Line Design Research Articles

TRAFFIC CAPACITY ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS WITH THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL COAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS ON THE TANJUNG ENIM - TARAHAN RAILWAY LINE

The production volume target from 24.8 million tons in 2020 to 29.5 million tons in 2021 underlies the optimization of transportation availability in distributing coal mining products carried out by PT Bukit Asam Persero in achieving the growing target until 2023. In 2021, the Company will increase investment in developing business diversification, downstream coal. The railway network in Sumatra has a strategic role in serving the distribution of coal transportation. The railway line, which is directly connected to the location of the mining plant to port access and the availability of locomotive facilities and wagons that are very adequate, is an attractive option for mining companies and freight forwarders to establish coal transportation cooperation by rail. To meet the Babaranjang train tonnage target of 52 tons / year in accordance with the target of PT Bukit Asam (Persero), the Loop rail line design at TLS T4 PT Bukit Asam Muara Enim used the most effective classification. From the calculation results, 55 train trips are required per day to transport the production target of 57 tons / year in 2023. It is necessary to pay attention to the adequacy of the rail track from the TLS loop to Tanjung Enim Baru here it is necessary to conduct a study regarding the traffic from TLS to Tanjung Enim Baru because the number of trains set per day is 55 sets.

Research on tunnel vehicle fire temperature field simulation considering the latent heat of vaporization inside concrete linings

The high temperatures and non-uniform temperature fields caused by fires can lead to the rapid failure of linings, severely affecting tunnel safety. To obtain the temperature distribution of the lining under different fire conditions, simulation research is conducted by CFD technology. First, the fire resistance test of lining is simulated, and a furnace temperature simulation method based on PID control and a lining heat transfer model considering the latent heat of vaporization (LHV) are proposed. Second, the experimentally verified method is applied to a full-scale tunnel model to study the vehicle fire temperature field considering the LHV. The results show that the method based on the PID control can accurately simulate the furnace temperature. By introducing a LHV energy source, the 100 °C temperature plateau within the lining can be effectively simulated to prevent prematurely determining component failure. Compared to traditional methods, the lining-gas heat exchange boundary considering the LHV is more accurate. The temperature rise at the lining surface and rebar is slower, with maximum temperature differences of 80 K and 125 K, respectively. The aim of this research is to provide a complete temperature rise and fall process for the fire protection analysis and design of tunnel linings.

The Advection Boundary Law in absence of mean flow: Passivity, nonreciprocity and enhanced noise transmission attenuation

Sound attenuation along a waveguide is intensively studied for applications ranging from heating and air-conditioning ventilation systems, to aircraft turbofan engines. In particular, the new generation of Ultra-High-By-Pass-Ratio turbofan requires higher attenuation at low frequencies, in less space for liner treatment. This demands to go beyond the classical acoustic liner concepts and overcome their limitations. In this paper, we discuss an unconventional boundary operator, called Advection Boundary Law, which can be artificially synthesized by electroactive means, such as Electroacoustic Resonators. This boundary condition entails nonreciprocal propagation, meanwhile enhancing noise transmission attenuation with respect to purely locally-reacting boundaries, along one sense of propagation. Because of its artificial nature though, its acoustical passivity limits are yet to be defined. A thorough numerical study is provided to assess the performances of the Advection Boundary Law, in absence of mean flow. An experimental test-bench validates the numerical outcomes in terms of passivity limits, non-reciprocal propagation and enhanced isolation with respect to local impedance operators. Guidelines are outlined to properly implement the Advection Boundary Law for optimal noise transmission attenuation. Moreover, the tools and criteria provided here can also be employed for the design and characterization of other innovative liners.

