characterisation, including size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and secondary structure analysis, was conducted. Further, CUR/5-FU-loaded magnetic core SFPs were assessed for cytotoxicity in vitro using breast cancer cell lines and for biodistribution and targeting efficiency in a murine breast cancer model. Results: The swirl mixer produced SFPs with sizes below 200 nm and uniform distributions (PDI < 0.20) with size stability for up to 30 days. Encapsulation efficiencies were 37% for CUR and 82% for 5-FU, with sustained drug release profiles showing 50% of CUR and 70% of 5-FU released over 72 h. In vitro studies demonstrated sustained cytotoxic effects, and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in breast cancer cell lines, with minimal toxicity in non-cancerous cells. Cellular uptake assays confirmed efficient drug delivery to the cytoplasm. In vivo biodistribution studies revealed increased tumour-specific drug accumulation with magnetic guidance. Haematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining indicated enhanced tumour necrosis in treated groups compared to controls. Conclusions: This study underscores the utility of the swirl mixer for efficient and scalable fabrication of bio-inspired SFPs, supporting their application in targeted cancer drug delivery. These findings align with and advance previous insights into the use of microfluidics and desolvation methods, paving the way for improved therapeutic strategies in breast cancer treatment.

Formation of bovine serum albumin-galangin nanoparticles and their potential to inhibit ROS-induced inflammation: Enthanol desolvation vs. pH-shiftng method

Formation of bovine serum albumin-galangin nanoparticles and their potential to inhibit ROS-induced inflammation: Enthanol desolvation vs. pH-shiftng method

Albumin nanoparticles-mediated doxorubicin delivery enhances the anti-tumor efficiency in ovarian cancer cells through controlled release.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline commonly used as a first-line treatment option for various malignancies, either as a stand-alone treatment or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. However, its efficacy in advanced cancer stages requires high doses, resulting in significant cytotoxicity to normal cells and severe side effects. Nanotechnology offers a promising strategy to mitigate these drawbacks through controlled drug release. In this study, bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA-NPs) were synthesized via the desolvation method and successfully loaded with DOX (DOX-BSA-NPs). Characterization using dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed efficient drug loading. In vitro studies demonstrated that DOX-BSA-NPs enabled sustained drug release and enhanced intracellular delivery. After treatment with DOX-BSA-NPs, ovarian cancer cells showed a twofold increase in cytotoxicity compared to free DOX. Scratch assays further revealed a significant reduction in cancer cell migration and invasion. Additionally, LDH assays and Annexin V-FITC flow cytometry indicated a shift toward apoptosis over necrosis, enhancing the anti-tumor efficacy of DOX. This was supported by increased reactive oxygen species production, upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes, downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes, and elevated caspase 3 and 7 activity, collectively promoting apoptosis. These findings underscore the potential of DOX-BSA-NPs as a superior alternative for targeted and controlled drug delivery, offering enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects in ovarian cancer treatment.

Piperine and piperine-loaded albumin nanoparticles ameliorate adjuvant-induced arthritis and reduce IL-17 in rats

Piperine and piperine-loaded albumin nanoparticles ameliorate adjuvant-induced arthritis and reduce IL-17 in rats

Probable Molecular Targeting of Inhibitory Effect of Carvacrol-Loaded Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles on Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells.

To entrap carvacrol (CAR) in bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSANPs) to form CAR-loaded BSANPs (CAR@BSANPs) and to explore the anti-cancer effects in breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7 cells) treated with CAR and CAR@BSANPs. A desolvation method was used to synthesize BSANPs and CAR@BSANPs. The BSANPs and CAR@BSANPs were characterized by several physicochemical methods, including visual observation, high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography. MCF-7 cells were used and analyzed after 24 h of exposure to CAR and CAR@BSANPs at half-maximal inhibitory concentration. The anti-proliferative, apoptotic, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity as well as gene expression analysis were investigated by the cell viability assay, phase-contrast microscopy, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate assay, Griess-Illosvoy colorimetric assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. CAR and CAR@BSANPs showed anti-proliferative, apoptotic, ROS generation, and NO scavenging effects on MCF-7 cells. Expression profile of B-cell lymphoma 2-like 11 (BCL2L11), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), hypoxia inducible factor factor-1α (HIF1A), BCL2L11/apoptosis regulator (BAX), and BCL2L11/Bcl2 homologous antagonist/killer 1 (BAK1) ratios revealed downregulated genes; and BAX, BAK1, and CASP8 were upregulated by CAR and CAR@BSANPs treatment. In vitro anticancer assays of the CAR and CAR@BSANPs showed that CAR@BSANPs demonstrated higher therapeutic efficacy in the MCF-7 cells than CAR. CAR and CAR@BSANPs affect gene expression and may subsequently reduce the growth and proliferation of the MCF-7 cells. Molecular targeting of regulatory genes of the MCF-7 cells with CAR and CAR@BSANPs may be an effective therapeutic strategy against breast cancer.

