Smart Building Design Research Articles

An overview on building-integrated photovoltaics: technological solutions, modeling, and control

The advancement of renewable and sustainable energy generation technologies has been driven by environment-related issues, energy independence, and high costs of fossil fuels. Building-integrated photovoltaic systems have been demonstrated to be a viable technology for the generation of renewable power, with the potential to assist buildings in meeting their energy demands. This work reviews the current status of novel PV technologies, including bifacial solar cells and semi-transparent solar cells. This review discusses the various constructions of PV technologies, recent advances in these products, the influence of key design factors on electrical and thermal performance, and their potential in the design of energy-efficient smart buildings. The attention is focused on bifacial and semi-transparent PV systems, given the high level of interest of the scientific community in their current and potential applications.Focus is also devoted to the analysis of the electrical, optical, and thermal modeling procedures developed for sizing, designing, and integrating photovoltaics into larger building simulations. The development of these models has a positive impact on the implementation of next-generation smart buildings. The latest innovative developments and key issues in the application of bifacial PV solutions in buildings are also summarized and analyzed. Special attention is paid to rear side electrical performance, which can be evaluated by means of illuminance/optical backside modeling. Finally, energy management and control of PV-equipped buildings via both model-based and data-driven approaches are discussed, as well as the integration of electric storage systems in a multi-building context.

The impact of AI on boosting renewable energy utilization and visual power plant efficiency in contemporary construction

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the renewable energy sector has revolutionized the efficiency and utilization of renewable energy sources in contemporary construction, significantly impacting visual power plant operations. AI technologies, including machine learning and predictive analytics, optimize energy production, enhance system performance, and streamline maintenance processes, thereby driving the adoption and efficiency of renewable energy systems. AI-powered predictive maintenance tools analyze vast amounts of data from renewable energy installations, such as solar panels and wind turbines, to predict and prevent equipment failures. This proactive approach reduces downtime and maintenance costs, ensuring continuous and efficient energy generation. Additionally, AI algorithms optimize energy storage and distribution by accurately forecasting energy production and demand. This optimization helps balance supply and demand, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and enhancing grid stability. In visual power plants, AI enhances operational efficiency through advanced monitoring and control systems. Real-time data from sensors and IoT devices are processed by AI to provide actionable insights, enabling operators to make informed decisions promptly. AI-driven automation in visual power plants ensures optimal performance by adjusting parameters in real-time, based on environmental conditions and energy demand, thus maximizing energy output. Moreover, AI facilitates the design and construction of smart buildings and infrastructure, integrating renewable energy systems seamlessly. AI-driven energy management systems in buildings analyze consumption patterns, optimize energy use, and promote energy-saving practices, contributing to overall energy efficiency. This integration not only reduces the carbon footprint of construction projects but also aligns with global sustainability goals. The impact of AI on boosting renewable energy utilization and visual power plant efficiency is profound. By leveraging AI technologies, contemporary construction can achieve higher energy efficiency, lower operational costs, and increased sustainability. As AI continues to evolve, its role in the renewable energy sector will likely expand, further enhancing the capabilities of renewable energy systems and paving the way for a more sustainable future in construction and beyond. This paper underscores the transformative potential of AI in renewable energy and its critical role in shaping the future of sustainable construction practices.

MM_Fast_RCNN_ResNet: Construction of Multimodal Faster RCNN Inception and ResNet V2 for Pedestrian Tracking and detection

Pedestrian identification and tracking is a crucial duty in smart building monitoring. The development of sensors has led to architects' focus on smart building design. The image distortions caused by numerous external environmental factors present a significant problem for pedestrian recognition in smart buildings. It is difficult for machine learning algorithms and other conventional filter-based image classification methods, such as histograms of oriented gradient filters, to function efficiently when dealing with many input photos of pedestrians. Deep learning algorithms are now performing substantially better when processing an enormous amount of image data. This article evaluates a novel multimodal classifier-based pedestrian identification method. The proposed method is Multimodal Faster RCNN Inception and ResNet V2 (MM Fast RCNN ResNet). The collected attributes address a tracking problem and establish the foundation for several object recognition tasks (novelty). Our method's neural network is regularized, and the feature representation is automatically adjusted to the detection assignment, resulting in high accuracy (superior to the proposed method). The proposed method is assessed using the PenFudan dataset and contemporary techniques regarding several factors. It is discovered that the recommended MM Fast RCNN ResNet obtains precision, recall, FPPI, FPPW, and average precision of 0.9057, 0.8629, 0.0898, and 0.0943.