Simplified methods for the design of landfill double composite liners using neural network

Double composite liners (DCLs) have been widely used in landfills to protect the surrounding environment. This study aims to develop simplified empirical equations for calculating breakthrough times of DCLs based on analytical equations or experimental data. The artificial intelligence neural network called Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) type neural network was used to perform equation simplification. New empirical equations in polynomial formats are obtained by a layer-summation method and a series of numerical experiments based on analytical solutions for contaminant transport in double composite liners. The accuracy of empirical equations is demonstrated by comparing them with the existing solutions and numerical results. The performance of four types of DCLs were then investigated. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) for each type of DCLs with different leachate heads and soil liner thicknesses are all lower than 10%. Additionally, a trend for the improvement of the GMDH equation accuracy with the increase of Δh1 is observed. The presented equations can perform well in high leachate head conditions (e.g. > 5 m) where DCLs are required.

Exploring the viability of Bentonite-amended blends incorporating marble dust, sand, and fly ash for the creation of an environmentally sustainable landfill liner system

The development of effective and cost-efficient landfill liners is crucial to prevent groundwater contamination from leachate, safeguarding soil quality and the environment. Composite liners, particularly those combining bentonite with supplementary materials such as fly ash or marble dust, present a promising solution. This study delves into a comprehensive investigation of the physical properties of landfill liners composed of bentonite-fly ash and bentonite-marble dust mixtures through an extensive series of laboratory tests. The research systematically analyzes various proportions of bentonite with fly ash and marble dust, evaluating their impact on liner performance in comparison to Bentonite-sand mixtures. Physicochemical analyses are employed to understand the interactions and behaviors of these distinct substances within the amended bentonite. A wide array of physical properties, including Atterberg’s limits, compaction characteristics, free swell index, modified free swell index, California bearing ratio, cohesion, and angle of internal friction, are meticulously examined. Collectively, these properties offer a comprehensive overview of the suitability and performance potential of bentonite-fly ash and bentonite-marble dust mixtures as landfill liners, presenting a viable alternative to traditional bentonite-sand mixtures. The study reveals synergistic effects between bentonite and both fly ash and marble dust, highlighting their significant contributions to enhancing the physical traits of landfill liners. This advancement in landfill liner design holds the promise of effectively mitigating detrimental environmental impacts associated with waste disposal. While this study provides a robust foundation, it is essential for future investigations to prioritize long-term performance assessments and real-world implementation. Validation and fine-tuning of these findings are crucial to ensuring practical applicability and efficacy within authentic landfill construction scenarios. This holistic approach will contribute to the continued evolution and optimization of landfill liner design, addressing the pressing challenges of sustainable waste management and environmental protection.

Sag and Tension Calculations for High-Voltage Overhead Line Conductors

Overhead lines are used to transmit electricity from where it is generated to the receiving stations. The correct design of an overhead line affects public safety, because it should ensure the required clearances between conductors and the ground and objects located in the space under the overhead line. The temperature of conductors in overhead lines depends on the load current and weather conditions, and affects the sag and tension of the conductors. Calculations of sags and tensions of overhead conductors can be performed using simplified calculation methods that do not consider insulator sets. In some situations, this approach may cause calculation errors. This article discusses algorithms for calculating overhead conductor tensions and sags in the tensioning sections of high-voltage overhead lines, accounting for and excluding insulator sets. The analysis is carried out for different lengths of tensioning sections and various thermal and mechanical states of the conductors.

