Despite many recent advances, overpotentials remain high for anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWE). Voltage breakdown analyses (VBA) can help decouple the origins of overpotentials and facilitate design decisions to...

Characterizing sustainability of green stormwater infrastructure technologies using life cycle assessment and life cycle costing: A systematic review.

Destination brand management has been widely explored in the scientific literature; however, the development of graphic brands for heritage destinations—grounded in cultural interpretation and visual symbolism—has received limited scholarly attention. This article proposes a protocol for constructing an identitary graphic brand tailored to UNESCO World Heritage Sites, using local cultural iconography as a key resource for communicating site identity. To achieve this, a mixedmethods approach was implemented, structured in three sequential phases. The first involved a systematic review of specialized literature in history, archaeology, and archaeoastronomy, complemented by the collection of documentary data related to the heritage site. In the second phase, fieldwork was conducted using an observational technique applied to a random sample of 150 organizations from three strategic sectors in Quito: cultural centers, tourism operators, and commercial establishments. This allowed for the identification of iconographic elements within their visual identities. The third phase consisted of in-depth interviews with organizational leaders, aimed at exploring their perceptions, branding strategies, and the symbolic use of cultural references. Findings demonstrate a strong appreciation for cultural iconography among key stakeholders, yet reveal a limited integration of these elements into institutional and commercial communication strategies. This gap highlights the need for more culturally informed branding practices. The results also offer insights into how design decisions are made in heritage contexts and the extent to which they reflect authentic local identity. This interdisciplinary framework offers a transferable model for other heritage destinations seeking to enhance their visibility and cultural relevance through meaningful and context-specific graphic branding.

Third Places foster informal social interaction beyond home and work. Spatial and design features greatly influence how these places function and are perceived. Many characteristics of these places are linked to public spaces; however, simply having numerous public areas does not guarantee that third places meet residents’ needs. Nakhon Ratchasima Old Town demonstrates this issue. Many public areas look attractive but are socially disconnected and underused. This study employs the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assess the Old Town’s Third Places based on eight key factors. Results show that safety, efficiency, and accessibility are the top priorities. Still, the rankings differ among professionals, suggesting that practical improvements should address the diverse needs and traits of residents, rather than focusing solely on aesthetic upgrades. By integrating expert judgment with a systematic evaluation, the research provides evidence-based guidance for identifying, ranking, and implementing initiatives that improve social functionality, increase community engagement, and preserve the livability of the historic town center. The findings emphasize that successful revitalization depends on social value driving design decisions, ensuring public spaces serve as proper third places rather than mere visual features.

Solar water heating systems occupy a significant place among renewable energy technologies, and the complex interactions between design and operational parameters directly influence their efficiency. This study presents a comprehensive methodological framework that integrates Full Factorial Design (FFD), simulation modeling, and Response Optimization methods for the performance optimization of a solar water heating system. A detailed simulation model was developed for the climatic conditions of Phoenix, Arizona, utilizing the System Advisor Model (SAM) software, which was developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). An FFD scheme was implemented to systematically examine the individual and interactive effects of two critical system performance parameters — daily hot water usage and total pipe length — on System Energy (kWh) and Capacity Factor (%). A total of 189 different design scenarios were simulated, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed on the resulting data. The ANOVA results revealed that daily hot water usage was the most statistically dominant factor affecting system output. At the same time, the main effect of total pipe length and the interaction between these two parameters were also statistically significant. In the following phase, Response Optimization was applied to objectively determine the optimal design conditions that simultaneously maximize both performance metrics. The optimization resulted in an optimal daily hot water usage of 312.66 kg/day and an optimal total pipe length of 46.41 meters, with a combined desirability value of 0.726. This integrated approach, which offers a more efficient, reliable, and evidence-based process compared to traditional trial-and-error methods, provides engineers and decision-makers with a quantitative guide to improve design decisions and maximize system performance in solar water heating systems.

