Desirable Attributes Research Articles

Unlocking Diversity: From Simple to Cutting-Edge Synthetic Methodologies of Bis(indolyl)methanes.

From a synthetic perspective, bis(indolyl)methanes have undergone extensive investigation over the past two to three decades owing to their remarkable pharmacological activities, encompassing anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory properties. These highly desirable attributes have spurred significant interest within the scientific community, leading to the development of various synthetic strategies that are not only more efficient but also ecofriendly. This synthesis-based literature review delves into the advancements made in the past 5years, focusing on the synthesis of symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical bis(indolyl)methanes. The review encompasses a wide array of methods, ranging from well-established techniques to more unconventional and innovative approaches. Furthermore, it highlights the exploration of various substrates, encompassing readily available chemicals such as indole, aldehydes/ketones, indolyl methanols, etc. as well as the use of some specific compounds as starting materials to achieve the synthesis of this invaluable molecule. By encapsulating the latest developments in this field, this review provides insights into the expanding horizons of bis(indolyl)methane synthesis.

Heritability of floral traits in Allium cepa L. populations from biparental crosses

AbstractOnions (Allium cepa L.) are one of the main vegetable crops worldwide. As an allogamous species with entomophilous pollination, floral traits play a critical role in seed production. Improving seed yield, especially for hybrid seed production, is very important. In this work, we obtained genetic information for floral traits using segregating populations from three male‐sterile lines and one open‐pollinated variety. Data on 16 floral traits, including perianth, gynoecium, stamens, and receptacle structures, were collected from the parental cultivars, their hybrids, and from segregating populations in the F2 and F3 generations. This dataset underpinned a comprehensive analysis of genetic variability, broad‐ and narrow‐sense heritability estimation, genetic gain predictions, and trait correlations. The evaluated traits exhibited high broad‐sense heritability values (0.08–0.85), but moderate narrow‐sense heritability values (0.01–0.68), implying that the observed phenotypic variance is mainly explained by genetic factors, with a minor additive genetic factors contribution. Consequently, the study revealed effective genetic gain for the analyzed traits. The phenotypic correlations observed in the parental cultivars were not always maintained in the segregating populations, suggesting random correlations. Meanwhile, genetic correlations were moderate to low, suggesting that the analyzed traits can be independently selected without affecting the expression of other floral traits. Notably, correlations among floral traits were significant in stable cultivars but weak in segregating populations, excluding pleiotropic effects. This work has successfully demonstrated the heritability of onion floral traits and provided a sound basis for selecting individuals with desirable attributes, with valuable practical implications for onion breeding and seed production.

Translating patient needs into medical device development: co-design of a photoprotection visor for Xeroderma Pigmentosum using qualitative interviews

IntroductionPeople with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) have a heightened sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and are advised to wear photoprotective clothing including a visor covering the face and neck. Photoprotective visors are homemade and predominately worn by children with decreasing frequency as age increases. To improve upon the current design and efficacy we were tasked with developing a prototype visor to meet patients’ needs.MethodsAdopting a codesign methodology, patients’ experiences of wearing a visor and patient and carer views of emerging prototypes were explored during interviews. A thematic analysis was conducted in parallel with data collection and themes were interpreted into design cues; desirable attributes of a visor that would counteract the negative user experiences and meet the requirements described by patients and carers. The design cues guided the iterative development of prototypes by academic engineers.ResultsTwenty-four interviews were conducted with patients and carers. Thematic analysis resulted in the following five themes: Being safe from UVR exposure; self-consciousness; temperature effects; acoustic difficulties; and material properties. The following design cues were developed from the themes respectively; materials and design with high UVR protection; ability to customise with own headwear; ventilation to reduce steaming up; acoustic functionality to enable hearing and speech; foldable, portable, and easy to put on and take off.ConclusionsIt is important to understand people’s experiences of using medical devices to improve their safety, efficiency and user satisfaction. The user experience themes and design cues, informed the iterative development of low fidelity visor prototypes as part of a codesign process. These design cues and responses to the prototypes are guiding commercial manufacturing and regulatory approval. The visor can then be prescribed to patients, providing an equitable service of care.

