Design Of Industrial Applications Research Articles

Effect of Heat Treatment Processes on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Spray‐Formed 440C Martensitic Stainless Steel

Herein, 440C martensitic stainless steel (440C MSS) is manufactured by spray forming (SF) technology. Microstructural and mechanical properties such as strength, ductility, and toughness are evaluated after quenching and tempering–partitioning (Q–TP) and quenching–intercritical–quenching–tempering (Q–IQ–T) heat treatments. The microstructural features that control the deformation and fracture behavior of the heat‐treated specimens are discussed. The experimental results show that after austenitizing at 1050 °C, the material exhibits no apparent plastic deformation before fracture. However, specimens austenitized above 1050 °C and the specimen subjected to Q–IQ–T exhibit an improvement in the tensile properties by showing an elastic–plastic transition that is related to the strain‐induced martensitic transformation of retained austenite formed during the Q–TP process and to a decrease in the volume fraction of martensite with increasing austenitizing temperature. Also, it is observed that the strain hardening rate decreases with increasing austenitizing temperature. Furthermore, the stress–strain data suggest that the Q–IQ–T heat treatment effectively improves the toughness and ductility of the steel without compromising strength. The results indicate that the mechanical response of the SF‐440C MSS can be tailored by adjusting the heat treatment parameters to enable better design for industrial applications.

Kinetics of bitumen extraction from oil sands using organic solvents

AbstractThe kinetic study of bitumen extraction from oil sands is significant for efficiency improvement and reactor design in industrial applications. Here, an improved pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model was established with the assumption of a constant Sherwood number, which took into account the mass transfer area. Five organic solvents were used for the extraction kinetics of the prepared bitumen microbeads. The improved pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model exhibited excellent fitting effects. Petroleum ether/dichloromethane was proved to be the best solvent. The results also showed an exponential decrease in the diameter of the bitumen microbeads and a linear increase in mass transfer coefficients with time for all the solvents. The kinetics of bitumen extraction from oil sands using different solvents were predicted according to the corresponding average mass transfer coefficients. The experimental results confirmed that the improved kinetic model was capable of describing the mass transfer process of bitumen extraction from oil sands.

AR technology in the design of oil and gas field surface engineering: Applications and prospects

<p>Wearable devices based on Augmented Reality (AR) technology can overlay computer-generated images into the real world, whereas simulation is applied to enable users to view the real world with an overlay of digital data. In the past 10 years, AR technology has moved from research laboratories to gradually a wide range of commercially available technologies for its use in the medical, manufacturing, industrial design, entertainment, marketing and military applications. This review includes an overview of AR wearables in the last 5 years including its development milestone and application cases, where specifically, some successful application cases and implications of AR technology in the oil and gas industry in the past five years are reviewed, with the aim of discussing the aspects of AR technology applications in the design of oil and gas field surface engineering, from station and line designs to its use in supporting construction. Since AR technology can provide real-time information, it will have a non-negligible application prospect in the whole lifecycle of oil and gas field surface engineering from design to operation and maintenance and will occupy a place in the digital transformation of the oil and gas industry.</p>

Impact of FDI and Its Absorption Capacity on the National Innovation Ecosystems: Evidence from the Largest FDI Recipient Countries of the World

Foreign direct investment (FDI) improves economic growth by stimulating native investment, facilitating technology transfers in the recipient country and increasing human capital development, thus playing a vital role in economic development. On the other hand, innovation is also considered one of the major drivers for the economic growth of a country. This study empirically investigates the impact of FDI and its absorption capacity on the national innovation system of the world’s top five largest FDI recipient countries for the period of 1990–2016. Using two-stage analysis (DEA and Tobit regression), we found that research and development expenditures, researchers in the host country and the number of patents, trademark and industrial design applications are positive drivers of the national innovation systems. Moreover, the FDI inflows positively impact the innovation efficiency in the host countries. However, the strength of this relationship depends on the availability of the absorption capacity of FDI in the host country. The result shows that the global financial crisis and inflation negatively impact the FDI inflows and innovation efficiency in the sample countries. It concludes that FDI inflows and the country’s strength of domestic absorption capacity are essential drivers for developing national innovation ecosystems.JEL Codes: F1, F4, G10, M21

