The Simple Antivirus Scanner was developed as an instructional model to demonstrate the core mechanisms of signature-based malware detection. Implemented using Delphi, the system integrates MD5 hashing, database-driven signature comparison, and asynchronous scanning through the TBackgroundWorker component, providing both functionality and responsiveness in a Windows environment. The project’s architecture includes recursive file traversal, efficient hash computation, and a structured virus definition database that enables accurate identification of known malware. The inclusion of a harmless test virus allows for safe experimentation and validation of the detection process, reinforcing user understanding of hash-based recognition. Results show that the system performs effectively in detecting catalogued threats, offering a predictable and transparent learning experience. However, it lacks the capabilities of modern antivirus systems such as heuristic analysis, real-time protection, and automated signature updates. As a pedagogical platform, it serves as a bridge between theory and practice—illustrating file system operations, cryptographic applications, and data-driven threat identification. Future development may expand the scanner into a more comprehensive framework incorporating multi-layered detection, cloud-based updates, and AI-based classification. Ultimately, the project emphasizes clarity and accessibility, making it a valuable resource for students, educators, and cybersecurity enthusiasts seeking practical insight into antivirus design principles and malware detection logic.

The use of co-calcined rice husk (RH) and red mud (RM) in cement mortar was investigated in this study. The effects of these additives on mechanical properties, electromagnetic shielding performance and environmental benefits were systematically analysed. The addition of calcined RH and RM notably improved the compressive strength of the cement mortar and exhibited strong electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities, particularly in the mid-frequency range. Under optimal conditions (5% dosage with RH and RM co-calcined at 800°C), the compressive strength increased by 3.03% at 7 days and by 8.33% at 28 days as compared with the control mortar. The material exhibited six absorption bandwidths spanning from low to high frequency, with the strongest absorption peak at 10.73 GHz, a reflection loss of −37.8 dB and an absorption bandwidth of 0.71 GHz (<−10 dB). Based on the principles of sustainable design, RH and RM, as agricultural and industrial wastes, were repurposed to develop a cement-based composite material that balances structural strength and electromagnetic absorption.

Twisted Intramolecular charge transfer (TICT)-based fluorescent probes are crucial in chemical sensing due to their sensitivity and specificity. These probes undergo conformational changes upon interacting with target analytes, resulting in measurable fluorescence responses. Their environment-dependent emission characteristics make them ideal for detecting variations in solvent polarity, microviscosity, and specific chemical species. Recent advances have expanded their applications to organic optoelectronics and non-linear optics. This review discusses the design principles, mechanisms, and applications of TICT-based probes, emphasizing their role in detecting cations, anions, and neutral molecules. We describe their advantages, such as fluorescence turn-on or turn-off responses and potential for ratiometric detection, which inherently corrects for interferences. Challenges in developing these probes, including fluorescence quantum yield and photostability, are also addressed. Potential directions for future research are highlighted, including the need for improved biocompatibility and multimodal imaging capabilities, with the aim of enhancing their utility in environmental monitoring, biomedical research, and clinical diagnostics.

Despite its pedagogical value, failure is not often desired by students. To address this motivational barrier, I report a conceptual replication study that explored the synergistic effects of combining design principles from two distinct research traditions—growth mindset and utility value—to improve students’ dispositions toward failure. Using a single-group pre-post design, N = 68 lower secondary students from Singapore engaged in a pilot intervention involving prediction-explanation cycles on growth mindset myths along with evaluation of peer quotations reframing failure. Mixed methods analyses showed that this brief intervention was successful in significantly improving students’ learning goal orientation and attitude towards mistakes (strong effect sizes), representing rapid change in traditionally difficult-to-influence areas in education. Conversely, deeper cognitive orientations pertaining to beliefs about ability and the utility of failure showed non-significant improvements (weak to moderate effects). These results call on educators to proactively design repeated sense making opportunities involving reflections and vicarious learning to improve students’ cognition and perception regarding failure.

ABSTRACT Combining high mobility and high‐efficiency luminescence in one material is challenging because of their contradictory design principles. Here, under the three‐state exciton model, a molecular descriptor is proposed to quantitatively design materials with balanced luminescence and mobility in aggregated states, where a large would promise high crystalline photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) with small J (excitonic coupling) and significant and (hole and electron transfer integrals) would indicate high mobility. Through theoretical calculation and experimental validation, it is found that the asymmetric anthracene derivatives are quite effective in simultaneously achieving high mobility and high PLQY. Following the asymmetric guideline, the newly developed compounds, 2‐phenyl vinyl anthracene (2‐PhVA) and 6‐(2‐(anthracene‐2‐yl)vinyl)benzo[b]thiophene (6‐BTVA) demonstrate high values alongside excellent performance: 2‐PhVA exhibits a PLQY of 81.5% and a maximum hole mobility of 10.0 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , and 6‐BTVA shows a PLQY of 30.9% with a maximum mobility of 9.3 cm 2 V −1 s −1 . The above results demonstrate the validation of the descriptor and the asymmetric strategy in further developing high‐mobility light‐emitting aggregated materials.

