Banknote Design Research Articles

Usage of Animalistic Illustration in Monetary Signs: International Experience

The purpose of the study is to study animalistic imagery in the design of banknotes and their correlation with the traditional and contemporary culture of the country they represent. The article is aimed at identifying aspects of money design impact on preserving unique heritage of a particular and its positive representation in the world. Research methodology is based on the application of empirical and comparative analysis. The theoretical basis consists of scientific publications on sign systems, certain aspects of banknote design, and the priority of different factors in banknote identification. The source material for the study includes banknotes from countries with different cultural backgrounds containing animalistic images. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the Ukrainian space, the article provides a review and systematization of the use of animalistic illustrations in the design of banknotes from different countries worldwide. The influence of a country’s traditional culture on the design of modern banknotes is explored. A comprehensive analysis of the design of Australian and South African banknotes is carried out from both design and culturological perspectives. Conclusions. Currently, images of fauna representatives are an integral part of the design of banknotes in countries such as South Africa, Australia, Madagascar, South Sudan, the Cook Islands, and New Zealand. The images used in banknote design present unique representatives of fauna specific to regions, which have become an integral part of local traditional culture and contemporary practices. This proves that the design of banknotes is based on a semantic component, particularly on signs that, on one hand, are iconic accurate reproductions of real fauna representatives, and on the other hand, symbols of many cultural mythologies and basic principles of the mentality of the leading ethnic group for a particular country. Studying the correlation between images used in the sign system of a particular country’s banknotes and its traditional culture allows for a better understanding of the specificity of using not only animalistic illustrations in banknote design but also other elements as components of the banknote sign system.

Electronic Money, Digital Cloud Payments, Banknote Redesign Policies and Currency in Circulation: Relevance of Cashless System and Technology Acceptance Theory in Nigeria

The electronic money, digital cloud payments, banknote redesign policies and currency in circulation vis-à-vis relevance of cashless system and technology acceptance theory in Nigeria is a rarely covered topic. Design policies are used by central banks to give direction to the design process of banknotes. The study of the banknote design policies of the past century shows that ‘technology-centred policies’ are gaining popularity. Even cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Facebook’s Diem, Corda, Fabric and Ripple are competing for a spot in the cashless world, constantly reinventing themselves in the hope of offering more stable value, and quicker, cheaper settlement (Chapman, 2021; (Shao et al., 2021; Zhang & Huang, 2021). The sole aim of introducing digital currency is to reduce the volume of physical currency in circulation which in turn destabilizes socioeconomic development of a country (Barontini & Holden, 2019). It is well-known fact that many people and businesses don’t accept innovations especially the ones caused by technology. Finally, from the literatures reviewed, the redesigning of the Naira is for economic reasons which is not limited to reducing inflation, combating counterfeiting, checking financial insecurity and reducing the money in circulation. There has been a wide acceptance of electronic banking in Nigerian banks and technology has become more popular as service offering to customers have become more convenient, thereby, leading to an increase in competitiveness and profitability. There is a swift variation in the method of conducting business globally and in Nigeria, particularly which is borne from advancement in e-banking. Awolusi and Aduaka (2020) has said that it is becoming progressively difficult to satisfy customer expectations. The cashless economy does not imply an outright end to the circulation of cash (or money) in the economy but that of the operation of a banking system that keeps cash transactions to

Female Representation on Banknotes: A Semiotic Analysis of 2022 Indonesia Banknotes

Besides their economic value, banknotes have a symbolic value through an expression of cultural identity that forms a nation. Generally, the customary design of banknotes in most countries issued by financial authorities is the portrait of notable male leaders. This research examined the banknotes for the 2022 emission yearissued by Bank Indonesia to emphasize the frequent representation of male and female images used in the issued currency. Using the interpretivism paradigm with semiotic methods, this research found that on the surface, Indonesian banknotes in the 2022 emission year seem to show a sense of appreciation for women and femininity in Indonesia but in essence still lack a sense of justice towards women.

Образы и символы в дизайне современных банкнот Европы

Money is one of the symbols of material wealth. From the images on modern banknotes and coins, one can study the history and culture of the people of a particular country, as well as learn about their values and traditions. The paper presents a study of the use of images and symbols in modern banknotes of European countries in circulation in 2021. The purpose of the research is a quantitative analysis of images and symbols in the design of European banknotes, using methods of mathematical statistics. This study examined 294 types of obverses and reverses of European banknotes. During the analysis, the absolute and relative frequency of occurrence of groups of images and symbols on the obverses of banknotes were calculated. The authors classified and grouped all symbols on banknotes according to common characteristics, collected statistics on the occurrence of groups of symbols on European banknotes, and displayed statistics on the frequency of use of colors in European banknotes. The study resulted in identifying the trends in the use of images and symbols in modern European banknotes. Many signs and symbols depicted on European banknotes have positive semantics; such semantics may be used in other types of design.

