Desired Impact Research Articles

Impact of Social Support on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour: Does Work–Family Conflict Mediate the Relationship?

The study investigates the impact of work social support (WSS) and family social support (FSS) on organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) through both forms of work–family conflict (WFC), namely, work interfering with family (WIF) and family interfering with work (FIW). Analysis has been performed based on 277 responses from employees working in different organizations in the Western region, Saudi Arabia. It uses the SmartPLS 3-based structural equation model. The investigation finds full mediation of both WIF and FIW for WSS–OCB and partial mediation for FSS–OCB relationships. The results demonstrate that support from both family and work domains have a reciprocal relationship, and they play important roles in reducing WFC with their ultimate desirable impact on OCB. The result implies that WSS focussing on WFC is crucial for motivating employees for OCB. Management should create a supportive environment for the employees within the workplace and ensure family-friendly policies, so that, the employees can minimize WFC. The study indicates that family members have a crucial role in reducing the stress associated with the work domain. The study is a pioneering attempt in the context of Saudi Arabia, where the family has a pivotal role in individual decision-making in both familial and professional domains.

정부의 기술혁신 재정지원 정책효과에 대한 체계적 문헌연구

The government has supported the innovation of private firms by intervening the market for various purposes, such as preventing market failure, alleviating information asymmetry, and allocating resources efficiently. Although the government's R&D budget increased rapidly in the 2000s, it is not clear whether the government intervention has made desirable impact on the market. To address this, the current study attempts to explore this issue by doing a systematic literature review on foreign and domestic papers in an integrated way. In total, 168 studies are analyzed using contents analysis approach and various lens, such as policy additionality, policy tools, firm size, unit of analysis, data and method, are adopted for analysis. Overlapping policy target, time lag between government intervention and policy effects, non-linearity of financial supports, interference between different polices, and out-dated R&D tax incentive system are reported as factors hampering the effect of the government intervention. Many policy prescriptions, such as program evaluation indices reflecting behavioral additionality, an introduction of policy mix and evidence-based policy using machine learning, are suggested to improve these hurdles.

Three-dimensional cooperative guidance law to control impact time and angle with fixed-time convergence

This article proposes a new terminal cooperative guidance law to control both impact time and impact angle in three-dimensional engagement. The presented guidance law employs on and normal line-of-sight accelerations to control the impact time and angle together. Two parts are included in this guidance law, that is, the guidance laws with impact time constraint and impact angle constraint. The first is designed based on fixed-time consensus theory to fulfill the salvo attack of the target, and the second is developed based on fixed-time nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control method to achieve the desired impact angles. The stability analysis of this guidance law based on Lyapunov theory is also presented in detail. Moreover, the maneuvering target can be intercepted successfully with the presented guidance law, and the fixed-time stability and less control energy are well ensured. Additionally, the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed guidance scheme are explicitly verified through simulation tests.

AAIM Recommendations to Improve Learner Transitions

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Improving Empathy of Occupational Therapy Students Through Reading Literary Narratives

This study explored the impact of teaching empathy to occupational therapy students through the close reading of literary narratives. The study defined empathy as a dynamic process involving Theory of Mind (ToM), emotional resonance, and empathy as a willful act. Empathy is an espoused value of occupational therapy challenged by the modern demands of the market-driven health care system, and research suggests reading literary narratives, or stories with qualities of literature, facilitates greater empathy. Prior studies have also indicated that practicing with greater empathy improves health outcomes and makes occupational therapy sessions more client centered. In this study, a quasi-experimental design was used on occupational therapy students (n = 31) in a graduate level rehabilitation course that involved the close reading, or critical reflection, of literary narratives to teach empathy. Close reading is a teaching process through which students critically read and reflect on literary narratives through instructor-guided reflection. Study findings on the pre and post-test surveys of students found a statistically significant improvement in scores (p < .05) on the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE). No differences were found between pre and post-test surveys of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). The JSE measures empathic awareness, while the RMET measures aspects of empathic performance. Study limitations included mid-course changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of social desirability on perceptions of empathy. Study findings suggest the close reading of literary narratives may be an effective learning tool to teach empathic-centered care to occupational therapy students.