Solid-state [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions are significant in crystal engineering and photo-responsive materials, yet are often constrained by the Schmidt topological rule. Herein, we designed a series of brominated cyanostilbene derivatives with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties. Remarkably, the dibromo-substituted compound Z-BBBA underwent [2+2] cycloaddition reactions through strong aggregation in aqueous solution and solid state under 365 nm ultraviolet irradiation. The reaction mechanism of Z-BBBA was revealed through UV-vis absorption, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), combined with theoretical calculations. Z-BBBA formed antiparallel dimers via dynamic Br-mediated interactions, enabling ideal π-stacking and reversible olefin spacing regulation to satisfy Schmidt geometry under UV light. Mechanical grinding enhanced the reactivity by introducing crystal defects, increasing surface areas, and promoting molecular sliding. This work elucidates the regulatory rules of halogen substitution on solid-state photochemical reactions and unveils the synergistic effect mechanism of molecular packing, mechanical force, and photoactivation, offering design principles for AIE materials with mechano-optical responsiveness.

Artificial Intelligence Integration in Financial Systems and Enterprise Automation: Technical Architecture and Implementation Frameworks

Retinal diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and diabetic macular edema (DME), alongside optic neuropathies such as glaucoma, are primary contributors to irreversible visual impairment and blindness, and not only impact the quality of life but also place considerable socioeconomic pressures on healthcare systems worldwide. Despite the availability of several therapeutic modalities, the clinical management of these conditions remains challenging due to the unique anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye (i.e., tear film, cornea, blood-aqueous barrier, and the blood-retinal barrier), which impede achieving therapeutic drug concentrations in the posterior segment. Topical administration exhibits low bioavailability, while systemic delivery is generally inefficient and associated with adverse effects. Intravitreal injections (IVIs) deliver drugs directly to the vitreous but necessitate frequent administration, hence increasing risks of endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, and patient non-compliance. Nanomedicine has revolutionized drug delivery science across various medical fields, offering significant advantages for therapeutic interventions. Nanoparticle (NP)-based systems enhance drug solubility and stability, improve pharmacokinetic profiles, facilitate passage across biological barriers, and enable targeted delivery to specific cells or tissues with surface modifications, thereby potentially increasing bioavailability while minimizing systemic toxicity. This review aims to illustrate recent advancements in the design principles, preclinical applications, and translational potential of NP-based drug delivery systems aimed at addressing the challenges inherent in treating posterior segment eye diseases. NPs (ranging from polymeric and lipid-based systems to inorganic and hybrid forms) have been able to effectively carry various formulations of antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, and antioxidant compounds, as well as genetic materials, to counteract such disorders. NP's size, surface charge, and composition can be modulated to optimize interaction with ocular tissues and overcome barriers. With their controlled and sustained drug release, NPs decrease the required frequency of IVIs. In addition, NPs can encapsulate a wide range of therapeutic agents (including hydrophobic molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids) and are amenable to the functionalization of their surfaces with ligands for specific receptors on retinal cells, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing local toxicities. The findings of this review will establish a research agenda for translating NP-based interventions into clinical practice.

Global food waste (1.3 billion tons per year) is a major economic and environmental issue, contributing considerably to cash losses and greenhouse gas emissions. This study assesses the efficacy, limitations, and integration potential of four Industry 4.0 technologies—IoT sensors, AI/ML algorithms, advanced active packaging, and blockchain traceability—for waste reduction at key food supply chain stages (production, logistics, retail, and consumption). We show that each technology has different waste reduction advantages using a rigorous literature synthesis (2020-2025), techno-economic evaluation, and environmental impact analysis. Crucially, coordinated deployment unleashes synergistic potential, resulting in considerably larger systemic waste reduction than standalone applications. However, fulfilling this promise requires overcoming long-standing obstacles such as implementation costs, data needs, recyclability issues, and energy usage. The results highlight the need for coordinated policy frameworks that promote interoperable technology, standardized data protocols, and circular design principles. This study outlines a systematic approach for changing food waste from a systemic failure to a controllable engineering issue, resulting in more resilient and efficient food systems.

