Earthquake Resistant Design Of Buildings Research Articles

EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT BUILDING DESIGN: INNOVATIONS AND CHALLENGES

This study provides a comprehensive systematic review of innovations in earthquake-resistant building design, focusing on advancements in materials, technologies, and methodologies aimed at enhancing structural resilience. A total of 32 peer-reviewed articles were analyzed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The findings highlight the critical role of advanced materials such as fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and shape memory alloys (SMAs) in improving seismic performance, particularly through enhanced energy dissipation and structural flexibility. Technological integrations like Building Information Modeling (BIM), artificial intelligence (AI), and structural health monitoring (SHM) systems were identified as transformative tools that optimize design processes, predict structural vulnerabilities, and enable real-time risk management. Advanced simulation techniques, including finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), were shown to significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of seismic design. Despite these innovations, challenges related to cost, regulatory inconsistencies, and limited access to cutting-edge technologies persist, particularly in developing regions. The study concludes that while these advancements have revolutionized earthquake-resistant design, further efforts are needed to address these barriers and promote global resilience to seismic hazards.

Parametric Study of Structural Seismic Response: Correlation Between Lateral Load, Displacement, and Stiffness

Indonesia, located near the convergence of major tectonic plates, often experiences significant earthquakes that impact buildings. Many houses damaged by earthquakes are simple structures with red brick masonry. This study analyzes the seismic performance of masonry houses using ETABS software, assuming the houses are in seismic zone 4 and built on soft soil. The analysis focuses on the correlation between lateral loads, displacement, and structural stiffness. The results indicate that the maximum lateral load occurs in the X direction, while the maximum displacement occurs in the Y direction, indicating higher flexibility in the Y direction. Higher structural stiffness reduces displacement but also increases inertia forces. The nonlinear correlation between lateral loads and displacement, as well as the decrease in effective structural stiffness with increasing lateral loads, underscores the importance of balancing stiffness and flexibility in structural design. This study provides valuable insights for earthquake-resistant building design, particularly for masonry houses in earthquake-prone areas of Indonesia. The analysis emphasizes the importance of reinforcing critical areas and ensuring a more uniform distribution of lateral loads to enhance structural resilience to earthquakes. Keywords: ETABS, House, Life Safety, Performance, Seismic

Base Isolation and Energy Dissipating System in Earthquake Resistant Building Design

The utilization of base isolation is a crucial strategy for enhancing seismic resilience in structures. The method involves installing isolators and energy-absorbing devices beneath a building's superstructure to mitigate the destructive effects of earthquakes. When base isolation is implemented in a building, it not only makes the structure stronger and more stable, but also helps to safeguard lives and properties. This technique is particularly valuable for seismic retrofitting of historical buildings. In the present study, software called simulation of seismic isolation systems in structural analysis is employed, considering isolator characteristics, whether they exhibit nonlinear or equivalent linear behavior. Adhering to the IS 1893:2016 Code, the analysis utilized the SAP 2000 software package. A study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of base isolation systems versus fixed-base buildings in dealing with seismic activity. The study focused on analyzing various seismic indicators such as joint displacement, shear force, bending moment, building torsion, and the period of natural frequency. Results showed that models utilizing base isolation systems had significantly higher base shear values than those with a fixed-base building configuration. However, there was a significant 35% reduction in story shear values for the rubber isolation system and a 40% decrease for the friction pendulum model. Additionally, there was a 25% reduction in story drift for the rubber base model and a 30% decrease for the friction pendulum model. The friction pendulum model demonstrated the most effective control of these parameters across various seismic zone conditions. Key words: The topic of discussion pertains to Seismic Isolation with Rubber Bearing System and the Friction Pendulum Technique. Additionally, it includes SAP2000 Analysis, Story Drift Measurement, and Shear Force Evaluation in relation to these techniques.