Social Support and Employee Turnover Intention: Mediating Role of Work-Family Conflict

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of work social support (WSS) and family social support (FSS) on employee turnover intention (TI) through both forms of work-family conflict (WFC), namely, work interfering family (WIF) and family interfering work (FIW). Theoretical framework – The theoretical foundation of the study is grounded on Social Exchange Theory (Blau, 1964), Job Demand-Control-Support Model (Johnson &amp; Hall 1988). Cognitive Appraisal Theory (Lazarus &amp; Folkman, 1984), and Hobfoll’s (1989) Theory of Conservation of Resources. Design/methodology/approach – The study used a cross-sectional survey design. The multi-item measurement scales were developed based on prior studies to design survey questionnaires. Analysis has been performed on 277 responses from employees working in different government and private firms in the Western Region, Saudi Arabia. The hypotheses were tested using SmartPLS3. Findings – The investigation finds that both WSS and FSS significantly predict TI, and both WIF and FIW partially mediate the WSS-TI and FSS-TI relationships. The results demonstrate that support from both family and work domains have a reciprocal relationship, and they play important roles in reducing work-family conflict with their ultimate desirable impact on turnover. Research Practical &amp; Social implications – Management should create a supportive environment for the employees within the workplace and ensure family-friendly policies so that the employees can minimize work-family conflict. The study indicates that family members have a crucial role in reducing the stress associated with the work domain. Therefore, everybody should extend support to his/her working members of the family. Originality/value – It is a pioneering attempt to investigate the implications of both WSS and FSS on both types of WFC (i.e., WIF and FIW) and their ultimate effect on TI. Keywords – Work social support. Family social support. Turnover intention. Work-family conflict. Saudi Arabia

Structure of Planning and Control Artifacts and their Accuracy in Brazilian Family Businesses

Objective: the accuracy of planning and control artifacts is fundamental for bringing assertiveness to the organizational management process. The utility of the artifacts is questioned when the desired accuracy is missing. This research aims to identify the relationship between the artifact structure, the market assumptions, and the accuracy of the performance variables with a view to adapting the artifact profile to the desired impact over performance accuracy. Methods: this is a quantitative study based on convenience sampling and the data analysis methods used were structural equation modeling and necessary condition analysis. Results: within a sufficiency logic, the results support adherence between the planning and control artifacts, but not their relationship with performance accuracy. However, when analyzing the necessity logic, the artifacts become a necessary condition for a high level of performance accuracy. Conclusions: we show that the planning and control structure is consistent for achieving accuracy, but defining the desired level of deviation tolerance is a fundamental condition for the efficiency level of the management process. The more demanding the organization is in terms of deviation tolerance, the greater the need for artifacts.

Comparison of Effectiveness of Home-Based Verses Supervised Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise in Women with Urinary Incontinence.

Background:Urinary incontinence (UI) is a significant health problem with serious physical, psychological, and social consequences. Pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) is proven efficacious in the prevention and management of UI. A lack of trained physiotherapist in rural areas mars the uptake of physiotherapy and therefore innovative mechanisms are required. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of home-based physiotherapy in the management of UI.Materials and Methods:A total of 49 women, who screened positive for UI from a larger study conducted in 4 randomly selected villages of Charutar region, were included in the study. They were assigned home-based or supervised regimens randomly. All participants received education about UI and its management. A structured PFME schedule was developed. Participants in the supervised group received PFME by a trained physiotherapist, while those in the home-based group received training on exercise. Details of each session were documented through a daily diary in both groups. Revised urinary incontinence scale (RUIS) and incontinence impact questionnaire (IIQ-7) were administered at baseline and after 6 months to assess and compare the impact across groups.Results:Analysis of variance (with post hoc comparisons) was employed to compare the effect of physiotherapy across groups. Only 18 (10 supervised and 8 home-based group) out of 49 women participated. Another 10 provided the required data, albeit had not done any exercises. The mean standard deviation of RUIS (P = 0.84) and IIQ-7 (P = 0.55) scores was similar at baseline across the groups. The RUIS (P = 0.01) and IIQ-7 (P = 0.006) improved significantly; however, post hoc analysis revealed that both RUIS and IIQ-7 improved significantly only in the supervised group.Conclusion:Supervised exercise worked better, whereas home-based exercise failed to achieve the desired impact. Identifying barriers in home-based exercise and finding feasible solutions would prove a breakthrough in the management of UI in resource-limited settings.