Achieving both high electroluminescence (EL) efficiency and power conversion efficiency (PCE) in a single organic device has long been considered difficult, since the design principles optimising one often compromise the other. In this study, we present a strategy employing multiple-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials with strong absorption and high emission efficiency, enabling coexistence of high EL and photovoltaic (PV) efficiencies. By precisely controlling charge-transfer states at donor/acceptor interfaces, we successfully achieve full-spectrum visible EL while maintaining efficient charge generation essential for PV operation. The optimised multifunctional devices exhibit emission colours ranging from blue to red, as well as white, with the green- and orange-light-emitting devices achieving an external quantum efficiency of EL exceeding 8.5% and a PCE of about 0.5%. These findings not only mitigate conventional efficiency trade-offs in organic devices but also open future avenues for emerging applications, including self-powered displays and lighting, potentially advancing optoelectronic technologies.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), owing to their high surface areas, tailorable structures, and numerous potential active sites. Herein, we investigate the impact of flow velocity within microchannels on the crystallization rate and internal structures of Co-MOF-74 via an air-liquid segmented flow method. We demonstrate that a higher flow velocity enhances the frequency of collisions between the metal ions and the organic linkers, yielding Co-MOF-74 samples with improved crystallinity, and unique voids. Specifically, the A-Co-MOF-74-8v synthesized at high flow velocity, exhibits a smaller particle size, developed internal voids, and abundant accessible electroactive sites. These features facilitate efficient mass transport and gas release during electrolysis, leading to significantly enhanced electrocatalytic OER performance. In 1M KOH, A-Co-MOF-74-8v achieves a low overpotential of 310mV at 10mAcm-2, which is 42mV lower than that of the solvothermally synthesized counterpart (ST-Co-MOF-74). This work provides key mechanistic insights and design principles for engineering highly efficient MOF-based electrocatalysts under precisely controlled microfluidic conditions.

We propose a novel design principle for achieving ultralow thermal conductivity in crystalline materials via a "heavy-light and soft-stiff" structural motif. By combination of heavy and light atomic species with soft and stiff bonding networks, both particle-like (κp) and wave-like (κc) phonon transport channels are concurrently suppressed. First-principles calculations show that this architecture induces a hierarchical phonon spectrum: soft-bonded heavy atoms generate dense low-frequency modes that enhance scattering and reduce κp, while stiff-bonded light atoms produce sparse high-frequency optical branches that disrupt the coherence and lower κc. High-throughput screening identifies Tl4SiS4 (κp = 0.10, κc = 0.06 W/mK) and Tl4GeS4 (κp = 0.09, κc = 0.06 W/mK) as representative candidates with strongly suppressed transport in both channels. A minimal 1D triatomic chain model further demonstrates the generality of this mechanism, offering a new paradigm for phonon engineering beyond the conventional κp-κc trade-off.

This study investigates the ecological civilization literacy of Visual Communication Design majors in Zhejiang Province. It develops a competency-based online curriculum to strengthen students’ knowledge, skills, and values related to sustainable design. Using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, the research was conducted in five stages: diagnostic analysis, needs assessment, competency modeling, curriculum development, and expert-guided iterative optimization. Quantitative data were collected from 336 students and 307 graduates, revealing a structurally imbalanced profile characterized by strong ecological attitudes, moderate conceptual understanding, and weak behavioral competence. Qualitative data from faculty (n = 24), employers (n = 25), and experts (n = 24) further indicated fragmentation in current ecological instruction, misalignment between educational supply and industry requirements, and a strong demand for project-based and context-relevant learning experiences. Based on Delphi consultation and content analysis, the study constructed the “Three Dimensions–Nine Competencies” ecological civilization literacy model, which integrates ecological knowledge, sustainable design skills, and value-oriented professional ethics. Guided by Competency-Based Education (CBE) and backward design principles, an online course titled Ecology and Vision: Integrating Sustainable Design Competencies was developed. The curriculum comprises 64 hours across four modules, incorporating localized Zhejiang case studies, interdisciplinary resources, PBL-driven rural revitalization projects, learning analytics, and diversified assessment aligned with the K–S–V competency framework. Expert review demonstrated the curriculum's high validity and feasibility (IOC averages 0.89–0.95; satisfaction scores 4.3–4.6/5). Through iterative refinement, the final model presents a scalable pathway for integrating ecological civilization education into design disciplines. The study contributes a theoretical framework, a methodological model, and a practical solution to advancing sustainability-oriented design education in Chinese higher education institutions. It also provides a transferable curriculum development paradigm for other regions and disciplines seeking to integrate ecological civilization into professional training.