The First Series of Malaysian Banknotes as a Symbol of a Nation’s Independence

Since 1963, numerous national symbols have undergone a significant design modification, including Malaysian banknotes. As a symbol of an independent nation, the banknote presents an acceptance of its value but alternately plays as a propaganda tool. This paper aims to examine the illustrations depicted on the first series of Malaysian banknote designs through the semiotic analysis approach. The study has revealed that the portrait, logo, roman Malay script, building, the ringgit currency against the dollar, and the Malay governor's signature are legitimate evidence to appoint the first series of the Malaysian banknotes as one of the national symbols. Keywords: Banknote Design; National Symbol; Semiotic. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7iSI7%20(Special%20Issue).3797

Neurometrics Applied to Banknote and Security Features Design

The aim of this paper is to present a methodology on the application of neuroanalysis to the design of banknotes and security features. Traditionally, evaluation of the perception of banknotes is based on explicit personal responses obtained through questionnaires and interviews. The implicit measures refer to methods and techniques capable of capturing people's implicit mental processes. Neuroscience has shown that, in most brain processes regulating emotions, attitudes, behaviours and decisions, human consciousness does not intervene. That is to say, these implicit processes are brain functions that occur automatically and without conscious control. The methodology on neuroanalysis can be applied to the design of banknotes and security features, and used as an effective analysis tool to assess people's cognitive processes, namely: visual interest, attention to certain areas of the banknote, emotions, motivation and the mental load to understand the design and level of stimulation. The proposed neuroanalysis methodology offers a criterion for making decisions about which banknote designs and security features have a more suitable configuration for the public. It is based on the monitoring of conscious processes, using traditional explicit measures, and unconscious processes, using neurometric techniques. The neuroanalysis methodology processes quantifiable neurometric variables obtained from the public when processing events, such as eye movement, sight fixation, facial expression, heart rate variation, skin conductance, etc. A neuroanalysis study is performed with a selected group of people representative of the population for which the design of a banknote or security features is made. In the neurometric study, suitably prepared physical samples are shown to the participants to collect their different neurometric responses, which are then processed to draw conclusions.

보안성 향상을 위한 은행권 디자인 연구

보안성 향상을 위한 은행권 디자인 연구

Sustainable industrial technology for recovery of cellulose from banknote production waste and reprocessing into cellulose nanocrystals

Banknote printing is the industry that has a deep influence on financial operations on market, reflecting the economic performance of governments. Therefore, it is surrounded by a great secrecy even when dealing with production waste and end-of-life products, which are utilized very carefully by controlled combustion or incineration after crushing using special techniques designed to ensure that the waste does not come into possession by third parties. This waste contains significant amounts of cotton, percentage of which sometimes can reach up to 100% of the weight of banknote paper. It is clear that disposal of such waste by simply incinerating it is contrary to the principles of sustainability and preservation of resources. In order to achieve these principles, this research aims to develop a new strategy called “Banknote for Banknote (BFB)” to recover and refine cotton from Banknote waste and later reuse it in the production of banknote paper or reprocess it into cellulose nanocrystals suitable for use in many advanced applications through a sustainable technology. The experiments were performed only on the Banknote Production Waste (BPW) (which is estimated as ˜3% of the total volume of Banknote production) because the end-of-life banknotes are usually contaminated with many substances during the circulation. Some of them can become hazardous to the extent of being contaminated with drugs (e.g. cocaine, etc.); that requires many additional analyses and special treatment. In the developed technology BPW was treated by using five sequential processes that were selected based on the banknote design, structure, need to reach minimum gas emissions and high recovery rate. The technology began from crushing treatment at the Central Bank for safety reasons, then leaching process was used to dissolve the heavy metals from the ink layer (Al, Fe, Ni, etc.) and separate other pigment metal elements (Si, Ti, etc.) in the form of suspended particles, while the dissolution and bleaching stages were employed to dissolve the remaining organic components and purify the cotton substrate. Finally, acid hydrolysis was used to prepare Cellulose nanocrystals with average size 75 nm from the purified cotton. Although the experiments were conducted on Egyptian Banknote, the advanced technology is applicable to all types of cotton based-banknotes with high profitability.