National Innovation System and Economic Development in Nigeria

The paper analyzed the National Innovation System (NIS) and economic development in developing countries like Nigeria. The objectives of the paper were to examine the nature of innovation systems in Nigeria. It also investigates the effects of NIS on economic growth and development in Nigeria. The review of literature suggests that NIS is more than just technological innovations, it includes the interrelationships between firms, governmental institutions, NGOs, and international institutions who engage in one form of R&D activity or the other in a country. The paper employed both descriptive statistics and generalized linear models (GLM) to explain the NIS and economic development in Nigeria. The results from the descriptive analysis revealed that the nature of the Nigerian innovation system is weak and still evolving. It reveals that low performance and high variations in NIS indicators such as industrial design applications, patent right applications, trademark applications, methodology assessment of statistical capacity, high technology exports, ICT goods exports, ICT goods imports and ICT services exports, and agricultural raw materials exports and imports in Nigeria. The regression results also revealed that NIS (R&D expenditures) is a significant positive determinant of economic growth and development in Nigeria. The paper also showed that human capital, industrial production, stock market capitalization, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and exchange rate regimes are significant determinants of economic growth and development in the NIS in Nigeria. Projecting economic growth and development to higher levels and achieving the projections remains the main objective of government policies in Nigeria.

Numerical Methods and Algorithms to Solve the Problem of Quadratic Assignment and Their Application in Space-Planning Industrial Design

Numerical Methods and Algorithms to Solve the Problem of Quadratic Assignment and Their Application in Space-Planning Industrial Design

Multi-objective optimization of tensile properties of the corrugated composite sheet

Corrugated sheets with optimized mechanical properties are crucial for lightweight design in industrial applications. This study considered and optimized a corrugated sheet with a sinusoidal profile to enhance elastic modulus, tensile-bending coupling, and weight reduction. For this aim, first, flat specimens consisting of E-glass woven fiber and epoxy resin were made by hand lay-up method, following ASTM D3039. The tensile test determined young’s modulus of flat samples. Afterward, two molds with supports were fabricated. The corrugated specimens were constructed and exposed to a standard tensile test. The finite element analysis was used to simulate the tensile test of corrugated samples. The numerical force-displacement curve is derived from numerical analysis and verified by experimental results. After that, two multi-objective optimization problems, mass-constraint and global optimization, were implemented. Analytical formulations were verified by numerical and experimental results and utilized for optimization purposes. The genetic algorithm was used to examine and confirm trade-off behavior between objective functions. The Pareto fronts diagrams for mentioned two multi-objective optimization problem were obtained. Finally, the optimum parameters are calculated by using the LINMAP (Linear Programming Technique for Multi-dimensional Analysis of Preference) method.

Methodological Basis of Virtual Reality Technology Application in Industrial Design

The paper is devoted to the development of methodological foundations for the application of virtual reality technologies (VR-technologies) at various stages of car design and their promotion on the market, in particular, when performing design, prototyping, development of educational and advertising products. The paper analyzes the main areas of application of virtual reality technologies in industrial design in mechanical engineering. An overview of the parameters of the specialized software Unreal Engine 4 and the HTC Vive hardware set used to create and demonstrate virtual projects is performed. System requirements for computer software and hardware for creating virtual projects have been formed. A generalization of our own experience of using virtual reality technologies in the design of an electric vehicle with a frame-panel structure is carried out. The technique of using virtual reality tools in order to create virtual projects for demonstration of design solutions and functionality of mechanical engineering products is described. The issues of choosing software and hardware, their characteristics are considered, as well as a description of the stages of creating a virtual project is given. The process of developing a virtual project is divided into the stages of preparing and transforming a three-dimensional computer model of the demonstrated product into its virtual digital prototype, creating a virtual environment for it, assigning materials and textures with the necessary properties to the environment and the object, setting lighting, navigation parameters and animated actions, optimizing the display of shadows and finalizing the project. The main results of approbation of the developed methodology are presented on the example of creating virtual projects for demonstrating an electric vehicle: in an urban virtual environment and in a virtual pavilion.