Review on Current Issues related to Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are one of the most common occupational ailments in recent decades, significantly limiting people's daily lives. Globally, WMSDs are the major cause of employee pain, impairment, absenteeism, reduced productivity, and large financial costs. WRMSDs are illnesses that develop over time because of long-term occupational exposure to varying-intensity loads. WRMSDs are produced by discomfort or injury to the muscles and bones of the upper limbs because of activity. Low-extremity illnesses, like upper-limb diseases, may be just as dangerous, There is a high prevalence of neck and upper extremity problems among computer users. Upper extremities diseases were more common in older personnel. The physiological outcome of prolonged, repetitive, or repeating muscle contractions with insufficient recovery is localised muscular fatigue (WMSDs). Muscle tiredness has a substantial impact on occupational task performance, hence preventing it is crucial. The key challenge in ergonomics is to create work that avoids WMSDs while retaining high levels of output quality and productivity. Uncomfortable postures are commonly recognised as a major contributor of MSD among construction workers. Because of their linearity, ergonomic metrics can be incorporated into assembly line design models. They can also be utilised to take use of efficient solution methods established for optimal line design which are beneficial in the assembly line industry. Real-time risk assessment for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) has proven to be challenging to research. Working at a fast speed and performing repetitive activities, as well as maintaining non-neutral body postures, are all physical risk factors for WMSDs. This review discuses common issue related to WMSDs which includes upper extremity, upper limbs, carpal tunnel syndrome, awkward postures, muscle activity, muscle fatigue, assembly line and risk assessment. The aim is to provide an overview of the problems related to the subject matter.

Optimization of the Factory Layout and Production Flow Using Production-Simulation-Based Reinforcement Learning

Poor layout designs in manufacturing facilities severely reduce production efficiency and increase short- and long-term costs. Analyzing and deriving efficient layouts for novel line designs or improvements to existing lines considering both the layout design and logistics flow is crucial. In this study, we performed production simulation in the design phase for factory layout optimization and used reinforcement learning to derive the optimal factory layout. To facilitate factory-wide layout design, we considered the facility layout, logistics movement paths, and the use of automated guided vehicles (AGVs). The reinforcement-learning process for optimizing each component of the layout was implemented in a multilayer manner, and the optimization results were applied to the design production simulation for verification. Moreover, a flexible simulation system was developed. Users can efficiently review and execute alternative scenarios by considering both facility and logistics layouts in the workspace. By emphasizing the redesign and reuse of the simulation model, we achieved layout optimization through an automated process and propose a flexible simulation system that can adapt to various environments through a multilayered modular approach. By adjusting weights and considering various conditions, throughput increased by 0.3%, logistics movement distance was reduced by 3.8%, and the number of AGVs required was reduced by 11%.

Precipitation Simulation and Dynamic Response of a Transmission Line Subject to Wind-Driven Rain during Super Typhoon Lekima

Typhoons bring great damages to transmission line systems located in coastal areas. Strong wind and extreme precipitation are the main sources of damaging effects. Transmission lines suffered from wind-driven rain exhibit more susceptibility to damage due to the coupled effect of wind and rainwater. This paper presents an integrated numerical simulation framework based on mesoscale WRF model, multiphase CFD model and FEM model to analyze the motions of a transmission line subjected to coupled wind and rain loads during typhoon events. A full-scale transmission line in Zhoushan Island is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework by simulating typhoon evolution in terms of wind fields and rainfall, solving the coupled wind and rain fields around the conductor and predicting the dynamic responses of the transmission line during Super Typhoon Lekima in 2019. The results show that the horizontal displacements of the transmission line under the joint actions of wind and rain increase approximately 17–18% compared to those of wind loads only. It is important to consider the coupled effects of wind-driven rain on conductors in the design of transmission lines under typhoon conditions.

Research on Consumer Needs of LINE Brand Based on Internet Brand Cultural Code and Touchpoint Design Theory