Дослідження явища перебивання фарби на папері спеціального призначення, виготовленого за різними технологіями

For Ukrainian payment banknotes manufacture is supposed to use a new two-layer paper. Changes in papermaking technology can significantly affect the quality characteristics of prints obtained on it. Therefore, it is relevant to investigate the influence of the parameters of a new paper type on the printing and technical properties and the quality of printing products.The aim of this work is to investigate the physical and mechanical, and color characteristics of two-layer banknote paper, as well as microgeometry of surface of the paper and the transfer of ink to reverse side.For conducting experimental research, two paper types were used for printing banknotes with a value of 10 hryvnias — single and double layer the physical and technical characteristics of which were determined experimentally. The prints were made on these papers with translucent ink in three shades. The ink formulation was developed and manufactured using the Data Color application; Test prints were obtained in the laboratory using an IGT Reprotest B.V.Since banknotes are printed on both sides, the amount of interruption to the reverse side should be taken into account, since significant interruption may distort the color of the image on the reverse side.To study the phenomenon of interruption, the color characteristics of the turnover of prints were measured in comparison with the color of paper.It was revealed that for both types of paper there is an almost linear increase in the color shift of the print turnover relative to the increase in the amount of applied ink. On the reverse side of the two-ply paper, a slightly larger bleed out is observed. The explanation for this fact may be slightly less than the opacity of two-layer paper compared with single-layer.Given the slight interruption of ink per revolution, when developing a banknote design, preference should be given to color-like plots on both sides of the banknote.

Development Stages of Graphic Design in the Arab World

The article identifies the graphic design periodization criteria and its development stages in the Arab countries. It is noted that the initial development stage of graphic design aligns with design history in general. The allocation of graphic art as an independent professional domain can be considered to be a specific characteristic of the protodesign period (8th–19th centuries). Certain specific elements of the Islamic decorative canon developed, particularly calligraphy, geometric patterns, and vegetal arabesques, and professional artists and calligraphers appeared during this stage. The second stage of graphic design development in the Arab countries is characterized by the period of colonial dependence and priority of the European cultural tradition (19th — first half of 20th century). This was connected with the establishment of applied graphic arts as an independent art form — book and advertisement design (pictorial signboards, political advertisements, posters, and event posters), bank note design, typographic letterheads, postal graphics, etc. This form of graphic design is connected with cultural borrowing and the lack of national traditions and professionals in the sphere of graphic design. The third stage goes back to the visual language of geometric patterns, arabesques and Arabic calligraphy as an all-Arab visual heritage. It marked the establishment of printing offices and printing schools, changes in aesthetics of the printing industry due to production computerization, the introduction of a graphic designer occupation, and similar major programs in Arabic universities.

Money bill technology of tactile recognition engravings for visually impaired

Summary This essay aims to elaborate the technology when it comes to banknote making for visually impaired members of the society. The visually impaired are divided in three subgroups: colour-blind, partially sighted and blind people. Their first needs are useful denomination features rather than security features, as they help them in determining a banknote’s value. This study provides a historical overview of banknote design features for the visually impaired. Furthermore, it looks into the methodology of banknote tests for the colour-blind, showing images of how the colour-blind experience the euro banknotes. Two features are needed for every subgroup of the visually impaired to establish the banknote’s value; one is not reliable. These two features are dedicated firstly to the relevant user group, but will also be used by others, including people with normal vision.

THE OVERVIEW OF INVESTIGATION IN THE FIELD OF BANKNOTE DESIGN FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED PEOPLE

This essay aims to elaborate the technology when it comes to banknote making for visually impaired members of the society. The visually impaired are divided in three subgroups: color-blind, partially sighted and blind people. Their first needs are useful denomination features rather than security features, as they help them in determining a banknote’s value. This study provides a historical overview of banknote design features for the visually impaired. Furthermore, it looks into the methodology of banknote tests for the color-blind, showing images of how the color-blind experience the euro banknotes. Two features are needed for every subgroup of the visually impaired to establish the banknote’s value; one is not reliable. These two features are dedicated firstly to the relevant user group, but will also be used by others, including people with normal vision.

퍼스의 기호 유형에 따른 세대별 은행권 디자인 분석

퍼스의 기호 유형에 따른 세대별 은행권 디자인 분석

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BLIND CODES AND SECURITY FEATURES FOR THE BLIND AND THE PREVENTION OF FRAUD ON THE INDONESIAN RUPIAH

ABSTRACTBlind codes and security features are very important for the people with visual impairment to recognize banknotes denomination. One of the problems commonly experienced by the blind Indonesian is how to detect the nominal value and the authenticity of the banknotes. It is suspected that blind codes and security features existing on the Indonesian banknotes are less effective to help the blind detect the banknotes. That is why it is very interesting to analyze the level of effectiveness of blind codes and security features on the Indonesian banknotes, especially for the people with visual impairment. The experimental result shows that security features and blind codes are less effective for the people with visual impairment. It is assumed that the ineffectiveness will increase when the banknotes are in an outdated or crumpled condition. The authors gave treatment to respondents by giving Indonesian banknotes, which had been provided with Braille letter. Based on the experiment using Braille letter, 96% of respondents were able to detect and enumerate the nominal value of the banknotes appropriately.This ineffectiveness is feared to have an impact on the increasing circulation of counterfeit money in the community. It would be even more frightening when people become a medium of spreading counterfeit money in the community just because of the ineffectiveness of the design of banknotes and the lack of education of the blind Indonesian.