Exploring the impact of HCI on smart buildings: A comprehensive literature review on user experience and sustainability

This paper provides insights into the application of human-computer interaction (HCI) principles in the field of smart building design, particularly their impact on improving occupant comfort, building energy efficiency, and the user interaction experience. The research context focuses on advances in HCI and the importance of smart buildings in enhancing quality of life and sustainability. The research theme focuses on how HCI principles can be utilized to improve the user interface design of smart buildings in order to promote more effective user-building system interactions. Through an extensive review of existing literature in the area of HCI and smart buildings, including recent research papers, case study reports, and technical overviews, this study concentrates on analyzing examples of HCI applications in smart lighting, temperature control systems, and energy management. Through this comprehensive literature review, this paper aims to illustrate how HCI principles can provide theoretical and practical guidance for the design of more humanized, interactive and environmentally friendly smart buildings, thereby providing insights and recommendations for future smart building design and research.

Benefits of a Smart Building Design in Public Library Facilities, Lagos State, Nigeria

The study refers to the benefits in the adoption of a smart building design in public library facilities, Lagos State, Nigeria. Public libraries in Lagos serve as vital resources for education, information, and community activities. However, challenges such as outdated infrastructure, limited financial resources and varying levels of technological literacy among the community need to be addressed to ensure successful integration. The study examined the practicality, benefits, challenges, costs associated with integrating smart technologies and infrastructure such as smart lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning systems, occupancy sensors, energy management systems etc. The research methodology present in this study was sampling technique and sampling procedure, sampling frame, instrument for data collection, and data analysis techniques. The study discussed public library facilities, the criteria for categorization smart buildings, basic smart devices needed in public library buildings, problems and solutions identified with public library buildings in Lagos. The findings of this study indicated that introducing smart building design for a public library facility offers several notable benefits which include significant energy savings, improved indoor environmental quality, enhanced user experience through personalized services, and efficient space utilization. Moreover, smart building features enable real-time monitoring and data analytics for informed decision-making and maintenance. However, the challenges that needs to be addressed during the assessment process include high upfront costs, interoperability and data security concerns, potential disruptions during the transition phase, and the need of training staff to utilize the new technologies effectively. Overall, with careful planning, stakeholder involvement, and appropriate fundings, the library can embrace smart technologies to enhance its operational efficiency, user experience, sustainability, and contribute positively to the surrounding community.

Building Information Modeling and Digital Twins for Functional and Technical Design of Smart Buildings with Distributed IoT Networks—Review and New Challenges Discussion

Building Information Modeling and Digital Twins for Functional and Technical Design of Smart Buildings with Distributed IoT Networks—Review and New Challenges Discussion

IoT based Efficient and Secure Building Architecture with Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

The Internet of Things (IoT), one of the newest technologies, has great potential for many industry businesses. Smart building technology is one of the biggest IoT industries. IoT is used on a regular basis in many different industries. It is used in a variety of contexts, including physical defense, e-health, smart buildings, grids, cities, homes, asset management, and transportation management. IoT-level, networked smart buildings offer affordable assistance. Comfort, accessibility, security, and energy management are necessary for commercial space. Naturally, IoT-based solutions can satisfy these requirements. With the depletion of the energy supply and the increase in demand for energy, there has been a growing focus on energy usage and building maintenance. This paper uses emerging IoT technology to demonstrate a smart building design that is both safe and energy-efficient. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a crucial internet transmission protocol that assigns a unique address to every device. Data is transferred using this application layer protocol outside of secure channels. While there are several recommended techniques to protect sensitive data transfer, one likely way to improve the security aspect of CoAP for authentication and end-to-end security is through the use of Datagram Transport Layer Protection (DTLS).This paper propose a smart building design in which the Internet of Things is used to control the operation of all technological components. The simulation results show that compared to the situation of employing Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), adopting CoAP in a smart building saves energy use by around 34.86%. In order to increase security in a smart building, this article also explains how to include the DTLS protocol inside of CoAPutilising enhancements from the Certificate Authority (CA).Finally, using the ContikiCooja (CC) simulator to simulate system performance and data collecting in terms of latency, throughput, and resource consumption, CoAP is utilized to modify orderer and peer nodes for performance research in smart building.

Application of Adaptive Algorithms in Smart Building Design Optimisation

Abstract How to realize the unity of safety, comfort, and economy of building structures has been a hot spot of concern in the field of construction engineering. This paper searches for optimal particles using a hybrid optimization strategy and optimizes the weights of each index in the fitness function into the same interval. Then dynamic inertia weights are used to improve the performance of the algorithm, and an enhanced adaptive particle swarm algorithm is obtained. After selecting the optimization variables for the building design, the objective function and constraints are designed, and the improved particle swarm algorithm is used to solve the optimal design of the intelligent building. The total weight of the target building structure was reduced after optimization, and 47.04% of the building materials were saved. The outer diameter of the steel pipe concrete at the lowest level of the building increases from 1.73m to 2.06m after optimization, which fulfills the law of column change in building design. It has also been found that the wind resistance of the optimized building structure has improved. This paper provides a reliable basis for the application of adaptive algorithms in building design optimization, and the proposed method also provides an effective reference for the field of construction engineering.