A deep learning augmented genetic algorithm approach to polycrystalline 2D material fracture discovery and design

The gestalt of computational methods including physics-based molecular dynamics simulations, data-driven machine learning (ML) models, and biologically-inspired genetic algorithms affords a powerful toolbox for tackling materials mechanism discovery and design problems. Here, we leverage these methods to investigate the complex multidimensional problem of polycrystalline 2D material fracture. We focus first on graphene and in doing so, demonstrate a practical workflow for exploring the structural dependencies of fracture energy. Despite training our ML model on exclusively single crystal fracture in increments of 10° orientations, we can identify a crack branching mechanism responsible for high bicrystal toughness centered at initial crystal orientation angles of 19° and 41°. These high peaks span only a few degrees in range and are completely overlooked by a search with stride 10°. Furthermore, we can discover qualitative physical phenomena such as collective fracture branch termination and extract quantitative trends relating angular dispersion and mis-orientation angles of crystal grains to fracture energy. None of these complex polycrystalline behaviors were presented in the training data, and the predictive power of the model ultimately allows us to expeditiously generate polycrystalline graphene structures with bespoke fracture paths, a task with great implications in industrial design applications and mechanism discovery. Furthermore, the approach is not limited to graphene specifically, as we demonstrate by retraining the model for another more complex 2D material—MoS2—and achieve polycrystalline fracture predictions of comparable accuracy.

A novel approach to reconstruct residual stress fields induced by surface treatments in arbitrary 3D geometries using the eigenstrain method

A novel approach has been proposed to reconstruct residual stress fields after surface treatments in arbitrary 3D geometries using the eigenstrain method based on bicubic spline interpolation surface and finite element (FE) method. Firstly, the complex curved surface is represented by piecewise interpolation of the smooth surface using explicit bicubic functions, then the computation of the distance and corresponding orientation are calculated by solving a constrained nonlinear multivariable problem using MATLAB, which is insensitive to the complexity of the curved treated surface and reduces the errors induced by differentiation operations when using Wall distance module in COMSOL in previous works. Three instances of 3D geometries after surface treatment studied previously in literature and finally an instance of a real turbine blade after LSP treatment conducted by ourselves are analyzed, which validate the proposed approach and illustrate its effectiveness in the reconstruction of residual stress fields for complex 3D geometries in various cases. The proposed approach provides a general and flexible way to the implementation of eigenstrain method in arbitrary 3D geometries using data interchange between the mathematical calculation software and FE analysis software for the design in industrial applications.

Catalyst Special Issue on Catalytic Reactors Design for Industrial Applications

Due its better reaction performance, catalytic reaction has been a major choice in various chemical industries [...]

Mechanical response of two different molecular weight polycarbonates at varying rates and temperatures

Polymers are widely used for lightweight design in industrial applications, such as helmets and car bumpers, where the most common causes of failure or damage are dynamic impact events. It is well known that the mechanical response of most polymers is highly dependent on the loading rate and temperature, and that it is not sufficient to use properties measured under static loads in the analysis of dynamic events. However, the time-temperature equivalence phenomenon offers the chance to predict high-rate performance using low-rate data. In this study, information about the constitutive behaviour of two different molecular weight polycarbonates, is obtained in low-rate experiments and then compared with the high-rate response. A master curve of storage modulus constructed from Dynamic Mechanical Analysis data is employed to understand the viscoelastic response under small-strain loading at various frequencies and temperatures. For the large-strain constitutive response, experiments at strain rates from 0.001 s-1 to 3000 s-1 are performed using a conventional crosshead device, hydraulic device, and split-Hopkinson pressure bar. Moreover, experiments at strain rates of 0.01 s-1 and temperatures from -60 to 120 °C are also performed, and the results are compared. This approach can distinguish ’constitutive’ rate dependence from the effects of specimen self-heating due to adiabatic heating under high-rate deformation. Meanwhile, the molecular weight effects on the mechanical response at varying rates and temperatures are also noted.