Brand image design is a personalized image design created based on the recognition of the brand. A complete brand image includes product level, visual level, cultural level, service level, etc. How to help consumers find a sense of brand belonging is an issue that companies should consider. Extending the communication of brand information to various media to achieve comprehensive and in-depth brand communication is the top priority of brand design and communication. With the rapid increase in mobile Internet users, digital marketing of brand image has attracted the attention of more and more enterprises and design companies. The diversification of new media channels has driven the constant growth of mobile brand advertising design. Mobile marketing technology has changed the design model of brand image. The development of mobile Internet has fundamentally changed the traditional way of brand image design. When a brand has a powerful mobile Internet platform, the ways to enhance the recognition of the brand’s visual image and the value of the brand become more diverse. Today, mobile devices have become a necessity for young people. Attracted by mobile new media, young people have rediscovered their self-worth, subverted traditional lifestyles, and become a generation that changes mass consumption behavior. Therefore, we should pay attention to changes in the environment of brand image design, grasp the living habits and consumption needs of consumers, especially young consumers, and analyze the underlying consumer behavior. These are required courses for studying the trends of brand image design and brand strategies under the Internet wave. LINE is an important social software that is popular in Asia, and its unique Internet development model is worthy of study and reference. Especially in Japan and South Korea, where the anime industry is developed, this brand design style based on anime characters is highly sought after by young people. The main focus of this study is LINE’s brand touchpoint design and cultural code. The research methods mainly include conceptual analysis, theoretical research, and comparative research. By analyzing LINE’s touchpoint design, the origin and derivative functions of LINE’s brand design, the roles of LINE’s consumer environment and individual influencing factors in the cultural code, and the analysis of LINE’s consumer needs based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to grasp its Internet brand design strategy and marketing model, so as to provide important insight and reference for the development of other Internet brands.

Flexible Cartridge Sorting Line Using Parallel Robot “Bulletsort Topcodpet”

Abstract Nowadays the automation of some industrial processes within the military system is a necessity, as this trend is accelerated by technological advances and thus must respond to the increasingly complex contemporary challenges of global security. Sorting is an extremely important process in almost any industrial area of use and it is essential that it is done in the right way so that productivity and flexibility of operations is increased. Over time, sorting with industrial robots has become an increasingly widespread and sophisticated technology, which has led to benefits in various industrial fields and manufacturing processes. This technology involves the use of robots with articulated arms or other mechatronic devices that follow the principle of modular interchangeability and are designed to pick, handle and sort different parts in an efficient and more accurate way. The desire to maximize flexibility, adaptability to changing industry requirements coupled with increased productivity has made robot arm sorting a necessary component of today's military industrial and manufacturing processes, and this technology continues to develop, opening up new opportunities in manufacturing automation. This paper presents the principle design of a flexible manufacturing line for sorting cartridges, served by a parallel robot with two degrees of freedom in the kinematic chain structure.

Enhancement of transmission line parameters for the supply of energy in the Rivers state local government area of Obio Akpor

Efficient energy transmission is crucial for meeting the growing demand for electricity, particularly in urban and rural areas. In the Rivers State Local Government Area of Obio Akpor, Nigeria, ensuring reliable power supply is essential for supporting economic development and improving quality of life. However, challenges such as transmission line losses, voltage fluctuations, and inadequate infrastructure hinder the effective distribution of energy in the region. This article presents a comprehensive study on enhancing transmission line parameters to improve energy supply in Obio Akpor. Through field measurements, data analysis, and simulation studies, the performance of existing transmission lines is evaluated, and strategies for enhancing efficiency and reliability are proposed. The literature review explores previous research on transmission line optimization, emphasizing factors such as conductor material, line design, and insulation to minimize losses and maximize power transfer capability. Materials and methods encompass data collection, including impedance measurements, voltage profiles, and load characteristics, followed by computer simulations to assess proposed enhancements.

Research Progress on Helmet Liner Materials and Structural Applications.

As an important part of head protection equipment, research on the material and structural application of helmet liners has always been one of the hotspots in the field of helmets. This paper first discusses common helmet liner materials, including traditional polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, etc., as well as newly emerging anisotropic materials, polymer nanocomposites, etc. Secondly, the design concept of the helmet liner structure is discussed, including the use of a multi-layer structure, the addition of geometric irregular bubbles to enhance the energy absorption effect, and the introduction of new manufacturing processes, such as additive manufacturing technology, to realize the preparation of complex structures. Then, the application of biomimetic structures to helmet liner design is analyzed, such as the design of helmet liner structures with more energy absorption properties based on biological tissue structures. On this basis, we propose extending the concept of bionic structural design to the fusion of plant stalks and animal skeletal structures, and combining additive manufacturing technology to significantly reduce energy loss during elastic yield energy absorption, thus developing a reusable helmet that provides a research direction for future helmet liner materials and structural applications.