Design and construction of age-friendly smart buildings based on BIM technology

Abstract This paper explores the entry point of BIM technology in promoting intelligent construction and proposes an engineering safety accident prediction model for the construction of age-friendly intelligent buildings based on the gray prediction GM(1,1) method. Based on the physical condition of the elderly, the needs of the settlement, at the same time, the construction of an intelligent old-age design system, according to the needs of the corresponding response to the old-age building design, to facilitate the residence. The intelligent floor plate is identified as an example of the intelligent design results of age-friendly buildings by empirically analyzing their willingness to construct age-friendly intelligent buildings. In the willingness analysis, the survey results were analyzed for reliability validity and correlation; the reliability α coefficients were all greater than 0.7, the AVEs of the reliability were all higher than 0.5, the CRs were all higher than 0.7, and the reliability validity of the survey was high. The correlation coefficients were all >0, and there was a significant positive correlation between the survey variables. The vibration length was used as a criterion, and the accuracy, precision and recall were all 1. The experiments showed that the elderly have a high degree of intention to build age-appropriate intelligent buildings, and the buildings have a high accuracy in interpreting the state of the elderly, and they can detect problems in time and report them to the relevant personnel.

Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies in Smart Building Design for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Self-Sufficiency

This paper investigates the integration of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in the design of smart buildings with the aim of achieving enhanced energy efficiency and self-sufficiency. As the demand for sustainable building practices grows, it becomes imperative to harness renewable energy sources and leverage advanced control mechanisms. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art RETs, including photovoltaics, wind turbines, solar thermal systems, and energy storage solutions. The focus of the paper extends to the convergence of these technologies with smart building systems, such as energy management systems, building automation, and advanced sensors and controls. Through in-depth case studies, the paper demonstrates how the synergetic integration of RETs in smart buildings can lead to significant reductions in energy consumption, lower carbon footprints, and an enhanced ability for buildings to be energy self-reliant. Furthermore, the paper delves into potential challenges and barriers faced in the adoption of these technologies and offers strategies and recommendations to overcome them. Our findings underscore the transformative potential of merging RETs with smart building designs and emphasize the need for further research and policy support in this domain.

Implementing green facades: A step towards sustainable smart buildings

As cities around the globe strive towards becoming “smart” and sustainable, the integration of green facades into smart building design has emerged as a viable solution to address several environmental challenges. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of current research and applications in green facades, analyzing their role in enhancing energy efficiency, improving indoor air quality, and contributing to overall building sustainability. The impact of green facades on reducing energy consumption, through natural insulation and shading, is explored in-depth, alongside their role in air purification and enhancing the aesthetic appeal of urban environments. Despite the potential of green facades, several gaps between theory and practice exist, including challenges in implementation, maintenance, and cost-effectiveness. This paper identifies these barriers and provides a robust discussion of potential solutions, which include technological innovations, policy support, and public awareness initiatives. Ultimately, the integration of green facades in smart buildings presents a significant step forward in creating sustainable urban environments, necessitating further research and action in this realm.

Smart Buildings in the Age of Internet Technology: Civil Engineering's Role in Shaping an Energy-Efficient Future

The integration of Internet Technology, particularly the Internet of Things (IoT), is radically transforming several sectors, including civil engineering and construction. This article scrutinizes the transformative capacity of IoT technology in formulating and deploying energy-efficient smart buildings. These innovative structures are designed for optimum efficiency, sustainability, and user experience. Various challenges and opportunities emerging within this rapidly growing domain are examined, and the future direction of smart building technology is anticipated, taking into account recent progress and innovative research. Within the context of contemporary civil engineering, this detailed analysis highlights the most recent advancements, providing valuable insights for other researchers in the field. This article contributes to the ongoing dialogue about the role of IoT in civil engineering and its potential to foster an energy-efficient future in smart building design and implementation.