Proximate composition, bioactive constituents, and therapeutic potentials of pasteurized Noni juice derived from <em>Morinda citrifolia</em> (L.) growing in Sri Lanka

Morinda citrifolia (L.), also known as Noni or Ahu in Sri Lanka, is infrequently consumed as a dietary supplement within the country due to its association with myths and perceived toxicity. Nonetheless, in Sri Lanka, limited scientific research has been undertaken in the past to explore the therapeutic potential of noni, with public awareness primarily focused on its exportdriven cultivation. The study focused on evaluating the proximate composition, bioactive constituents, and therapeutic potential of hydro-methanolic extracts from pasteurized noni fruit juice, employing an 80% methanol extraction method, filtration, and assessment through standard assays to elucidate its potentia health benefits. The juice showed noteworthy antioxidant potential through DPPH scavenging activity (57.90 ± 0.40 μg/mL) and ABTS scavenging activity (42.95 ± 1.33 μg/mL), as well as high nitric oxide inhibition activity (164.56 ± 3.22 μg/mL), suggesting its anti-inflammatory properties. The juice also displayed potential as an anti-diabetic agent by inhibiting alpha-amylase (27.68 ± 0.36 μg/mL) and alpha-glucosidase (25.67 ± 1.03 μg/mL). Furthermore, it exhibited potential in protecting against certain pathological processes through heat-induced hemolysis inhibition (36.08 ± 1.08 μg/mL), protein denaturation inhibition (56.14 ± 1.11 μg/mL), and proteinase inhibitory activity (38.04 ± 0.56 μg/mL). These findings support the potential use of pasteurized fruit juice as a functional food ingredient, offering benefits to both the food industry and consumers. Further research can be directed towards the development of Noni fruit-incorporated food products that possess desirable sensory attributes to mitigate any potential aversion associated with its taste and odor profiles.

Deciphering induced variability, character association and multivariate analysis utilizing gamma rays and ethyl methanesulfonate in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with differential grain texture

Purpose Sustainable wheat production and higher genetic gains can be realized by broadening the genetic base and improving the well adapted varieties. In the present study, a multi-year experiment involving induced mutagenesis was conducted to create genetic variation, assess trait associations and genetic divergence in four wheat varieties with differential grain texture treated with six doses of gamma rays and ethyl methane sulfonate using ten agro-morphological traits. Materials and methods Healthy selfed seeds of four bread wheat varieties with differential texture were irradiated using six doses ranging from 175 Gy-300 Gy of gamma rays (Co60: BARC, Mumbai) and six concentrations of ethyl methanesulfonate (0.3–1.3%) (Sigma-Aldrich, Bangalore, India) to evaluate variability, character association and degree of genetic diversity induced among the mutagenic treatments of wheat varieties with differential grain texture. Results Significant inter-population differences were observed for almost all the traits. The sample mean of twelve mutant populations in each of the cultivar exhibited superior quantitative phenotypic traits and increased values of the genetic parameters. Based on association and variability studies, plant height, spike length, grain filling period, biological yield per plant and harvest index can be used as early generation criteria for maximum genetic improvement. Multivariate studies indicated the contribution of various traits towards divergence and indicated the efficiency of mutagens in generating variability. Gamma-irradiation dosages between 200–250 Gy and 0.5–1.1% EMS for soft-textured varieties, whereas doses between 225–275 Gy and 0.5–0.9% EMS were found to be most potent for semi-hard-textured varieties. Conclusions Assessment of mutagen sensitivity showed that semi-hard wheat varieties were responsive to both mutagens, particularly EMS and generated higher variability and divergence than the soft textured varieties. Hence, gamma rays were proved to be more effective in generating higher variability than ethyl methanesulfonate. A total of 117 putative mutants were identified with desirable agro-morphological attributes. Among these, mutants with higher inter-cluster distance can be used as parents in hybridization programs and serve as important genetic resources in future wheat improvement programs.

Benefits of isochoric freezing for carrot juice preservation.