Achieving Superior Strength–Ductility–Conductivity Combination in TiB2p/6201 Composites via Particle Rotation and Subgrain Refinement

The key factor in the material design of overhead power transmission lines is to obtain a desired balance among strength, ductility, and electrical conductivity. Herein, TiB2 particulate‐reinforced aluminum matrix composites are prepared to find a way out of the intrinsic dilemma behind this balance by tailoring the subgrain refinement. The interaction in the form of inhomogeneous deformation induced by the flexibility discrepancy between the rigid particles and soft matrix is studied. On the one hand, the hexagonal plate‐like TiB2 particles rotate with the inhomogeneous deformation, forcing the biggest exposed plane ((0001) basal plane) parallel to the plastic flow direction, which is beneficial for the dislocation multiplication and hindrance of dislocation slipping. On the other hand, inhomogeneous deformation generates plentiful geometry necessary dislocations and divides the microstructure into two types: in the particle‐rich region ultrafine grains are formed and in the particle‐free region significant subgrains refinement is observed. The subgrains with 3 wt% TiB2 are refined from ≈897 to ≈248 nm. Thanks to these microstructural benefits, the composites achieve the following strength–ductility–conductivity combination: ultimate tensile strength is 370 MPa, elongation after fracture is 11.2%, and electrical conductivity is 51.79% IACS. Besides, the elastic modulus reaches 75.43 GPa.

Design and Analysis of 400KV Extra High Voltage Power Transmission Lines in Lebanon

This paper aims to design and analyze an overhead AC extra high voltage transmission line in Lebanon, using ACSR conductors, to meet the growing demand for the future. The optimal design will consider various factors to achieve the best system efficiency and performance, while complying with regulations and safety standards, including EHV voltage level, conductor size, number of conductors per phase, cable sag, and other factors, as well as estimating and describing environmental impacts such as conductor surface potential gradient, corona loss, radio interference, and audible and random noise.

Numerical and artificial neural network analysis of tunnel liner design parameters – a comparative study

ABSTRACT This paper proposes the development of an analytical-based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for predicting the concrete segmental lining parameters and comparing it with the finite element method, Rocscience tool. To achieve this aim, the dataset was prepared for twelve different loading conditions using the analytical equations by Muir Wood and Curtis. Using this dataset, an ANN model was developed for predicting the segmental lining parameters, viz. displacement, bending moment, axial and shear force. Furthermore, the Rocscience tool was used to analyse the aforementioned design parameters, and the results of these two methods were compared and summarised. It is found that the developed ANN model shows reasonable results of liner design parameters with the Rocscience program. The efficiency of both techniques was evaluated using the statistical measures viz. Mean Absolute Error, Root Mean Square Error, and Coefficient of Efficiency. It is observed that the ANN model is best fitted for the prediction of liner shear and axial force, while it could not find the optimised solution for liner displacement and bending moment. The finding of this study showed that the developed ANN model can be applied to predict the tunnel liner design parameters instead of the alternative complicated and time-consuming techniques.

The Effect of Thermocycling and Mechanical Loading on the Fracture Resistance of Graphene and All-Ceramic Anterior Crowns.