Three Dimensional Nonlinear Guidance Law for Exact Impact Time Control

This paper presents a nonlinear guidance law for controlling the impact time of a missile-target engagement in three dimensions. The guidance law is initially formulated for a two-dimensional encounter before being extended to a three-dimensional scenario. The guidance law is constructed such that nonlinear kinematics are neither linearized nor approximated. The guidance law offers a precise closed-form expression for impact time, which is the principal contribution of this work. Choosing an integrable heading error profile is the central concept of this research for determining an accurate impact time. A two-step strategy is utilized to accomplish an interception at a predetermined time. Because the control parameter is related to the desired impact time with an exact expression, a simple and accurate control of impact time is attained. The method provides equations for calculating the minimum and maximum impact times, enabling the determination of the range of impact times that can be achieved. The proposed guidance law can ensure that the seeker field of view restriction is not violated, If the initial heading error is within this limit. The developed method is utilized in salvo attacks, in which multiple missiles simultaneously strike an enemy target, increasing the missiles&#x2019; effectiveness against the target&#x2019;s self-defense mechanism. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, MATLAB-based numerical simulations of 2D and 3D engagements, including salvo attacks, are conducted.

Money Growth and Social Stability

Aim: Both the Keynesian and the Fisherian channels of sovereign money growth have slowed down significantly in the decade following the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). This, together with the rise of fintech, privately issued unbacked crypto-assets tried to fill this void. These developments have revived the interest on the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) idea and on potential channels for future sovereign money growth. The aim of this paper is to compare the Keynesian and Fisherian channels of sovereign money growth regarding their impact on wealth distribution and inflation. &#x0D; Design / Research Methods: To achieve our aim we use a simple Agent Based Model (ABM) to capture heterogeneity. In our model, the agents are heterogeneous consumers with different spending propensities but with equal initial wealth levels and with exactly same non-interest incomes over time. &#x0D; Conclusions / findings: We show that Keynesian (uniform) money growth channel has a softening effect on the wealth dispersion and thereby, on the downward pressure on money velocity. The model indicates that the inclusive nature of current post-Covid19 recovery plans may have a desirable impact on social stability. Yet, these plans may also be more inflationary in comparison the post-GFC policies.&#x0D; Originality / value of the article: This paper shows that heterogeneity of economic agents should not be ignored by policy makers and that ABM is a convenient tool to design and analyse monetary and fiscal policies under heterogeneity.&#x0D; Implications of the research: The implication for policy makers is that the demand deficiency associated with the fall in money velocity and the worsening of wealth dispersion may be softened by a more inclusive money growth regime, potentially with the practical use of CBDCs. Yet the extra inflationary impact of such a regime need to be kept in mind.&#x0D;

Impact of Social Desirability and Environmental Awareness on Ecological Behavior among Students

In present scenario, Indian government has regulated many policies and pro environment action with an aim of being aware about environment under which we continue to live. Although, it is not only government responsibility towards developing pro environment attitude rather it should be emerges from us for our nature. However, people become more sensitive for their livelihood needs than environmental concerns which are remarkable notion. So, the present study attempted to study the pro environment attitude and ecological behavior dynamics with an influence of social desirability.

Improving Patient Education for Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Caregiver Handbook