Amplification effects of ground motion due to the local geology of the building site in the cities of Kyiv, Kryvyi Rih, Odesa

The results of the research presented in the article elucidate the importance of taking into account the amplitude-frequency characteristics of soil stratum models in the context of seismic safety of construction objects on the territory of Ukraine, in different regions. The presented results of the analysis of the calculated amplitude-frequency characteristics of models of soil environments for different regions of Ukraine reveal that the amplification of vibrations by soils has a complex nature that depends on many factors and can differ significantly for different construction sites. We have shown that during the earthquake-resistant design of buildings and structures, it is necessary to properly take into account the properties of soil complexes under the research site, which can significantly increase oscillations at “resonant” frequencies. The article examines in detail the features of amplitude-frequency characteristic models of soil strata for different geological conditions in Kyiv, Kryvyi Rih and Odesa. The purpose of this study is to compare these characteristics and develop recommendations for reducing risks associated with seismic hazards.

Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings. New Generation Standards

In modern practice of designing buildings in seismic areas, there is a constant increase in the level of detail of models, however, calculations often ignore the fact that seismic impact is a random process with large variability of parameters, and the interaction of the structure with a nonlinearly deformable foundation is not always taken into account correctly. In addition, when calculating seismic impacts, it is necessary to use modern material models that take into account the nonlinear nature of deformation under cyclic loads. All the factors described above indicate the need to develop complex methods for calculating seismic impacts. The article describes an integrated approach to the calculations of buildings and structures being built in seismic areas, and also provides the main theses for the STO “Construction in seismic areas. Basic provisions”. The section “materials used and research methods” presents the key components of the proposed methodology (nonlinear calculation method, material models and foundation model). The section “research results” presents the main provisions of the proposed two-level calculation. In conclusion, it was concluded that it is necessary to update modern standards and methods of calculation for seismic impacts.

Geotechnical and Structural Damages Caused by the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Gölbaşı (Adıyaman)

On 6 February 2023, two independent earthquake pairs on the East Anatolian Fault Zone, with epicenters in Pazarcık (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) districts of Kahramanmaraş province, caused great destruction. Adıyaman and Gölbaşı districts of this city are among the settlements most affected by the earthquake. Especially in the district where geotechnical damages are most observed, the destructive effects of earthquakes have been clearly observed in buildings with different structural systems. In this study, information is given about the earthquakes that hit the region and the fault zone where the earthquakes occur. Geotechnical and structural damages occurring in the villages and center of the district were evaluated within the scope of earthquakes and structural engineering. It can be stated that damages observed in the district center are generally caused by soil–structure interaction problems. The fact that masonry structures, which are widely used in rural areas, do not benefit from any engineering services has an impact on the level of damage. The main reason for the damages occurring in the reinforced concrete structures in the district is the reinforced concrete system that is not designed properly or not built in accordance with the design. This case study demonstrated the importance of earthquake–soil–structure interactions in line with earthquake-resistant building design principles.

Structural Failures of Adobe Buildings during the February 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Earthquakes

Türkiye experienced great destruction during the Kahramanmaraş earthquake couple which occurred as Pazarcık (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) on 6 February 2023. The weak structural characteristics and the magnitude of the earthquakes caused more than 50,000 casualties. Significant damage occurred in both urban and rural building stock in 11 different provinces that were primarily affected by the earthquakes. The dominant building stock is masonry structures in the rural areas of the earthquake region. Structural damages at various levels have occurred in adobe masonry structures built using local labours and resources without any engineering service. The main purpose of this study is to examine the failure and collapse mechanisms of adobe structures after Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in detail. First of all, information about both earthquakes was given. The earthquake intensity for all provinces was obtained by using the peak ground acceleration-intensity relation suggested for Türkiye, taking into account the measured PGAs in earthquakes. The observed structural damages were evaluated in terms of earthquake and civil engineering in adobe structures. Damage classification was conducted using European Macro-Seismic Scale (EMS-98) for a total of 100 adobe buildings. Of these structures, 25% were destroyed, 49% were heavily damaged, 15% were damaged moderately, and 11% were damaged slightly. In addition, the rules regarding adobe structures were compared considering the last two earthquake design codes used in Türkiye. In the study, suggestions were also presented to prevent structural damage in the adobe buildings in the earthquake region. Low strength of adobe material, usage of heavy earthen roofs, failure to comply with earthquake-resistant building design principles, and insufficient support of load-bearing walls are the main causes of damage.