Introduction Fixed prosthodontic treatment involves the replacement of missing tooth structures with a variety of materials. Several newer metal-free ceramics have been developed in recent years to meet patients' aesthetic needs. The long-term performance of all ceramics, however, is unknown, necessitating a continuous evaluation of the materials' strength. Aim The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the fracture resistance of IPS E max pressable crowns and graphene crowns, which are luted with Rely X U200 self-adhesive resin cement on the respective dies, as well as thermocycling of IPS E max pressable crowns and thermocycling of graphene crowns. The current review was conducted as an in vitro examination at the Division of Prosthodontics, GSL Dental School, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India. Materials and methods On a typodont tooth, a shoulder finish line design was prepared and incisal reduction was performed. The tooth was scanned, designed, and milled to produce 18 metal dies made of cobalt-chrome alloy. These metal dies produced a total of (n=36) all-ceramic crowns, which were divided into two groups based on crown type: 18 IPS E max crowns and 18 graphene crowns. The participants were once again divided into two subgroups within each group, with the purpose of assessing fracture resistance. This evaluation was conducted using a universal testing machine both before and after subjecting the specimens to thermocycling. The obtained data were sent for statistical analysis. Results Fracture resistance values were reduced after thermocycling of both IPS E max and Graphene crowns. Without thermocycling, the fracture resistance values of IPS E max crowns were higher than those of graphene crowns. Conclusions The fracture resistance of IPS E max crowns exhibited a statistically significant increase when compared to graphene crowns. Additionally, it was shown that the fracture resistance of both materials was reduced upon exposure to thermocycling.

Research on Multi-Beam Sounding Based on Local Optimal Model

Multi-beam sounding technology can provide higher spatial resolution than single-beam sounding by transmitting fan-shaped acoustic signals from the transducer of a survey ship along the normal plane of the survey line to measure the sea depth. It is of great significance to study the line design scheme of multi-beam sounding for uneven seabed topography to improve the efficiency of underwater terrain mapping. This paper mainly studies the optimization of multi-beam sounding line under ideal slope. Firstly, a single angle model of ideal slope is established, and the flat seabed overlap ratio formula is extended to slope seabed to calculate the coverage width of beam sounding. Secondly, an angle model of ideal slope is established to calculate the corresponding coverage width under different positions of the slope sea area. Finally, the optimal routing model of ideal slope is established. The design scheme of the local optimal survey line is obtained through comprehensive analysis. In engineering practice, the optimal routing of real terrain can be solved by using the ideal slope optimal routing model through the idea of plane approximation, which provides a new idea for the optimal route selection of underwater terrain mapping.

Optimizing modular equipment in the design of multi-product reconfigurable production lines

This work addresses the problem of the design and balancing of a modular multi-product line in a reconfigurable environment. The study emphasizes the importance of modularity in the reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS), which allows fast, efficient, and cost-effective adaptation to changes by rearranging, moving, or removing modules. The line consists of a fixed number of modular machines arranged linearly and connected by a material handling system. Each machine has a limited number of slots for modules. The line can handle several product types per batch, and each batch requires a specific line configuration to be produced. The objective consists in identifying the minimum number of modules needed and their arrangement in different configurations to produce each product type. To solve this problem, a compact integer linear programming (ILP) formulation is initially investigated. Then an ILP reformulation, based on a decomposition approach, as well as a heuristic that uses this ILP reformulation are developed. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

A systematic strategy for the architecture design of collaborative and reconfigurable assembly lines

Current manufacturing environments have to face a competitive and evolving framework characterised by high-mix and low-volume demands. To properly deal with new requests coming from the market, Reconfigurable Assembly Systems (RASs) have to be designed. In this paper, we propose a methodology for the design of the architecture of a RAS, featuring both human and mobile robotic agents, and dealing with multi-product assembly of medium-light-weight products, originally assembled manually. In particular, a systematic methodology is proposed to define the number of workstations, specifying which set of operations must be performed in each one, and to design the system layout guaranteeing reconfigurability. To this end, the concepts of operation, datasheet of an operation, assembly tree, and macro-operation are introduced and formalised. Guidelines to automatise the required operations in a flexible way are also proposed. The method is applied to a use case where we define the proper number of workstations of a RAS to assemble several types of motorbike brakes, showing the reconfigurability of the system.