To evaluate if an educational handbook could improve atopic dermatitis (AD) symptoms, caregiver confidence in AD management skills, and AD-related quality of life.In the study, researchers included children ages 1 month to 16 years with AD and their caregivers who had scheduled new or follow-up clinic appointments for the evaluation and management of AD at Boston Children’s Hospital. Inclusion criteria consisted of AD diagnosis confirmed by the health care provider during a clinic visit and an English-speaking caregiver.A randomized nonblinded controlled trial that was stratified to handbook and control arm. In the handbook arm, participants received a handbook in addition to standard AD care, versus only standard care in the control arm. Furthermore, each clinical program from which the participants was recruited was a separate randomization block. These clinical programs included allergy, dermatology, the Atopic Dermatitis Center (an interdisciplinary specialty clinic for AD), and primary care. All caregivers completed a self-reported questionnaire at baseline and a 3-month follow-up. After the baseline visit, the participants in the handbook arm were given a handbook and told to read it as a tool to help manage the child’s AD. The symptoms associated with AD were measured by using the Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM). POEM scores range from 0 (clear; no eczema) to 28 (severe eczema).A total of 245 patients from the ages of 3 months to 16 years were randomly assigned in this study. Of the total 245 randomly assigned patients, 175 caregivers completed questionnaires and were included in the repeated-measure analysis. There were 91 caregivers in the handbook arm and 84 in the control arm. The patients lost to follow-up were more likely to be African American or Hispanic (P < .14). The adjusted mean POEM score (±SD) decreased from 12.1 ± 9.9 to 7.7 ± 8.7 (difference: −4.4 [95% confidence interval (CI): −5.7 to −3.0]) in the handbook arm and 12 ± 10 to 8.6 ± 8.8 in the control arm (difference: −3.4 [95% CI: −4.8 to −2.0]; P = .343). Confidence scores (P = .093), infant quality of life (P = .944), child quality of life scores (P = .114), and family impact scores (P = .933) were not significant between time and study arm. The adjusted mean confidence score among new patients increased from 67 (95% CI: 60 to 74) to 83 (95% CI: 77 to 88) in the handbook arm, compared with 74 (95% CI: 65 to 82) to 75 (95% CI: 67 to 83) in the control arm (P = .012). Most of the caregivers found the handbook to be helpful.The use of the handbook did not significantly improve AD symptoms, when compared with standard care alone. Nonetheless, caregivers did find the handbook useful, and it may be especially useful to families managing a new diagnosis of AD.As health care providers, we often look for new and innovative ways to improve the care for our patients. Although, in this study, researchers did not find a significant difference in symptom or quality of life outcomes versus standard management, it is not to say another or modified tool would not have the desired impact. Consequently, the analysis of educational resources among various study populations and diseases should continue in an effort to improve overall management and health outcomes.

Farmers' information needs, access and its impact: Evidence from different cotton producing regions in the Maharashtra state of India

CONTEXTAccess to information is crucial in decision making for viable and sustainable farm business. Thus, the farmers need different types of information from various sources to refine existing practices and adopt new technologies for yield and income advantages. Knowledge about farmers' information needs, access and its impact in different production contexts help in improving the effectiveness of extension and advisory services in the country. OBJECTIVEThis paper examines the farmers' information needs, access to information from different sources and its impact on cotton output and value of output in two different regions having predominantly rainfed and irrigated production contexts. METHODSHousehold level survey data of 644 cotton farmers were collected using multistage sampling from two districts representing distinct production contexts in the Maharashtra state of India. Factors determining the access to information from particular sources were obtained using the Probit model. The impact of access to information was estimated using Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment (IPWRA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe information needs of the farmers from the two regions were slightly different. In the Jalgaon district with predominantly irrigated cotton production, farmers receiving information from at least one formal source had a significant positive impact on cotton output and the value of output per unit area. While considering each formal information source separately, heterogeneity in impact was observed. Access to information from public sources and mass media had a significant positive impact on cotton output. Mass media sources played a significant role in increasing the value of output per unit area. Despite government and other agencies' efforts and better access to information in predominantly rainfed areas (Yavatmal district), information received by farmers could not produce the desired impact. It necessitates appropriate tailoring of information, specific for these regions; as general information failed to produce much impact. SIGNIFICANCEThis is a holistic study about information dynamics in agriculture, covering information need to its impact in two different cotton producing regions. The study reflects the heterogeneous impacts of access to agricultural information considering different sources. It suggests the importance of region specific customization of agricultural information and emphasizes more role of public sources in provision of market intelligence. Study advocates efforts to effectively channelize agro-advisories through Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and Information Communications Technology (ICT) sources.