Bibliometric analysis, scientometrics and metasynthesis of Internet of Things (IoT) in smart buildings

PurposeThe Internet of Things has made the shift to the digital era possible, even though the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector has not embraced nor integrated it within the core functions compared to other sectors. The need to enhance sustainable construction with the adoption of Internet of Things in this sector cannot be overemphasized. However, the real-world applications of Internet of Things in smart buildings remain relatively unexplored in the AEC sector due to several issues related to deployment and energy-saving potentials. Given these challenges, this paper proposes to identify the present state of development and research in Internet of Things and smart buildings, identify Internet of Things clusters and applications in smart buildings.Design/methodology/approachBibliometric analyses of papers from 2010 to 2023 using the Scopus database and scientometric evaluations using the VosViewer software were undertaken. The proper search keyword was identified by using the phrases “ Internet of Things” and “Smart Building”. A total of 1158 documents in all, written by 3540 different writers, representing 2285 different institutions from 97 different countries were looked at. A metasynthesis was conducted and a system of Internet of Things applications in a smart building is illustrated.FindingsThe development of IoT and Smart Buildings is done in two phases: initiation (2010–2012) and development phase (2013–2023). The IoT clusters comprised Internet of things, energy efficiency, intelligent buildings, smart buildings and automation; while the most commonly used applications were analysed and established. The study also determined the productive journals, documents, authors and countries.Research limitations/implicationsDocuments published in the Scopus database from 2010 to 2023 were considered for the bibliometric analysis. Journal articles, conference papers, reviews, books and book chapters written in English language represent the inclusion criteria, while articles in press, conference reviews, letters, editorials, undefined sources and all medical and health publications were excluded.Practical implicationsThe results of this study will be used by construction stakeholders and policymakers to identify key themes and applications in IoT-enabled smart buildings and to guide future research in the policymaking process of asset management.Originality/valueThe study utilised bibliometric analysis, scientometrics and metasynthesis to investigate Internet of things applications in smart buildings. The study identified Internet of things clusters and applications for smart building design and construction.

Architectural Reply for Smart Building Design Concepts Based on Artificial Intelligence Simulation Models and Digital Twins

Artificial Intelligence (AI) simulation models and digital twins (DT) are used in designing and treating the activities, layout, and functions for the new generation of buildings to enhance user experience and optimize building performance. These models use data about a building’s use, configuration, functions, and environment to simulate different design options and predict their effects on house function efficiency, comfort, and safety. On the one hand, AI algorithms are used to analyze this data and find patterns and trends that can guide the design process. On the other hand, DTs are digital recreations of actual structures that can replicate building performance in real time. These models would evaluate alternative design options, the performance of the building, and ways to improve user comfort and building efficiency. This study examined the important role of intelligent building design aspects, such as activities using multi-layout and the creation of particular functions based on AI simulation models, in developing DT-based smart building systems. The empirical data came from a study of architecture and engineering firms throughout the globe using a CSAQ (computer-administered, self-completed survey). For this purpose, the study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the hypotheses and build the relationship model. The research verifies the relevance of AI-based simulation models supporting the creation of intelligent building design features (activities, layout, functionalities), enabling the construction of DT-based smart building systems. Furthermore, this study highlights the need for further exploration of AI-based simulation models’ role and integration with DT in smart building design.

SITE PROCESSING ASSESSMENT TYPE A BUS TERMINAL IN SURAKARTA BASED ON ECO-TECH ARCHITECTURE THEORY

Abstract - Problems that are often seen in bus terminals are identical to air pollution, noise pollution and excessive use of energy in their operations, so that the bus terminal has a negative impact on the surrounding environment. Solving these problems can be done by site processing that applies Eco-Tech architectural theory. Eco-Tech architecture encourages environmentally-based designs combined with smart building design technology, is energy efficient, environmentally friendly and provides a sense of comfort for users. The theory is closely related to the principle of Green Building, where building design now must refer to the concept of green buildings. Assessment can be through the Greenship reference standard set by the Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI). One of the principles used in this assessment is appropriate land use management at the type A bus terminal site in Surakarta. This principle aims to assess and determine the condition of the site and its surroundings, the efficiency of land management, and rainwater treatment in the site in the future. This research method uses a qualitative method and provides an index value based on secondary data through the problem identification stage, inputting theory and literacy which is then followed by data analysis, and produces a conclusion, namely the application of this principle has not been fully applied to the design of the bus terminal in Surakarta.Keywords – Bus station, Surakarta City, Appropriate site, Eco-Tech

B-SMART: A Reference Architecture for Autonomic Smart Buildings.

There has been increased interest in Smart and Ongoing Commissioning solutions to address the performance drift in existing buildings. Autonomous/autonomic systems are valuable tools to support the development such solutions, working towards a set of goals while sensing changes in their environment and adapting to them without human intervention. An autonomic approach to smart building design can thus maintain optimum energy efficiency while reducing operating costs. To support this development, this paper presents B-SMART: the first reference architecture for autonomic smart buildings to support smart commissioning. This research was informed by a comprehensive review of existing autonomic properties and domain-relevant autonomic properties and conceptual architecture. By decoupling conceptually distinct layers of functionality and organizing them into an autonomic energy optimization control loop, B-SMART facilitates the autonomic optimization of smart buildings.