3D Surface Reconstruction of Mathematical modelling Used for Controlling the Generation of Different Bi-cubic BSpline in Matrix Form without Changing the Control Points

This paper introduces a 3D surface reconstruction of mathematical modelling by using blossoming, dependent on a parameter in the coefficient of the control points, the bi-cubic B-spline surface in matrix form scheme can be utilized to obtain a better quality of reconstructed surface, by using different values of parameter of coefficients used for controlling generating 3D complex surface, which is not easy to recreate. The de-Boor method is used to upgrade the matrix form of 2D to bicubic 3D- b-spline surface depends on parameter value. The model can be seen more efficient of surface in comparison with that needed in conventional methods. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is illustrated through several comparative examples of 3D matrices surface. The change in surface is made without any change in the control points. Applications of the modeling in both the curve and surface can be used in many fields, such as banknote design, shape design, decorations, governmental document, and other documents, all of which are of high impotence. And it is used to find the appropriate solutions that prevent or reduce the forgery and counterfeiting of the important and vital documents

“Too Weird for Banknotes”: Legitimacy and Identity in the Production of Danish Banknotes 1947–2007

AbstractIn this article I argue that questions of banknote design are closely related to ideas of the national collective. Using the Danish banknote design competitions from 1947 to 2007 as an exemplary case I show how the Danish central bank, Nationalbanken, continuously sought to balance banknote iconography between different and evolving perceptions of the national community in an attempt to underpin the legitimacy and authority of Danish banknotes. I suggest that concepts from institutional theory can explain this equipoise relationship and I argue that banknote designers need to somehow reconcile conflicting ideas about the national community. As such, this article contributes to a more detailed understanding of the considerations and challenges facing banknote‐issuing authorities.

Slovenians Money-A Message to the World

MILI TOMANIC AND LINDA HARTMAN add new meaning to the phrase “money talks.” In this profile on the design of banknotes for the new Republic of m Slovenia, they point out how the portraits, text, and graphics of the currency highlight history and individual talent as key elements in the identity of the new nation, while simultaneously creating an image of the country as confident, dynamic, and looking forward to stronger ties with the West.

The Lion, the Native and the Coffee Plant: Political Imagery and the Ambiguous Art of Currency Design in Colonial Kenya

This paper examines the politics associated with the changing design of currency notes issued by the British in colonial Kenya. It argues that the exigencies of currency design are drawn as much from the social self-imagination of dominant classes as from the pertinent technological imperatives and aesthetic trends. It begins by analysing the original design of East African Currency Board notes that was in place from the 1920s to the 1950s. The paper then explores the background of social turbulence in Kenya that was the context of the radical changes to the East African Currency Board's banknote design in the 1950s. It highlights how yet another design was put into circulation in the early 1960s in the context of decolonisation and the creation of the East African Community. Throughout the period, currency design evolved from insisting on white dominance, to an ambiguous suggestion of multi-racialism, to a doomed attempt at federalism and finally, to African independence.

A model of money counterfeits

This note offers a game-theoretic analysis of the strategic interaction between a central bank and a counterfeiter. Counterfeit notes cause a potential loss for consumers because such notes are confiscated when detected. The central bank is assumed to choose a bank-note design that minimizes the sum of the production cost of the notes and of the expected loss to the noncounterfeiting part of the population. The counterfeiter maximizes his expected return. I find that this game has a pure-strategy subgame-perfect equilibrium, and this equilibrium is typically unique. Depending on parameter values (specifically on the face values of notes), there is either no counterfeiting or much counterfeiting in equilibrium. Intermediate cases are never an equilibrium.

The Banknotes of Science A Neglected Art of Science and Technology

AbstractUntold millions of banknotes circulate in the world, a few of them portraying a well-known scientist and others showing a technological object. This aspect of numismatics, the artistic presentation of science, has never been considered before. The detailed design of banknotes, man's most ingenious and most profitable invention, its themes and fashions, is discussed. Technology as a prestige subject on banknotes is demonstrated, first on historical notes depicting ships and railways, then in the modern context of bridges, dams and oil refineries. As a primary source of history, banknotes of science play a minor role. The design of the British £1 note, showing Newton, is detailed, and more than 50 banknotes of famous scientists are tabulated. It is concluded that regrettably few scientists, and not a single woman of science, have so far been chosen to enrich banknotes, the most prestigious visiting cards of all nations.