Isochoric freezing (IF) at -5°C/77 and -10°C/100MPa was used to preserve carrot juice for 12 weeks. The juice qualities were compared to those using heat treatment (HT) at 95°C for 15s followed by cold storage at 4°C. The native population of total aerobic bacteria, yeasts, and molds in isochoric frozen juice remained below the detection limit for 12 weeks. In comparison, microbes started to grow in heat-treated juices after 3 weeks of refrigeration. The color of isochoric frozen juice appeared more deep orange than the fresh juice due to an increase in carotenoid extractability. IF was not effective in reducing the activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and pectin methyl esterase compared with HT. However, the isochoric samples showed higher carotenoid content, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity compared to the fresh and heat-treated juices. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Isochoric freezing was used to produce carrot juice with extended shelf life. Isochoric freezing could be a beneficial alternative to conventional heat treatment for carrot juice processing as the applied pressures reached total inactivation levels of spoilage microorganisms. Moreover, the low processing temperatures better retained desirable compounds and quality attributes of fresh juice throughout its shelf life.

Development of Transethosomes Delivery System Loaded with Bouea macrophylla Griffith Seed Kernel Extract for Cosmeceutical Application

This research aimed to develop and optimize transethosomes loaded with Bouea macrophylla Griffith seed kernel extract (B-SE). Firstly, extraction procedures using solvent fractionation with various polarity: hexane, ethyl acetate and 95% (v/v) ethanol. The physicochemical properties of B-SE were investigated in terms of partition coefficient (LogP), solubility and pH-stability. To optimize the transethosomes formulation, the compositions were varied in sorts of percent cosurfactant, types of cosurfactant, extract concentration, percent total surfactant and types of particle ingredients (phospholipid or cholesterol). The significant factors influencing physical characteristics of the transethosomes were statistically identified using the 25-1 fractional factorial design. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), percent entrapment efficiency (%EE) and ultrastructural morphology of the optimized formulation was then characterized. As a marker of B-SE, ellagic acid (EA) was identified by HPLC at a retention time of 32.506 ± 0.16 min. The LogP of B-SE was 0.17. B-SE was practically insoluble in water but freely soluble in propylene glycol and ethanol. The pH condition that stabilized the extract was pH-5. The optimized formulation, consisted of phospholipid, propylene glycol, TWEEN 20, SPAN 80 and 2.5 mg/ml of B-SE presenting particle sizes of 79.72 ± 2.42 nm, PDI of 0.26±0.02 and %EE of 83.10±0.03% along with a spherical particle shape. To conclude, the optimized transethosomes loaded with B-SE fabricated by phospholipid and propylene glycol has desirable attributes for further developing into an anti-acne cosmeceutical. Nonetheless, the bioactivities and safety profile of the transethosomes were necessary for further investigation. Keywords: Bouea macrophylla Griffith, Transethosomes, Ellagic acid, Fractional factorial design, Nanocarrier

Roll‐to‐Roll Compatible Topochemical Wetting Control for Metamaterial Printing

AbstractThe widespread utilization of metamaterials, despite their immense transformative potential, faces challenges regarding scalability in mass production. To address these limitations, an additive method that leverages liquid inks and selective wetting to produce scalable and cost‐effective metamaterials is presented. UV‐based imprinting lithography is utilized to fabricate surface energy‐modulated patterns, enabling precise solution patterning. This approach, unlike conventional UV‐based imprinting lithography, not only accurately produces the negative replica of the stamp topography during UV‐induced crosslinking but also transfers a hydrophobic layer onto the raised surfaces of the imprinted hydrophilic layer, resulting in 3D shapes with spatially modulated surface energy. In the second process step, a functional ink is dragged over the patterned substrate where it dewets to fill the hydrophilic recesses. This innovative process enables high‐speed metamaterial production, with ink deposition speeds up to 12 m min−1. The method accommodates a wide range of inks, including metals, dielectrics, and semiconductors, providing meticulous control over vertical structures such as pattern thickness and hetero‐multilayer formation. Additionally, it offers flexibility in creating metamaterials on free‐standing ultra‐thin sheets, introducing desirable attributes like foldability and disposability. The effectiveness of this approach is validated through the fabrication and characterization of metallic metamaterials.

Emotional leader communication in the digital age: An experimental investigation on the role of emoji

The rapid pace of digitalization in the workplace confronts leaders and followers with the demand to get accustomed to digital ways of communication. The prevalent digital media platforms, like e-mail and messenger services, however, are less broad in informational depth, omitting nonverbal cues and usually adopting a more stifled and factual tonality. This constitutes a substantial challenge for leaders, as the transferal of emotions, mostly driven by a message's nonverbal delivery, constitutes one of the key pathways for their effectiveness. Quasi-nonverbal signals, like emoji, could be a means to re-enrich written leader communication with affect. We conducted two experiments to gain insights into the benefits and risks of emoji in leader communication. Our findings reveal the potential of positive emoji to enhance followers' ascriptions of desirable leader attributes, approval of the leader, and their other-regarding behaviour, however only in certain organisational contexts. Conversely, negative emoji substantially undermined the leader's standing, leading to various undesirable outcomes. Our findings thus allow for inferences on how followers will likely react to specific quasi-nonverbal displays and provide leaders with recommendations for adapting their affective signalling to elicit desired responses.