Aliphatic silicone‐epoxy based hybrid photopolymers applied in stereolithography 3D printing

3D Printing has become a powerful technology for future advanced manufacturing, however the choice of materials with good performance is still limited. In this research, a type of hybrid photopolymer resin based on silicone epoxy with high UV curing rate and low viscosity was applied in stereolithography (SLA) technology. First, aliphatic silicone epoxy was synthesized through hydrosilylation reaction, and then compounding with acrylates, cycloaliphatic epoxy and photo‐initiators, finally the hybrid photopolymer system for SLA was obtained. The features of UV curing process were studied through photo‐differential scanning calorimetry and real‐time Fourier transform infrared measurements. Scanning electron microscopy test showed interpenetrating polymer network structure was formed in 3D objects. The performances of 3D printed sample such as mechanical properties, thermal mechanical and stability properties were also investigated in detail. Moreover, the 3D printed objects with complicated structures showed high printing accuracy. This new type of hybrid photopolymer system based on aliphatic silicone epoxy was with fabrication ease, good mechanical properties, good thermal stability and high printing resolution and has great potential of applications in industrial design and models making fields.

Güney Kore, Brezilya ve Türkiye'nin Ulusal İnovasyon Sistemlerinin ve Kalkınma Deneyimlerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Ulusal inovasyon sistemlerinin, ülkelerin büyüme ve kalkınma hedeflerinin gerçekleştirilmesinde önemli rolleri bulunmaktadır. Bu sistemlerin işletilmesinde ortaya çıkacak etkinlik farkları, ülkeler arasındaki teknolojik rekabetin ve gelişmişlik farklarının belirleyicisi olmaktadır. Bu açıdan teknolojik olarak başarılı ülkelerin ulusal inovasyon sistemlerinin incelenmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, G. Kore, Brezilya ve Türkiye’nin ulusal inovasyon sistemlerinin ve kalkınma deneyimlerinin temel inovasyon göstergeleri üzerinden karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Ülke performanslarının karşılaştırılmasında ulusal inovasyon sistemlerinin temel girdisi olarak ülkelerin Ar-Ge harcamalarının GSYİH içerisindeki payı ele alınmaktadır. Ulusal inovasyon sistemlerinin çıktısı olarak, yerli patent, ticari marka, endüstriyel tasarım başvuruları, bilimsel ve teknik makale sayısı ve yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatının mamul ihracatı içerisindeki oranı kullanılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, G. Kore’nin temel inovasyon göstergelerinde Brezilya ve Türkiye’den daha yüksek performansa sahip olduğu ve ulusal inovasyon sistemini daha etkin kullandığı görülmektedir.

Evaluation of the effects of the metal foams geometrical features on thermal and fluid-dynamical behavior in forced convection

Metal foams are a material, featuring interesting characteristics for the aeronautical and automotive fields because of their low specific weight, high thermal properties, and mechanical performances. In particular, this paper deals with thermal and fluid dynamic study of 24 open-cell aluminum EN43500 (AlSi10MnMg) metal foams produced by indirect additive manufacturing (I-AM), combining 3D printing and metal casting to obtain a controllable morphology. A study of foam behavior function of the morphological features (pores per inch (PPI), branch thickness (r), and edges morphology (smooth-regular)) was performed. The samples produced were heated by radiation and tested in an open wind circuit gallery to measure the fluid dynamic properties such as pressure drop (Δp), inertial coefficient (f), and permeability (k), in an air forced convection flow. The thermal characterization was performed evaluating both the theoretical (kth) and effective (keff) thermal conductivity of the foams. Also, the global heat transfer coefficient (HTCglobal) was evaluated with different airflow rates. Analysis of variance (ANoVA) was performed to figure out which geometrical parameters are significant during both thermal and fluid dynamic processes. The results obtained show how the controllable foam morphology can affect the involved parameters, leading to an ad hoc design for industrial applications that require high thermo-fluid-dynamical performances.