Validation of the Substance Abuse Scale of the Personal and Relationships Profile

Abstract There have been limited measurement studies of the substance abuse scale of the Personal and Relationships Profile (PRP) and the impact of social desirability on alcohol and drug use reporting. This study aimed to (a) model the factor structure of the eight-item substance abuse scale of the PRP and (b) examine the relationship of substance use factors with sociodemographic variables—race, income, age, marital status—and social desirability on substance use reporting among a sample of low-income fathers. The study included secondary data analysis of 665 fathers, who participated in a fatherhood program between 2011 and 2015. The two-factor model with the addition of two error covariances exhibited acceptable fit to the data. Sociodemographic characteristics were significantly associated with alcohol and drug use among the sample with social desirability being the strongest predictor of lower alcohol and drug use reporting. Findings suggest that alcohol and drugs are distinct constructs that should be assessed separately, despite being correlated. In social work practice and research, the influence of social desirability in reporting should be accounted for when assessing substance use.

The Effect of Institutional Environment, General Self Efficacy and Desirability On Social Entrepreneurship Intentions in Turkey

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the institutional environment on general self-efficacy and desirability as well as the impact of general self-efficacy and desirability on social entrepreneurship intentions. For data collection a structured questionnaire was used. In total 500 questionnaires were distributed among university students and 367 usable questionnaires were returned and analysed. The structural equation modelling was used to investigate the relationship between the study variables. The findings revealed significant relationships among the research variables. It was found that the dimension of the regulatory environment has a positive impact on desirability and the dimension of the cognitive environment has a positive impact on general self-efficacy. The findings also showed a positive relationship among general self-efficacy, desirability and social entrepreneurship intentions. This study was carried out by using a convenience sampling method on university students. Within the scope of the research, the variables of the institutional environment, general self-efficacy and desirability are discussed in terms of social entrepreneurship intention. The study provides a new understanding of the factors that affect the intention of social entrepreneurship and provides an insight into which variables can be prioritized in countries with problems such as environmental pollution, migration and unemployment.

Effect of Autoclave Pressure and Temperature on Consolidation of Layers and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured (FDM) Products with PLA

In additive manufacturing technologies, fused deposition modelling (FDM) is continuing its advancement from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing. However, effective usage of FDM is not performed due to the poor mechanical properties of the 3D-printed components. This drawback restricts their usage in many applications. Much research, such as reinforcing 3D-printed parts with fibers, changing printing parameters (infill density, infill concentration, extrusion temperature, nozzle diameter, layer thickness, raster angle, etc.) are aimed to increase the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts. This research paper aims to investigate the effect of pressure and temperature on the mechanical properties and consolidation of layers of 3D-printed PLA (Polylactic Acid). Post-treatment was done using a customized autoclave. Autoclave has the capability to maintain 185 °C and 135 bar pressure. Three-dimensional-printed specimens were manufactured using the FDM process with two patterns. Later, the specimens were subjected to various post-treatment processes, then followed with testing and analysis of mechanical properties. Post-treatment process carried out by placing them in an autoclave at certain pressure and temperature conditions. To investigate the repeatability and tolerances, the test series includes a minimum of four to six test specimens. The results indicate that the concentric pattern yields the most desirable tensile, impact, and flexural strength due to the alignment of deposited rasters and better consolidation of layers with the loading direction. The pressure and temperature of the autoclave has a positive effect on the PLA samples, which helped them to reorganize the structure, hence strength properties were enhanced. The test results also compared with injection-molded samples for better understating.

Farm typology for planning targeted farming systems interventions for smallholders in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

Due to complexity of smallholder farms, many times technologies with great potential fail to achieve the desired impact in leveraging productivity and profitability of the farming community. In the Indo-Gangetic Plains there is an urgent need to understand the diversity of farm households, identifying the main drivers deciding their system thus, classifying them into homogenous groups. In the present study, the diversity of smallholder farms was assessed using crop, livestock and income related characteristics and associated farm mechanization. Using principal component analysis and cluster analysis for 252 farm households, 4 farm types were identified i.e. Type 1. Small Farm households with cereal-based cropping system and subsistence livestock (39%), Type 2. Small Farm households with diversified cropping system dominated by cereal and fodder crops with only cattle herd (9%), Type 3. Marginal Farm household with diversified cropping system dominated by cash crop and herd comprising of only cattle (39%), Type 4. Marginal Farm household with diversified cropping system dominated by cereal crops and herd dominated by small ruminants (12%). Based on the constraints identified for different components of farming systems, low-cost interventions were planned for each farm type. These interventions have resulted in 84.8–103.2 per cent increase in the income of the farm HH under study suggesting usefulness of typology-based intervention planning in increasing income of small farm holders.