GRELinker: A Graph-Based Generative Model for Molecular Linker Design with Reinforcement and Curriculum Learning.

Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) is widely used in drug design. One useful strategy in FBDD is designing linkers for linking fragments to optimize their molecular properties. In the current study, we present a novel generative fragment linking model, GRELinker, which utilizes a gated-graph neural network combined with reinforcement and curriculum learning to generate molecules with desirable attributes. The model has been shown to be efficient in multiple tasks, including controlling log P, optimizing synthesizability or predicted bioactivity of compounds, and generating molecules with high 3D similarity but low 2D similarity to the lead compound. Specifically, our model outperforms the previously reported reinforcement learning (RL) built-in method DRlinker on these benchmark tasks. Moreover, GRELinker has been successfully used in an actual FBDD case to generate optimized molecules with enhanced affinities by employing the docking score as the scoring function in RL. Besides, the implementation of curriculum learning in our framework enables the generation of structurally complex linkers more efficiently. These results demonstrate the benefits and feasibility of GRELinker in linker design for molecular optimization and drug discovery.

Evaluating the sensory properties of hybrid (meat and plant‐based) burger patties

AbstractConsumer interest in alternative plant‐based foods is growing, including products where plant proteins are isolated and reformulated to mimic meat. This study aims to investigate the fundamental changes in sensorial (textural) properties between meat and plant proteins using a hybrid protein burger matrix. Burger patties were used as a model, prepared with a range of protein composition (beef: plant‐based protein; 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) with identical added fat (17%) and at two salt (0 and 0.6%) contents. Conventional sensory descriptive profiling elicited 21 sensory attributes and profiles of samples were obtained to explore relationship(s) with composition. Early‐stage oral processing texture attributes were well‐differentiated across the sample space, while less discrimination was observed across samples for latter stage mastication texture attributes. Animal meat content increased scores for saltiness and flavor intensity indicating that plant‐based meat analogues require a higher salt content to achieve similar levels of salt and flavor perception. These findings provide key insights into the impact of meat and/or plant‐based protein composition on sensory properties in a hybrid burger patty model system. Future work should consider the mechanical properties of such products with the objective of finetuning ingredients and processing to obtain meat analogues with desirable sensorial attributes.

Genetic gains in early maturing maize hybrids developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Southern Africa during 2000-2018.

Genetic gain estimation in a breeding program provides an opportunity to monitor breeding efficiency and genetic progress over a specific period. The present study was conducted to (i) assess the genetic gains in grain yield of the early maturing maize hybrids developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Southern African breeding program during the period 2000-2018 and (ii) identify key agronomic traits contributing to the yield gains under various management conditions. Seventy-two early maturing hybrids developed by CIMMYT and three commercial checks were assessed under stress and non-stress conditions across 68 environments in seven eastern and southern African countries through the regional on-station trials. Genetic gain was estimated as the slope of the regression of grain yield and other traits against the year of first testing of the hybrid in the regional trial. The results showed highly significant (p< 0.01) annual grain yield gains of 118, 63, 46, and 61 kg ha-1 year-1 under optimum, low N, managed drought, and random stress conditions, respectively. The gains in grain yield realized in this study under both stress and non-stress conditions were associated with improvements in certain agronomic traits and resistance to major maize diseases. The findings of this study clearly demonstrate the significant progress made in developing productive and multiple stress-tolerant maize hybrids together with other desirable agronomic attributes in CIMMYT's hybrid breeding program.