Silk fibroin nanoparticles for locoregional cancer therapy: Preliminary biodistribution in a murine model and microfluidic GMP-like production

Silk fibroin nanoparticles (SFNs) have been widely investigated for drug delivery, but their clinical application still faces technical (large-scale and GMP-compliant manufacturing), economic (cost-effectiveness in comparison to other polymer-based nanoparticles), and biological (biodistribution assessments) challenges. To address biodistribution challenge, we provide a straightforward desolvation method (in acetone) to produce homogeneous SFNs incorporating increasing amounts of Fe2O3 (SFNs-Fe), detectable by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and loaded with curcumin as a model lipophilic drug. SFNs-Fe were characterized by a homogeneous distribution of the combined materials and showed an actual Fe2O3 loading close to the theoretical one. The amount of Fe2O3 incorporated affected the physical-chemical properties of SFNs-Fe, such as polymer matrix compactness, mean diameter and drug release mechanism. All formulations were cytocompatible; curcumin encapsulation mitigated its cytotoxicity, and iron oxide incorporation did not impact cell metabolic activity but affected cellular uptake in vitro. SFNs-Fe proved optimal for biodistribution studies, as MRI showed significant nanoparticle retention at the administration site, supporting their potential for locoregional cancer therapy. Finally, technical and economic challenges in SFN production were overcome using a GMP-compliant microfluidic scalable technology, which optimized preparation to produce smaller particle sizes compared to manual methods and reduced acetone usage, thus offering environmental and economic benefits. Moreover, enabling large-scale production of GMP-like SFNs, this represents a considerable step forward for their application in the clinic.

QbD decorated ellagic acid loaded polymeric nanoparticles: Factors influencing desolvation method and preliminary evaluations

QbD decorated ellagic acid loaded polymeric nanoparticles: Factors influencing desolvation method and preliminary evaluations

The assessment of pharmacokinetics and neuroprotective effect of berberine hydrochloride-embedded albumin nanoparticles via various administration routes: comparative in-vivo studies in rats.

The current study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and neuroprotective effect of well-characterised berberine-bovine serum albumin (BBR-BSA) nanoparticles. BBR-BSA nanoparticles were generated by desolvation method. Entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, particle size, polydispersity index, surface morphology, thermal stability, and in-vitro release were estimated. In-vitro pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution were conducted. Their neuroprotection was evaluated against lipopolysaccharides-induced neurodegeneration. BBR-BSA nanoparticles showed satisfactory particle size (202.60 ± 1.20 nm) and entrapment efficiency (57.00 ± 1.56%). Results confirmed the formation of spheroid-thermal stable nanoparticles with a sustained drug release over 48 h. Sublingual and intranasal routes had higher pharmacokinetic plasma profiles than other routes, with Cmax values at 0.75 h (444 ± 77.79 and 259 ± 42.41 ng/mL, respectively). BBR and its metabolite distribution in the liver and kidney were higher than in plasma. Intranasal and sublingual treatment improves antioxidants, proinflammatory, amyloidogenic biomarkers, and brain architecture, protecting the brain. In conclusion, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration may be prevented by intranasal and sublingual BBR-BSA nanoparticles.