The purpose of this study was to address the importance of sensory input within the built environment and develop design guidelines to accommodate the needs of all users. Typically, people receive information about the surrounding environment through their senses collectively. However, sensory processing problems may occur when sensory signals do not integrate to provide appropriate responses. As a result, the environment may cause a person to feel confused or irritated. A mixed methods approach was utilized to gather data including 1) focus group, 2) interviews, 3) observations, and 4) surveys. Over 600 subjects participated including education specialists (n = 546), adults with developmental disabilities (n = 58), and administrators and staff (n = 30). The target population was individuals who experienced difficulties with sensory processing, integration and modulation, caregivers, educators, and administrators who worked with the target population. The findings show that individuals with sensory processing disorder view their environment differently than the general population. The data gathered was analyzed and coded to reflect six sensory categories: sight, touch, hearing, taste, smell, and motion (includes proprioception and vestibular senses). Each of these themes were further evaluated to develop "Design Principles for Inclusive Environments." Auditory and Tactile sound triggers were found to be the most problematic sensory responses and are the main focus of this manuscript. Unexpected sounds, background noise, and noise from mechanical systems were among the most problematic, while incorporating music and nature sounds were found to alleviate sound triggers. Tactile sensitivity in the environment was increased or reduced based on textures and materials, available personal space, and temperature. The research also showed that all users of a space benefited from the integration of inclusive design principles. This information is communicated in an easy-to-understand format that might benefit design professionals, educators, administrators, parents and the general public.

The subject area of the study is high-tech industrial manufacturing characterized by cascaded production stages, heterogeneity of resources by production types and labour intensity of operations, as well as large volumes of data preventing efficient resource management of the enterprise organizational system solely based on heuristic solutions. The aim of the study is to create a tool for interactive management that integrates algorithmic and heuristic aspects of management decision-making and implements an ergonomic approach to management. Building on prior research aimed at developing effective resource management mechanisms, the current work applies and develops graphic representations of managed objects, namely their formalized schemes, based on virtual environment design principles and drawing on methods for constructing ergonomic human-computer interfaces. The authors achieve the stated objectives through developing a problem-oriented virtual control panel designed according to ergonomic and technical aesthetics requirements, enabling interactive management of the organizational system in a virtual computing environment. The panel features controls allowing users to set initial conditions for solving resource allocation tasks and indicators visually displaying formalized solutions. The work illustrates practical applications of the developed instrument in solving resource management problems with examples.

Advanced Heart failure (HF) is a life-limiting condition that frequently necessitates hospitalization and subsequent post-acute rehabilitation for older adults. Despite high rates of post-acute care utilization, a notable gap exists in understanding the experiences of both patients and their care partners regarding rehabilitation. The objective was to conduct semi-structured interviews with older adults hospitalized with advanced HF and their care partners to explore their prior experiences with HF rehabilitation, including perceived benefits, unmet needs, and opportunities for improvement. Between 2021 and 2023, a qualitative descriptive approach was used to conduct semi-structured interviews with patients hospitalized at an urban academic medical center with advanced HF (n = 12) and care partners (n = 11). Human-centered design principles and the Framework Method were used to guide study design and analyze semi-structured interviews. Recruitment took place in the inpatient setting of a large academic medical center. Qualitative interviews were conducted at bedside, in a quiet area in the hospital, or via Zoom after discharge. Interview location was guided by participant preferences and whether the patient had previously participated in HF rehabilitation prior to their current admission or was initiating rehabilitation for the first time following their hospitalization. Patients were eligible to participate if they were community-dwelling (non-institutionalized), aged 65 years and older, had New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III to IV symptoms, able to speak and read English, and had a history of receiving rehabilitation for their HF in the past (in any setting) or would be initiating it upon discharge. Patients were excluded if they were undergoing advanced therapy (organ transplant or left ventricular assist device placement), had severe cognitive impairment (diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or related dementia, delirium, or altered mental status), or were enrolled in hospice during hospitalization or at hospital discharge. Three deductive domains were characterized: (1) patient and care partner rehabilitation experiences, (2) facilitators and barriers to participating in rehabilitation, and (3) recommendations for optimizing rehabilitation. In the recommendations domain, several inductive themes emerged, including: (1) enhance rehabilitation structure, (2) optimize communication between patients and therapists, (3) incorporate symptom management, and (4) provide structured activity recommendations and goals. Older adults with advanced HF are frequently hospitalized and require post-acute rehabilitation to address impairments in physical function. Our findings characterize patient and care partner experiences with post-acute rehabilitation and identify areas for improvement that may support the development of more effective post-acute rehabilitation interventions in advanced HF.