Comprehensive analysis of quality and bioactive compounds in umbu-cajá fruit during different ripening stages

Umbu-cajá (Spondias tuberosa x S. mombin) is a tropical fruit with potential health benefits due to its bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to identify the optimal harvest point for enhanced nutritional value and consumer appeal of umbu-cajá. Umbu-cajá fruit was collected at five ripening stages (S1 to S5). Immature fruit (S1) had a higher pulp yield but a lower seed yield, suggesting an inverse relationship between these fruit components. Stage 3 (S3) was identified as the optimal harvest time, as it maintained stable pulp and seed mass, corresponding to the ideal physiological maturity point for human consumption. The respiration rate increased significantly at stages S4 and S5, indicating that Spondias sp. could be classified as a climacteric fruit. Color analysis revealed increased yellowness during ripening, which is indicative of the development of desirable attributes such as sweetness and soft texture in hipened fruits. Compositional analysis demonstrated that moisture content decreased while ash and solids content increased during ripening, reflecting appropriate maturity for human consumption. The ratio of soluble solids to acidity increased, suggesting enhanced sweetness as the fruits ripened. The levels of antioxidants, except for anthocyanins, decreased during ripening, with the latter increasing up to stage S3, thereby providing the fruit with its vibrant colors. The compositional changes underscore the importance of considering both nutritional and sensory attributes in determining the optimal harvest time. Moreover, the increased antioxidant content at early ripening stages signifies the fruit's potential as a valuable source of health-promoting compounds. This study contributes to optimizing the quality of umbu-cajá and offers valuable information for sustainable production and improved consumption of these fruits. By identifying the ideal harvest time and evaluating the changes in bioactive compounds and quality attributes during ripening, this research aids in promoting healthier dietary choices and supporting the fruit industry. The findings have implications for producers, retailers, and consumers, providing a scientific basis for enhancing the nutritional value and flavor profile of umbu-cajá at the optimal stage of ripening.

ZnO-PANI nanocomposite: Enhanced electrochemical performance towards energy storage

In the present investigation a novel nanocomposite composed of Polyaniline (PANI) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) has been evaluated for its structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties for its application as high-performance Li-ion battery electrode. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Furrier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis confirmed the synthesis of ZnO-PANI nanocomposite. The Field emission- scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images confirmed the uniform distribution of ZnO nanoparticle in PANI matrix, while BET surface area analysis revealed a narrow mesoporous pore distribution with high surface area, enhancing its potential for energy storage. The electrochemical assessment using CR2032 coin cells showcased the remarkable performance of the ZnO-PANI nanocomposite as an electrode material for energy storage. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis revealed distinct reduction and reformation peaks related to ZnO and Li+ insertion into the PANI matrix. The nanocomposite displayed a high specific capacity, with an initial discharge capacity of 1052 mA h g−1, followed by stable performance in subsequent cycles. Notably, Coulombic efficiency consistently exceeded 98 % from the 10th cycle, demonstrating excellent performance. The rate capability was equally impressive, delivering discharge capacities from 1052 mA h g−1 at 0.1C to 771 mA h g−1 at 2C. Long-term cycling tests illustrated exceptional capacity retention, with 92.99 % capacity retained after 500 cycles and outstanding Coulombic efficiency consistently above 99 %. In conclusion, the ZnO-PANI nanocomposite exhibits desirable structural and morphological attributes, exceptional electrochemical performance, and potential for advanced energy applications, particularly in Li-ion batteries.

Implementation of multi-criteria decision making for the ranking of drugs used to treat bone-cancer

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;The concept of "topological index" refers to a numerical value determined by the structure of a chemical network. It serves to determine the physicochemical and biological properties of diverse medications, offering a more precise depiction of the theoretical properties of organic materials, this is achieved through the utilization of degree-based topological indices. Because of the development of resistance to existing treatments and the unpleasant side effects associated with some current drugs, the hunt for new drugs remains a priority. In drug discovery, QSPR approaches are widely used to predict, from a chemical structure, the biological activity of potential novel drugs. Researchers can prioritize compounds for synthesis and optimize them to improve potency, preference, and other desired attributes by establishing a correlation between chemical features and biological activity. Rational drug design approaches incorporate research methodologies such as quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) and quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR), along with decision-making strategies. The goal of these strategies is to improve the biological activity and physicochemical qualities of existing leads. This research includes mathematical modeling of drug mechanisms utilizing multiple-criteria decision analysis and QSPR analysis. Furthermore, using decision-making techniques, I can determine the order of production for various drugs used to treat bone cancer based on their examination using QSPR analysis and topological indices.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Endosomolytic Peptides Enable the Cellular Delivery of Peptide Nucleic Acids

Precision genetic medicine enlists antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to bind to nucleic acid targets important for human disease. Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) have many desirable attributes as ASOs but lack cellular...