The Differences between the Effects of a Nanoformulation and a Conventional Form of Atrazine to Lettuce: Physiological Responses, Defense Mechanisms, and Nutrient Displacement.

The rapid development of nanotechnology influences the developments within the agro-sector. An example is provided by the production of nanoenabled pesticides with the intention to optimize the efficiency of the pesticides. At the same time, it is important to collect information on the unintended and unwanted adverse effects of emerging nanopesticides on nontarget plants. Currently, this information is limited. In the present study, we compared the effects of a nanoformulation of atrazine (NPATZ) and the nonencapsulated atrazine formulation (ATZ) on physiological responses, defense mechanisms, and nutrient displacement in lettuce over time with the applied concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 3 mg atrazine per kg soil. Our results revealed that both NPATZ and ATZ induced significant decreases in plant biomass, chlorophyll content, and protein content. Additionally, exposure to NPATZ and ATZ caused oxidative stress to the lettuce plant and significantly elevated the activities of the tested ROS scavenger enzymes in plant tissues. These results indicate that NPATZ and ATZ cause distinct adverse impacts on lettuce plants. When comparing the adverse effects in plants after exposure to NPATZ and ATZ, no obvious differences in plant biomass and chlorophyll content were observed between NPATZ and ATZ treatments at the same exposure concentration regardless of exposure duration. An enhanced efficiency of the active ingredient of the nanopesticide as compared to the conventional formulation was observed after long-term exposure to the high concentration of NPATZ, as it induced higher impacts on plants in terms of the end points of the contents of protein, superoxide anion (O2˙–), and MDA, and the activities of stress-related enzymes as compared to the same concentration of ATZ. Furthermore, exposure to both NPATZ and ATZ disrupted the uptake of mineral nutrients in plants, and the differences in the displacement of nutrients between the NPATZ and ATZ treatments depended on the element type, plant organ, exposure concentration, and time. Overall, the application dose of a nanopesticide should balance their increased herbicidal efficiency with the long-term adverse effects in order to maximize the desired impact while minimizing adverse impacts; only then will we be able to understand the potential impact of nanopesticides on the environment.

Research Pathways for Societal Impact: A Typology of Relational Engagements for Consumer Psychology Research

Consumer psychology research achieves desirable societal impact when it affects positive changes in the world. Increasingly, researchers seek to understand how to increase the impact of their work. For research to have societal impact, scholars must engage with stakeholders ranging from consumers, businesses, and nonprofits, to media and the government. Earlier research presented a relational engagement approach that defined societal impact as a rewarding process involving knowledge creation, awareness, implementation, and societal benefits (J.L. Ozanne et al., 2017). This article builds upon these insights by conceptualizing a typology of relational engagements that provides different research pathways for those researchers who want to effect positive changes in society.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR PRACTICING EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH STYLE IN PUBLIC SPEAKING

This research deals with public speaking class, especially in extemporaneous speech. The purpose of the research was to find out how was the effective strategy for practicing an impromptu speech in public speaking. The researcher applied a qualitative research approach. The technique of data collection was note-taking by collected data on books and journals. The data were analyzed using data reduction, data display, and drawing the conclusion. The results revealed that there are some effective strategies for practicing extemporaneous speech in public speaking. The introduction of the speech started from greeting the god, getting the attention and interest of the audience started by a familiar quote, telling a personal story to illustrate speech point, and revealing the topic to the audience. Strategies explaining the body of speech were to have a card note. It is used to write the point of the speech presents the main points and sub-points in the body of the speech. Establish eye contact with the audience into speaker opening words, vocal and visual gestures in perform, and make sure the speech has the desired impact on the audience, testimony quotes from expert statements to support the conversation. Then, strategies concluding the speech began the conclusion with a restatement of the speaker's message by using positive words to the audience, praise and thanks to the audience, closing with an entertaining sentence or anecdote, chant rhymes, and chant rhymes and short poems.