Systems with optimal geometric shapes

Objective. In this paper, buildings of various shapes that have high seismic resistance are considered. Such seismic resistance is provided by the rational shape and outlines of the building itself. Here, the influence of the torsion of the building in the plan is minimized, thereby eliminating large stresses at the ends of the designed building. At the same time, the translational movement of the building in the plan is preserved.Method. By optimizing the shape and shape of buildings for various purposes, high efficiency of the structure is ensured under seismic effects. By comparing the shape and outlines of various buildings, the best variant of their layout is selected.Result. Structural schemes of buildings and structures with high resistance to seismic effects are given. A comparative analysis and recommendation for the design of earthquake-resistant buildings are given. Structural schemes for buildings and structures of various outlines have been developed: round, square, rectangular; constructive schemes of volumetric seismic-resistant structures, pyramidal, conical of various shapes, have been drawn up. Recommendations for the design of earthquake-resistant buildings and structures with optimal geometric shapes are made.Conclusion.The design schemes proposed in the article can be used in the design of earthquake-resistant buildings and structures for various purposes.

Evaluation of the load-bearing wall design of Edirne Old Harbiye Barracks according to the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC-2018)

The masonry construction system consists of stone, brick, and mortar, in which the wall element acts as the vertical load load-bearing and generally allows low-rise buildings. The buildings built with this system are mostly seen in rural areas today, but also in traditional and historical textures in city centers. Stone, brick, mortar, etc. used in the masonry construction system. The materials are materials with a low stretching rate but are resistant to pressure. In this case, against the driving force of a possible horizontal load source, the bearing walls will inevitably be damaged because they do not allow sufficient oscillation. In Türkiye, earthquake-resistant building design principles and calculation methods related to the behavior of masonry structures against earthquakes are guiding at this point. Inspecting the masonry structures planned and built in the past in terms of compliance with today's conditions and regulations is important for the sustainability of the structure. Making a building that has a negative profile in terms of compliance with the masonry construction rules is important for both the structure and the health of the user. In this study, the compliance of the load-bearing walls in the architectural design of the old Harbiye Barracks building, which is currently used by the Faculty of Architecture of Trakya University, to the rules regarding the wall design in the current regulation, Türkiye Building Earthquake Code 2018, is investigated. As a result of the study, it was seen that the building showed different suitability in different blocks. While the occupancy-to-space ratio of the b block on the bearing wall is better, it has been determined that the block does not fully comply with the rules.

Design of Earthquake Resistant Buildings : Useful Guidelines

Design of Earthquake Resistant Buildings : Useful Guidelines

Optimal Acceleration and Energy-Based Record Selection Using Artificial Intelligence Approaches and NP

ABSTRACT The new trend toward modern earthquake-resistant design of buildings based on nonlinear dynamic analysis accounting for peak and energy demands requires efficient ground motion record selection procedures. For this reason, in the present work, two record selection strategies based on acceleration and input energy spectrum considering the spectral shape via Np are presented. Furthermore, both record selection strategies are optimized by means of four artificial intelligence (AI) techniques: Genetic Algorithms (GA), Harmony Search (HS), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Vibrating Particle System (VPS). In particular, the effectiveness of each AI approach toward the best set of ground motion records for nonlinear dynamic analysis is compared. For this aim, spectral acceleration and input energy design spectra were considered, as well as 1024 seismic records obtained from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center. For all the AI or meta-heuristic approaches, the fitness function used is focused on minimizing the difference between the average spectrum of eleven ground motion records and the design spectrum using the well-known parameter Np, which represents the spectral shape in a range of periods. In addition, a penalization is included for those spectra with very large or low demands. Thus, 24 sets of eleven seismic records that can be used for nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures with a fundamental period of vibration of 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 seconds were obtained and purposes. The results demonstrate the ability of the two records selection strategies analyzed and the four meta-heuristic procedures, achieving results quickly and simply regardless of the type of demands, intensities and periods considered. Finally, it is concluded that the VPS algorithm is better in comparison with GA, HS, and PSO since it obtains superior results in almost all the selected cases.