Optimization of process parameters for shielded metal arc welding for ASTM A 572 grade 50

The quality of a weld significantly depends on the mechanical characteristics of the welded joint, the welding process, and its associated input parameters. Insufficient parameter values can lead to welding defects and distortion that adversely affect mechanical properties. Consequently, carefully selecting appropriate parameters at an optimal level becomes crucial to mitigate defects, enhance productivity, and achieve desirable mechanical attributes in shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). This study explores optimizing SMAW parameters for ASTM A572 Grade 50 steel joints, vital in heavy machinery. Using Taguchi L16 array, parameters were varied across four levels. Grey relational and principal component analysis guided optimization. Results reveal groove angle's impact on tensile strength, electrode diameter on impact strength, and welding current on hardness and angular distortion. Optimal parameters were: 160 A welding current, 60° groove angle, 3.25 electrode diameter, 3 mm root gap, and 3 mm root face. Implementation of optimal parameters led to significant improvements: 10.53% higher tensile strength, 14.28% increased impact toughness, 8.55% reduced hardness, and a remarkable 33.33% decrease in angular distortion.

Ohmic-based carbonic maseration of Arabica coffee cherries: A Review

Coffee stands as one of the most globally significant and beloved commercial crops. Green coffee beans are typically produced from coffee cherries through one of three distinct processing techniques: wet, dry, or semi-dry process. During the wet and dry process, fermentation plays a pivotal role in the formation of distinct and desirable sensory attributes. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate fermentation process, shedding light on its multifaceted impacts on flavor. Additionally, we introduce a novel approach to coffee processing, the ohmic-assisted carbonic maceration, drawing inspiration from the well-established winemaking technique. This innovative method explores the potential for using ohmic heating in carbonic maceration of coffee cherries to produce high-quality coffee beans with distinct flavor profiles; with a specific focus on crafting specialty coffee. This cutting-edge approach holds immense promise for modernizing the traditional methods that are commonly employed by coffee farmers and producers in Indonesia.

A Graph-Based Discriminator Architecture for Multi-Attribute Facial Image Editing

Multi-attribute editing aims to synthesize new facial images with multiple desired attributes while at the same time preserving other contents. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) with encoder-decoder-based generators are typically applied to this task, while the co-occurrence nature of attributes is overlooked by generic discriminators when identifying real and synthesized instances. To address the issue, we focus on precisely capturing semantics associated with target attributes in this work, and propose a Graph-based Discriminator architecture for a GAN model, which is referred to as GD-GAN, for explicitly modeling and leveraging the attribute dependencies. Specifically, the co-occurrence ratio between attributes is used to build a correlation matrix, which captures inter-attribute relationships. We design a discriminator with a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) to integrate knowledge about the attribute dependencies into the adversarial training process. Different from the existing methods that identify the synthesized data conditioned on the attributes individually, we leverage the attribute correlations by performing feature propagation over the graph of attributes, which leads to interdependent representations for real-fake instance identification. Incorporating the relationships of attributes eventually induces the generator to capture precise semantics associated with the attributes. Empirical results on multiple benchmarks demonstrate the superior performance of GD-GAN in high-quality semantic manipulation.

Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and its applications in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors

The synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a challenging task for industrial applications due to the absence of a simple and cost-effective synthesis method. This study proposes an environmentally friendly approach to synthesizing rGO using cow urine as a reducing agent, which eliminates the use of hazardous chemicals. The efficacy of this method was confirmed through various analyses, including UV Vis, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray diffraction, which demonstrated the successful removal of oxygen-containing functions in GO via reduction with cow urine. The synthesized rGO-10 was utilized to fabricate electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensors, which exhibited a rapid response time and excellent amperometry response. The sensors used in this study demonstrated a sensitivity of 19.17 μAcm−2mM−1 when optimized for a glucose concentration of 2 mM in human serum. The sensors demonstrated a wide response range, covering a range of 0.2 to 10 mM, and a low detection limit of 1.9019 µM. Additionally, the sensors displayed desirable attributes about repeatability, reproducibility, and stability.