Accurate measurement of current switching transients in SiC and GaN power converters requires current sensors with bandwidths exceeding 100 MHz, along with high immunity, sensitivity, isolation, and usability. Magnetic coils are typically the least invasive type of sensor but can be challenging to design and may be unsuitable in high EMI environments. This paper explores the use of coreless twin-coil magnetic current sensors in compact power circuits with complex magnetic fields. A design method is presented to achieve the required bandwidth, immunity, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), guided by 2D gain and immunity plots to optimise orientation relative to adjacent currents. Equations for gain and bandwidth as functions of geometry are experimentally verified using a vector network analyser. The method is validated in two scenarios: individual gate current sensing on adjacent, parallel-connected power devices, and power loop current sensing on a 30 mm wide PCB trace with a closely spaced return path on an adjacent layer. The gate sensor achieves an SNR above 10, a 660 MHz bandwidth, and closely matches current sense resistor measurements. The power loop current sensor has similar accuracy to a commercial Rogowski coil. These results demonstrate removable high bandwidth AC current sensors that minimally impact compact, optimised circuits, and show promise for application in power modules.

LLC resonant converter is widely used in big data centers and telecom rectifiers because of its ZVS, ZCS, and high efficiency. These applications require a high voltage step down LLC converter to convert high-voltage input such as 380Vdc to low-voltage output such as 12Vdc. However, with the traditional resonant transformer structure of LLC converter, because of the high voltage step down, even if the secondary windings' turn number is designed only 1, the primary winding's turn number will be about 32. In this article, a novel transformer configuration is proposed that significantly reduces the number of primary winding's turns in high-voltage-step-down LLC resonant converters. The transformer's core is designed with a central primary leg and four separated side secondary legs. The primary winding's turn number is reduced to 32/4 = 8 turns, making PCB-based planar transformer's design viable. Its four secondary windings' eight output terminals are all symmetrically placed on the same side of the transformer, to minimize the output path length and make the four secondary currents sharing. The design method, loss calculation method, and magnetic circuit model are presented. A LLC converter's prototype of 380V/12V/2kW is built to verify the low-winding-turn-ratio planar transformer structure and its magnetic circuit model.

Design method and parameters optimization of finned-tube latent thermal energy storage for heat pump applications

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is increasingly adopted in architectural design and widely investigated in the research field. However, several limitations hinder its broader integration into design processes. Among these, the lack of validation beyond aesthetic assessment remains a research gap, especially regarding the environmental performance of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-generated designs. While current research primarily applies GenAI to exterior and urban-scale environmental assessments, this study focuses on GenAI-driven active control of interior daylighting. An experimental study explored the fine-tuning of a Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) model to generate Daylight Autonomy (DA) heatmaps with controlled window-to-wall ratio (WWR). Experiment scope was bounded by the control of WWR as the sole variable, while space type, geographic location, dimensions, orientation, finishing materials, and other design parameters were kept constant. The proposed workflow enabled the generation of interior designs that achieve target Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) ranges, classified as “High,” “Moderate,” or “Low.” As a result, Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) confirmed strong similarity between AI-generated and simulation-based DA maps, with average values of 0.851, 0.740, and 0.694 for the “High,” “Moderate,” and “Low” categories, respectively. In addition, a one-sample t-test was conducted on 120 generated samples—40 per category—verifying that generated designs fit target sDA ranges beyond random chance (33.33%). 83% of generated designs using “High” prompt keyword fit target range (t(39) = 8.086), while fitting rates reached 68% for “Moderate” (t(39) = 4.560) and 75% for “Low” category (t(39) = 6.014). Overall, the findings confirm that the proposed GenAI-driven workflow can reliably control daylighting performance, supporting the transition of GenAI from a purely aesthetic visualization tool to a validated, performance-oriented method for early-stage architectural design.

A closed-form design method for U-shaped springs in aeroelastic modeling of truss-girder suspension bridges

Seismic behavior and flexural strength design method for castellated beam-to-column end-plate joints with dual plastic hinges

Parallel asynchronous double-stage yielding BRBs: Experiment, theory, and performance-based seismic design method

The design method of stepped integrated photovoltaic concentrator without light leakage

Novel design method for tilting electric-drive ducted fan blades with dual-operation conditions

Hesperidin-loaded Eudragit S100 nanoparticles alleviate ulcerative colitis by repairing intestinal barrier and modulating gut microbiota

The stability of a grid-connected inverter (GCI) under weak grid can be assessed by checking whether the return ratio matrix satisfies the generalized Nyquist criterion. Due to the inherent asymmetry of the phase-locked loop (PLL) and power control loop (PCL), the eigenvalues of the return ratio matrix are complex, imposing challenges in stability analysis and parameter design of the PLL and PCL. In this paper, the symmetrical PLL and PCL structures are proposed, and then a complex-vector-based model of the system is obtained, simplifying the loop-gain-based stability analysis. After that, a step-by-step parameter design method for the symmetrical PLL and PCL is presented. Experimental validation is finally conducted on a 10-kVA three-phase LCL-type GCI prototype in the lab. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed symmetrical PLL and PCL as well as the parameter design method.

Actively shielded gradient coil design for an all-superconducting planar MRI system using progressively-enhanced shielding constraints.

Displacement-based seismic design method for continuous girder bridge with self-centering winding-rope friction damper (SC-WRFD)

A traumatic ulcer is a lesion on oral soft tissues caused by trauma. Treatment with triamcinolone acetonide is effective, although prolonged use may result in adverse effects. As an alternative, black cumin and mangosteen peel, which contain thymoquinone and xanthones, can promote collagen formation during the wound healing process. This study aims to determine the effect of a gel containing a combination of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) extracts on the formation of collagen in the healing of traumatic ulcers in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). A randomized post test only controlled group design method was conducted using 40 Wistar rats with 2 observation times (days 6 and 12). The mice were divided into 5 groups: control groups administered with base gel (K-) and triamcinolone acetonide 0,1% (K+), treatment groups administered with 40% black cumin (P1), 15% mangosteen peel (P2), and a combination of 20% black cumin and 10% mangosteen peel extract gel (P3). Collagen was analyzed using Masson's trichrome staining, followed by statistical analysis with Independent t-Test and One-Way ANOVA. The results showed that the combination gel group had a higher average collagen area on days 6 and 12 compared to the other groups. These findings indicate that the combination gel of black cumin and mangosteen peel extracts promotes collagen formation in the healing of traumatic ulcers in Wistar rats.

Shear capacity design method for vertical joints in wind turbine concrete towers under combined bending-shear loads

Design method for RC beams under low-velocity impact considering flexural scaling effect

Refined analysis and zonal design method for reducing EV tire rolling resistance under a hybrid deformation framework

A vehicle-mounted radar system for quick tunnel inspection

In this paper, one speed sensorless control method with a compound controller and an adaptive speed observer of the toroidal permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (TPMLSM) for electromagnetic launch is proposed. Considering the aperiodic transient trait of launch motor, one compound controller based on feedforward strategy is designed to obtain fast dynamic response under different acceleration conditions. Moreover, one improved adaptive speed observer is constructed based on model reference adaptive system (MRAS). By introducing a disturbance observation term and a current error feedback gain matrix, the proposed observer can strengthen the system stability with superior anti-disturbance ability under transient conditions. Furthermore, the design method of the feedback gain matrix is proposed by minimizing the expectation of observation error to obtain more accurate speed signals. Comprehensive experiments have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed strategy.

A unified design method for fatigue strength of corrugated-web steel girders