Bovine serum albumin as a nanocarrier for efficient encapsulation of hydrophobic garcinol-A strategy for modifying the in vitro drug release kinetics

Bovine serum albumin as a nanocarrier for efficient encapsulation of hydrophobic garcinol-A strategy for modifying the in vitro drug release kinetics

Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles as a Proposed Drug Formulation for the Delivery of 10H-2,7-diazaphenothiazine

The synthesis of new compounds and nanoparticles is one of many attempts to circumvent the drug resistance. Albumin nanoparticles are biocompatible drug carriers with an ability to incorporate drugs without modifications. 10H-2,7-diazphenothiazine (2,7-DAPT) is a newly phenothiazine derivative with an anticancer, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity with a low cytotoxicity toward normal splenocytes at the same time. Up to now, no administration route for 2,7-DAPT has been proposed, so the novelty of the study is synthesis of nanoparticles containing an active ingredient not yet used in the clinic. The aim of the study was to encapsulate 2,7-DAPT into bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles by desolvation method. This study was supplemented with spectroscopic studies of 2,7-DAPT, size and morphology measurements as well as release analysis at pH 7.4 and 5.6. 2,7-DAPT is a compound with high stability in solution and an ability to absorb at UV-Vis range. Based on the results of scanning electron microscopy, nanoparticles size oscillates around the value of 204 nm. The release of 2,7- DAPT from the nanoparticles was characterized by different mechanisms of release, which were dependent on the pH of the release buffer. The above results indicate the potential usefulness of the obtained nanoparticles. Due to the lack of studies of nanoparticles containing this substance, more detailed future analyses are required.

Temozolomide nano-in-nanofiber delivery system with sustained release and enhanced cellular uptake by U87MG cells

Objective The study was aimed at formulating temozolomide (TMZ) loaded gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) encapsulated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers (TMZ–GNPs–PVA NFs) as the nano-in-nanofiber delivery system. The secondary objective was to explore the sustained releasing ability of this system and to assess its enhanced cellular uptake against U87MG glioma cells in vitro. Significance Nano-in-nanofibers are the emerging drug delivery systems for treating a wide range of diseases including cancers as they overcome the challenges experienced by nanoparticles and nanofibers alone. Methods The drug-loaded GNPs were formulated by one-step desolvation method. The Design of Experiments (DoE) was used to optimize nanoparticle size and entrapment efficiency. The optimized drug-loaded nanoparticles were then encapsulated within nanofibers using blend electrospinning technique. The U87MG glioma cells were used to investigate the uptake of the formulation. Results A 32 factorial design was used to optimize the mean particle size (145.7 nm) and entrapment efficiency (87.6%) of the TMZ-loaded GNPs which were subsequently ingrained into PVA nanofibers by electrospinning technique. The delivery system achieved a sustained drug release for up to seven days (in vitro). The SEM results ensured that the expected nano-in-nanofiber delivery system was achieved. The uptake of TMZ–GNPs–PVA NFs by cells was increased by a factor of 1.964 compared to that of the pure drug. Conclusion The nano-in-nanofiber drug delivery system is a potentially useful therapeutic strategy for the management of glioblastoma multiforme.

A comparative study of cross-linked human serum albumin nanoparticles using ultrasonication or glutaraldehyde; The impact on the corona protein adsorption using SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF

A comparative study of cross-linked human serum albumin nanoparticles using ultrasonication or glutaraldehyde; The impact on the corona protein adsorption using SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF

Synthesis and Optimization of Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles Immobilized with Antituberculosis Drugs

This study involved the synthesis of bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles immobilized with the antituberculosis drugs isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) by the desolvation method. The primary objective was to explore the impact of varying concentrations of albumin, urea, cysteine, rifampicin, and isoniazid on the average size of nanoparticles, polydispersity, and the encapsulation efficiency of drugs. The study's outcomes affirm that alterations in the concentrations of these components influence nanoparticles’ parameters, highlighting their key role in optimizing the encapsulation process and enhancing the efficacy of tuberculosis drug delivery. The nanoparticles obtaned as a result of optimization demonstrated an optimal size of 231.2±1.2 nm with a polydispersity of 0.061±0.08. Encapsulation efficiency was 89% for rifampicin and 38.5% for isoniazid. The investigation of drug release kinetics from the polymer matrix revealed a gradual release pattern. Evaluation of the obtained nanoparticles by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the successful incorporation of drugs into the polymer matrix. These findings highlight the potential of BSA nanoparticles as effective carriers for tuberculosis treatment, with implications for refining drug delivery strategies.