The article analyses trends in UI/UX design of domestic mobile educational apps for children. It examines the impact of the growing market for mobile applications and the specific needs of child users on interface design; analyses popular Russian educational apps based on developer background, accessibility, and genre orientation. The study identifies key design principles and potential innovative solutions for children’s educational app design, taking into account the specifics of the Russian market and educational standards.

The interplay between vesicles and their enclosed filaments is fundamental to the morphogenesis, motility, and mechanical response of biological cells, artificial cells, and biomimetic robotic systems. By engineering responsiveness or interaction capabilities-such as long-range filament interactions-these filaments can function as active elements that regulate system behavior. Here, we combine theoretical modeling and molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate how interacting filament loops within vesicles induce diverse, system-wide morphological transformations. These transformations are driven by inter- and intrafilament interactions, as well as the competing deformations of both the vesicle and its encapsulated filaments, with interfilament interactions playing a dominant role. We observe phenomena including filament buckling and reorientation, vesicle stretching, and convex-to-concave shape transitions. Morphological phase diagrams are constructed for both vesicles under zero osmotic pressure and those with a fixed relative volume, and we further explore the packing of inhomogeneous filament loops. These results offer quantitative design principles for artificial cellular systems in which filament interactions act as levers to control and stabilize emergent morphologies, laying the groundwork for the development of adaptive soft robotics.

Conversion of CO2 into useful products offers promising pathways towards achieving global carbon neutrality, and the development of corresponding advanced catalysts is important but challenging. Many catalysts can facilitate the conversion of CO2 into mono-carbon C1 products (such as carbon monoxide and formic acid), while conversion of CO2 into high-value-added multi-carbon compounds (such as ethylene and ethanol) requires multiple proton-coupled-electron-transfer (PCET) steps and targeted control product selectivity, which remain difficult to achieve in most catalysts. Single atom catalysts (SACs) demonstrate great potential for efficiently electrolyzing CO2 molecules into high valued chemicals with striking features, including atomically dispersed metal centres, well defined coordination environments, and tuneable electronic structures. In this review, the latest advances in SACs for CO2 conversion are comprehensively summarized, highlighting how SACs design influences product selectivity in CO2 reduction reactions, particularly for challenging C2 products with higher volumetric energy densities and market value. The fundamentals of SACs are first introduced, highlighting their unique advantages and outlining state-of-the-art design strategies and modification methods for performance optimization. The catalytic mechanism of CO2 on SACs is then delved into and their inspiration for SACs design is elucidated. Most importantly, the latest representative examples of engineered SACs for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction and design principles are presented and how novel SACs engineering enhances their activity, selectivity and stability is discussed, providing guidance for the development of efficient and durable SACs. Finally, the current challenges and limitations in this field are identified and future research opportunities are proposed, suggesting concepts for creating durable and highly active catalytic platforms for CO2 conversion and further applications.

Cathode interfacial layers (CILs) are of paramount importance in eliminating the Schottky barrier and enhancing the built-in electric field of solar cells. A profound exploration of the novel design principles for CILs and a clear elucidation of their underlying working mechanisms are undeniably crucial for developing new CIL materials and improving the performance of related devices. In this study, we meticulously designed four dipole molecules featuring different anchoring groups and intramolecular dipole moments, with the aim of conducting an in-depth investigation into the design strategy of employing dipole molecules as cathode interfacial layers. By harnessing the synergistic effect of the intramolecular dipole and the dipole formed between the anchoring group and the metal electrode, Rh-Py can significantly increase the interfacial dipole moment. This not only effectively strengthens the built-in electric field but also optimizes the ohmic contact in organic solar cells, enabling the power conversion efficiency to surpass 20% successfully. Furthermore, the strong interaction between Rh-Py and Pb2+ enables it to effectively passivate Pb2+ defects in perovskite films. When utilized as an antisolvent additive in perovskite solar cells, Rh-Py can markedly reduce nonradiative energy losses and enhance the open-circuit voltage, thereby achieving an impressive PCE of up to 25.80%. Our research findings have shed light on the design principles of fully conjugated dipolar molecules as a new type of interfacial layer material and demonstrated their versatile application potential in the fields of organic and perovskite solar cells.