Seismic response of Special Moment Resisting Frames constructed on plain and sloping ground

Earthquakes are one of the most extinctive natural unpredictable disaster. The major reason of most of the earthquakes are the movement of Tectonic plates and excitation in the earth’s crust. It is observed that many conventional buildings have constructed without considering seismic provisions given by Indian standard codes to escape the disastrous effect of earthquakes which results into the collapse and disintegration of buildings. Therefore, the concept of earthquake resistant building design came into consideration and this is the most crucial aspect when a structure is to be designed for sloping terrain or for the hilly area. This research is carried out to examine the response of structures during the ground oscillations in terms of storey drift, base shear and storey displacement. For research work, 8storey, 12 storey and 16 storey frames are considered which are constructed on plain ground and sloping ground and 20°, 30°and 45° slopes and zone V are considered. All the frames are designed and analyzed using pushover analysis in finite element based software ETABS v-19. Response reduction factor is also calculated for several frames and compared the calculated values with the values given in IS 1893:2016(part- I).

Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings by Using Reinforced Concrete or Steel Flexible Corner Joints

Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings by Using Reinforced Concrete or Steel Flexible Corner Joints

Digital modeling of seismic impact on the frame of multi-storey buildings with outrigger systems

The article studies the operation of building frame structures with outrigger floors, taking into account seismic effects. The object of the study is a monolithic reinforced concrete frame of the building. The studies were carried out using the modern Lira SAPR software package, which implements the finite element method. Dynamic calculations were performed for several models with different design solutions for outrigger systems and their location. The study of the effectiveness of the decisions made was carried out based on the results of the spectrum of frequencies and periods of natural oscillations. Based on the results of dynamic calculations, two constructive solutions were chosen with higher frequencies and shorter oscillation periods compared to the original model. A study was made of the effect of outrigger floors on the stress-strain state of the building frame. Based on the results of the calculation, conclusions are drawn and recommendations are given for the design of earthquake-resistant buildings.

Effect of The Haunch Angle and Stiffener Types on Column-Beam Connection Behaviour Under Static Loading

The strong column-weak beam principle, one of the earthquake resistant building design theories, require the connection area to be strong enough so that the plastic hinge forms in the beam. One of the proposed solutions is to strengthen the column-beam connection zone in steel connection with haunches. This study aims to look at parametrically behavior of column-beam haunched connections under the 100mm vertical displacement controlled loading using the finite element method. To obtain this, a total number of 21 finite elements model with 15, 30, and 45 degrees angles and 6 various stiffener types has been modeled by ABAQUS software. The research later discussed behavior of underlying components of haunch connections models such as the load-displacement curve, bearing capacity, extended end plate bending, stress distribution, and the position of the plastic hinge's development after finite element analysis. The study found that decrease in haunch angle improve the connection's bearing capacity, while in this case, the failure modes and plastic hinges will occur close to the joints which does not meet the code requirements. The article concludes that the 30-degree haunch angle is the most appropriate one in haunch connection and the three parallel and K-stiffeners is the most suitable reinforcement type for the haunched connections.

Response Spectrum Analysis of a RC Building Based on Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) Method

In the realm of structural design, Seismic Analysis is crucial. Many structures have collapsed because of earthquakes; as a result of numerous studies, different methods for analysing and determining vibration modes of a structure have been created. Seismic analysis can be done in two ways: static analysis and dynamic analysis. The basic mode of vibration dominates the response in the static technique of seismic analysis, and the mass and stiffness of the structures are evenly distributed, resulting in a regular shape, however this assumption fails for irregular buildings. As a result, dynamic methods are used to solve this issue. Response spectrum is one such dynamic method that is relatively simple to utilize compared to others. The benefit of employing the seismic response spectrum method is that it aids in the prediction of displacement and member forces in structural systems. As a result, this method aids in determining peak structural responses within a linear range, which can then be used to calculate lateral forces created in structures due to earthquakes, allowing for more earthquake-resistant building design. Although this method is approximate, it is a cost-effective and beneficial method for preliminary design research. The response spectrum method is used on STAAD.PRO V8i software to design a G+4 residential structure in our study. The building’s measurements are 16 meters long, 12 meters wide and 15 meters tall. The foundation was built to a depth of 1.5 meters. The structure was built to withstand earthquakes in seismic zone III on medium-density soil. Dead load (IS 875 Part I), Live load (IS 875 Part II), Seismic Load (IS 1893 Part I), and Wind Load are some of the load instances that were presented based on Indian Standard code (IS 875 Part III). To acquire the best response, the response spectrum modal combination Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) is used. Various parameters like wind intensity, seismic parameters, dynamic weight, modal participation factors, base shear and peak storey shear are calculated. Base shear and peak storey shear are found to maximum in Mode 2 and between 5th and 6th respectively.