Challenges and Innovative Countermeasures Faced by Public Administration in the Context of Big Data and Internet of Things

With the advent of nonrelational databases, data science has gradually become the focus of attention in academia and engineering. The data generated by human social networking is also gradually increasing, and big data technology appears in this context. Its main purpose is to obtain key information from complex data sets and realize the role of comprehensive analysis. In recent years, the concept of the Internet of Everything has gradually entered all walks of life. Similar to the design of smart cities, smart communities, and smart buildings, IoT technology has also been adopted. The development of the market economy and the deepening of the reform of the economic system require that the government’s public services must also be transformed as soon as possible. The responsibilities undertaken by the government are becoming more and more complex and important. The traditional government public management methods cannot meet the needs of all levels of society. The development of big data and the Internet of Things provides new opportunities for the government to innovate management methods, which is also one of the cores of future government work. The government needs to gradually transform the government’s public management method based on big data and the Internet of Things platform, relying on information technology, so as to improve people’s satisfaction and happiness index. Based on the problems existing in traditional public management, this paper focuses on the analysis of local government management methods and takes Shenyang City as the case analysis object to innovate local government public management methods and at the same time provides some reference for other regions to innovate public management methods.

PERANCANGAN PUSAT TEKNOLOGI & INFORMASI DI KABUPATEN TOJO UNA-UNA DENGAN PENDEKATAN SMART BUILDING

Information and technology center design as a place to communicate and interact with various SKPD/offices, information and technology development centers and shopping centers that aim to build social interaction between communities. The design of the information and technology center is carried out by applying the Smart Building approach. The Smart Building design concept is the utilization of natural energy and artificial energy. Energy efficiency in lighting and ventilation systems using the latest technological materials, which refer to structures, sensor systems and digitization. The design location is in Ampana City because it is the capital of the Tojo Una-una Regency, besides that it has an amazing and sustainable beach view. While the site is on Jl. Ahmad Yani, Dondo, Ampana Kota District, because it is very strategic according to the characteristics of this area. The shape of the Information and Technology Center in Tojo Una-Una Regency takes the Smart Building concept. Buildings that use smart building principles with a modern appearance are adapted to the building materials used and the responsibility of smart building materials to the local climate conditions.

A Review: Ventilated Double-skin Façades

In the aim of reducing the effect of climate change on the environment, multiple energy efficient solutions have been developed in all energy-consuming sectors around the world, especially smart building design strategies in the building sector. One of these technologies are Ventilated Double-Skin Façades (VDFs), which use the thermal interaction between the external environment and the internal space of a building in order to reduce its heating or cooling loads and thus reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. They also offer multiple other benefits, depending on several parameters, including improving the building’s thermal and acoustic insulation, and providing natural ventilation and exposure to daylight. The goal of this paper is to provide a review of the available research on VDFs in literature, namely their thermal behavior, the parameters that influence it, and the main criteria used to categorize VDFs.

Design and Implementation of Smart Buildings: A Review of Current Research Trend

The building sector is one of the largest contributors to the world’s total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Advancements in building energy technologies have played a critical role in enhancing the energy sustainability of the built environment. Extensive research and new techniques in energy and environmental systems for buildings have recently emerged to address the global challenges. This study reviews existing articles in the literature, mostly since 2000, to explore technological advancement in building energy and environmental systems that can be applied to smart homes and buildings. This review study focuses on an overview of the design and implementation of energy-related smart building technologies, including energy management systems, renewable energy applications, and current advanced smart technologies for optimal function and energy-efficient performance. To review the advancement in building energy-related technologies, a systematic review process is adopted based on available published reviews and research types of articles. Review-type articles are first assessed to explore the current literature on the relevant keywords and to capture major research scopes. Research-type papers are then examined to investigate associated keywords and work scopes, including objectives, focuses, limitations, and future needs. Throughout the comprehensive literature review, this study identifies various techniques of smart home/building applications that have provided detailed solutions or guidelines in different applications to enhance the quality of people’s daily activities and the sustainability of the built environmental system. This paper shows trends in human activities and technology advancements in digital solutions with energy management systems and practical designs. Understanding the overall energy flow between a building and its environmentally connected systems is also important for future buildings and community levels. This paper assists in understanding the pathway toward future smart homes/buildings and their technologies for researchers in related research fields.