The Impact of Patent, Trademark and Industrial Design Applications in Indian Economy

The Impact of Patent, Trademark and Industrial Design Applications in Indian Economy

A systematic review on ear anthropometry and its industrial design applications

AbstractErgonomics is extensively studied to provide a scientific understanding of humans’ physical and cognitive use of products and workplaces. Ergonomics of the external ear is crucial for the industrial design of various ear‐related products. For this review, 50 articles regarding ear anthropometry and its applications in product design that met determined inclusion criteria were selected after searching four databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct. Previous anthropometric information acquired with traditional measurement, photogrammetric method, and three dimensional (3D) anthropometric techniques (photogrammetry, magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography, 3D scanning, and ear impression). Those studies demonstrated that demographic factors, including age, ethnicity, gender, and ear symmetry, should be considered when designing for specific markets. Ear sizes kept growth throughout the entire lifetime. Results also showed that males had larger ear sizes than females in most populations. Most of linear, area, and ratio dimensions showed a good symmetry between left and right ears, while angular dimensions tended to be nonsymmetric. Differences in anthropometric findings existed among Asian, Western, and African populations. Hence, there is a need to establish more universal anthropometric databases for different ethnicities to meet the development of product form and function. Furthermore, fit and comfort perception was important to be examined for product design, which can be studied through questionnaire on comfort perception, analysis online comments of consumers, and virtual fit analysis. With a comprehensive presentation of literature, future research opportunities were inspired from the perspective of industrial design.

Determinants of the trademark in Colombia: a panel data application

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to establish the variables that explain the behavior of trademark applications in Colombia between 2012 and 2016. For the analysis, a fixed effects model with robust panel errors was used, for which a determination coefficient of 99% was obtained. From these, it was possible to establish that the number of patent applications, the number of industrial design applications, the number of establishments, professional technical and technological salaries of permanent production or indefinite term contracts, departmental GDP, national investment in administration and other support activities, sales of companies in the country and advertising expenditures are significant to explain the number of trademark applications.

A comparison study of two multifidelity methods for aerodynamic optimization

Industrial aerodynamic design applications require multiobjective optimization tools able to provide design feedback to the engineers. This is true especially when optimization studies are carried out during the conceptual design stage. The need for fast optimization methods has led to the development of multifidelity methods in a surrogate based optimization environment. Multifidelity tools have the potential to accelerate the design process, primarily due to the lower cost associated with the low fidelity tool. In addition to this, the design stage is shortened as mature and reliable high fidelity design information is provided earlier in the design cycle. Despite this high potential of these methods, there is no explicit comparison available in the literature between multifidelity surrogate based optimization tools for industrial aerodynamic problems. This paper aims at providing a direct comparison between two multiobjective multifidelity surrogate based optimization methods developed by our group. The first approach uses a trust region formulation for efficient multiobjective that does not require gradients. The second is using the concept of expected improvement to perform fast design space exploration based on a novel Kriging modification for multifidelity data. The tools are applied in two aerodynamic design problems: optimization of a high lift configuration in respect to maximum lift maximization and an airfoil design for transonic cruising conditions. These problems feature characteristics of industrial interest. They involve difficult physical analyses in the case of the high lift configuration and a more complex optimization formulation due to the increased dimensionality in the case of the transonic airfoil. Our presented methods are compared against a CFD-based optimization, a surrogate based optimization using only high fidelity data and a multifidelity surrogate based optimization based on Co-Kriging. Early results suggest that the trust region method can quickly provide improved designs leading to an efficient Pareto front. The expected improvement based method shows fast exploration attributes and a wide Pareto front.

Application of Industrial Design in the Development of Environmental Protection Quick-frozen Products

With the change of the times, the industry design style and design concept of each period will continue to advance at a higher and higher level. Consequently, environmental protection, concise and practical design has been affirmed and respected by most people in the industry. Such as: environmental protection refrigeration equipment, nitrogen environmental protection quick-freezing refrigeration equipment for people’s lives to provide fresh food design. With the gradual improvement of people’s living standards, people’s attention to food has shifted to the importance of nutrition and quality. Due to the diversification of current consumption patterns, people’s requirements for food preservation have also increased a lot. With the extension of China’s highway, highway transportation has also developed. The status of applications based on quick-freezing technology for fresh food will be the rapid development of fresh food refrigeration technology, and industrial design will play an important role in it.