Farklı Dolgu Tipleri için Çerçevelerin İtme Analizi ile Kıyaslanması

Earthquake-resistant building design is becoming increasingly important as a result of destructive earthquakes. Earthquake, which is a natural event that occurs as a result of geological movements, can turn into a natural disaster according to the behavior of the structures under the influence of earthquakes. In this study, a reinforced wall model was compared with other frame types in order to reduce the earthquake effect on the structures. With this reinforced wall model, the building is intended to be more ductile than shear wall systems and more rigid than bare frame systems. Static Pushover Analysis, which is currently and widely used, was used within the scope of performance-based design. The pushover analysis method is explained in detail and applied to all models. Single-storey frame models in order to make comparisons with the analyzes; The frame modeled with bare frame, shear wall frame and reinforced wall model has two different types, 15x15 and 20x20 ( in centimeters) , in total, 4 models. These models were compared and interpreted in terms of ductility and stiffness.

Research on the Use of Machine Learning on Building Facades

Artificial intelligence and its sub-branch, machine learning technologies, have developed rapidly in recent years and their use for various purposes has seemed to be increased in various sectors from automotive to medicine, from law to marketing. Similarly, these technologies have begun to be used in the building sector and in the field of architecture. These technologies are being used in many fields in architecture such as feasibility studies, building design, project control, occupational safety, earthquake resistant building design and applications, energy efficient system design, construction with smart construction equipment, smart building design, and smart facade design. Despite this increasing use in the field, it has been determined by the literature review that the number of studies focusing on the use of machine learning in architecture, especially on building facades, is low. In this sense in the study, it is aimed to examine the relationship between artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies with architecture in the context of building facades. Initially in the study the topics and the historical process related to artificial intelligence and machine learning were explained, subsequently the use of technologies on the building facades was examined through examples. In this way, a guiding resource has been created for those who want to work on this subject in the future.

Automated structural design of shear wall structures based on modified genetic algorithm and prior knowledge

Shear wall layout requires repetitive revisions and checks by an experienced designer, which is very time-consuming and inefficient. Therefore, an automated and effective approach to structural design of shear wall structures is needed. An automated generation method of structural model from architectural computer-aided design drawings is described, where the semantic segmentation of buildings based on the connected component analysis, graph structure and Procrustes analysis and an effective parametric modeling approach of shear wall structures integrated with prior knowledge are included. Besides, a modified genetic algorithm with greedy strategy is suggested for shear wall layout optimization. The proposed approach is shown to be effective and reliable through two real-world examples, demonstrating the promising future of automated structural design. This study addressed only the earthquake-resistant design of buildings, and other relevant issues such as beam layout optimization, multi-objective optimization, and economic feasibility of construction should also be addressed in the future.

Studi Pengaruh Radius Kelengkungan terhadap Efektifitas Kekangan pada Kolom Persegi dengan Perkuatan FRP

Revised code of earthquake-resistant building design from SNI 1726:2012 to SNI 1726:2019 as a result of changes in the earthquake magnitude that occurred in recent years and developments in earthquake engineering research resulted in many building structural elements should be strengthened, especially on column elements. One of the most adopted strengthening techniques for enhancing the performance of existing RC columns consists of wrapping a member with CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforcement Polymer) sheets, inducing a passive confinement action capable of increasing the columns axial strength and displacement capacity. The use of CRFP as strengthening on square columns in existing buildings should consider various factors, including the column corner radius and the width of the strip of FRP required if not using full wrapping. This paper presents the confinement stresses analysis at the different radius of curvature of the square column corner and analyzes the correlation of stress-strain in the cross-section using data from various existing studies. An experimental study will also be done by axial loading test FRP column (100mm x 100mm x 200mm) with several different curvature radii. The results of the axial compression test to the specimens found that the effect of curvature is quite significant for confinement effectiveness at r/b < 0.15. Based on this experiment, a slight increase of the axial capacity on the column specimens with radius curvature r=0mm and r=10mm ( below r=13mm, the smallest radius allowed by the code). Rectangular concrete columns strengthened by FRP with r/b < 0.15 could not be effective to the confined concrete core due to stress concentration at the corner.