The study on crafting cultural connections examines the complex interplay between design, culture, and people's experiences in promotional product production. Inspired by Langkawi's rich mythology, this research promotes a Human-Centered Design (HCD) approach and seeks to educate novice industrial designers on how to utilize the approach in developing products that create value for people. This study is driven by three critical challenges: (i) the underrepresentation of cultural heritage in promotional product design, (ii) the disconnect between designers and end-users in integrating culturally inspired product design, and (iii) the lack of awareness among locals and tourists about myths and legends due to the dominance of digital entertainment and shifting cultural preferences. This research begins with an extensive understanding of the context of culture and belief, user awareness, and experiences, which serve as the foundation for well-informed design decisions. It is followed by designers who hold collaborative workshop design development sessions with local stakeholders, including renowned storytellers and seasoned tourism experts, to ensure the product draws inspiration from Langkawi's rich tapestry of stories and tales. They then modified prototypes based on user feedback, to find a balance between visual aesthetics and functionality. Documenting and reflecting on this process motivates novice industrial designers to engage in hands-on learning by adopting the HCD approach in design development to produce innovative products. This research will highlight the physical outcomes of this journey, showcasing meticulously created products and assessing their impact on using the HCD approach to improve cultural awareness among users.

The rapid growth of digital libraries and online reading platforms has significantly increased the difficulty of identifying books that align with individual reader preferences. As modern platforms host millions of titles, users often experience decision fatigue when attempting to discover relevant content. Conventional recommendation approaches such as popularitybased rankings and static genre filtering fail to capture nuanced user interests and frequently produce repetitive or overly generic suggestions. This paper presents LibRaX, a scalable personalized book recommendation system based on collaborative filtering using latent factor models. The system leverages large-scale user–book interaction data and applies Alternating Least Squares (ALS) to learn compact latent representations of books from sparse rating matrices. These learned item embeddings capture collective user preference patterns beyond surface-level metadata. To enable efficient similarity search over hundreds of thou- sands of item embeddings, LibRaX integrates Facebook AI Similarity Search (FAISS) for approximate nearest neighbor retrieval, avoiding the computational and memory limitations of traditional brute-force K-Nearest Neighbor approaches. The FAISS index is constructed offline and loaded into memory during inference, enabling real-time recommendation generation. LibRaX is implemented using a Python-based backend that performs sparse matrix construction, offline model training, FAISS indexing, and real-time recommendation inference, along- side a Kotlin-based Android application that serves as the user in- terface. The system follows a stateless backend architecture with periodic batch retraining and similarity-based retrieval. This pa- per discusses the motivation behind the system, reviews relevant literature, and outlines the collaborative filtering methodology and architectural design decisions that enable LibRaX to operate efficiently at scale.

ABSTRACT When managers rely on their subordinates for local information but cannot commit to how such information is used, the incentives for effort and information elicitation become intertwined. This incentive problem influences the firm's job design decision, that is, whether to assign all tasks in a job to one worker (“individual assignment”) or split those among a group (“team assignment”). Team assignment facilitates information elicitation but suffers from diseconomies of scope in incentive provision. The optimal job design is driven by the workers' likelihood of being informed (about local conditions) and the noise in the performance measure used to reward them.

The aim of the article is to review and systematise the results of the latest empirical studies on the manifestations of cultural bias in the content produced by general-purpose generative AI chatbots such as ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini, Claude and DeepSeek, and to identify their potential social consequences. The following research questions were formulated: What types and what is the scale of cultural biases in generative AI chatbots? What are the social consequences of their occurrence and possible ways and directions of counteraction? A review study was based on a critical analysis of 17 recent empirical studies published in 2024-2025. The analysis shows the complex nature of the presence and consequences of cultural bias in current AI models. It has been clearly demonstrated that they reflect and reinforce Western cultural patterns. Four types of cultural bias have been identified: axiological-civilisational, racial-ethnic, national, and religious-ideological. The analysis also showed that cultural bias is not only a technical problem of algorithms, but a deeply rooted social phenomenon resulting from the contexts of training data and design decisions made by technology developers.

A Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based Machine Learning (ML) framework was developed to predict the energy performance of office buildings at the early design stage. The framework provides a reproducible and data-driven workflow that shortens simulation time while maintaining accuracy. Revit and Insight were integrated with statistical modeling in Weka to create an automated and regionally adaptable process derived from BIM-generated data. A reduced-factorial Design of Experiments (DOE) guided the generation of 210 parametric simulations representing base, generalization, and stress-test models for Orlando, Florida. Each model combined geometric, envelope, system, and operational variations, forming a dataset of 14 independent parameters and two dependent energy metrics: Energy Use Intensity (EUI) and Operational Energy (OE). Four regression algorithms—Linear Regression (LR), M5P, SMOReg, and Random Forest (RF)—were trained and validated through 10-fold cross-validation. All models achieved R2 values above 0.95, with the RF model reaching the highest overall accuracy under default parameter settings, with R2 > 0.97 and mean absolute errors below 5% across both metrics, EUI and OE. Feature-importance analysis identified HVAC system type, window-to-wall ratio, and operational schedule as the most influential variables. Results confirm that BIM-ML integration enables rapid and reliable energy-performance prediction, supporting informed, energy-efficient design decisions in the earliest phases of the building lifecycle.

The design of commercial posters must effectively capture consumer attention. To scientifically evaluate the impact of different design formats on attention-grabbing efficiency, three advertising posters were selected. Corresponding dynamic and static, as well as colour and black-and-white (B&W), versions were generated. Sixty participants were recruited for an eye-tracking experiment, recording key metrics such as fixation duration and fixation count. Results indicate: (1) Dynamic posters significantly outperformed static posters for both total fixation duration and total fixation count. When observing the total fixation duration, F = 245.896, p < 0.001, confirming the distinct advantage of dynamic design for capturing attention. (2) Colour posters generally attracted and sustained visual attention more effectively than did B&W posters. When observing the total fixation duration, F = 5.067, p = 0.028 < 0.05. (3) The impact of dynamic effects on attention is more pronounced than that of colour. For both static and dynamic posters, colour and B&W designs show no significant difference in their effect on attention, p = 0.330 > 0.05, η2 = 0.018. This provides a context-dependent prioritisation framework for commercial poster design decisions grounded in visual cognitive science.

Following a severe burn injury, individuals embark on a lifelong process of managing and integrating the physical, psychological, and social consequences, including functional limitations, fatigue, altered body image, and psychological trauma. To aid in this process, healthcare professionals can provide self-management support. To date, however, no self-management support intervention has been developed to meet the unique needs and preferences of burn survivors within the context of burn aftercare. In this article, we describe the process of developing a self-management support intervention for burn aftercare and present the resulting intervention. A structured, multi-stage process was followed from May 2021 to December 2023 to develop the intervention, guided by established frameworks for the development and adaptation of complex interventions. The process included evidence review, stakeholder consultation, and participatory observations to identify needs, inform design decisions, and ensure contextual fit. A hybrid approach to intervention development was adopted, combining adaptation of an existing intervention with augmentation through five co-creative workshops involving burn survivors, healthcare professionals, researchers, and burn care decision-makers. The final prototype was refined through expert reviews and real-world pilot-testing to assess its feasibility and acceptability. The structured, multistage process resulted in a self-management support intervention addressing the physical, psychological, and social needs of burn survivors. The intervention was named BreeZe (Brandwonden en Zelfmanagement/Burns and self-management). Intervention Core components of the intervention include a holistic care approach, goal setting and action planning, solution-focused brief therapy, motivational interviewing, case management, and the acknowledgment and involvement of informal caregivers. BreeZe is supported by materials like the Self-Management Web, a patient booklet, training for healthcare professonials, and a comprehensive manual. BreeZe is delivered by trained healthcare professionals and is structured into five phases, focusing on holistic needs assessment, goal setting, progress monitoring, and ongoing motivational support. The structured, multi-stage development process was thorough and carefully considered, balancing diverse stakeholder perspectives with scientific evidence and theory. BreeZe offers an evidence-based model tailored to the Dutch context that can be integrated into routine practice that shows the potential to enhance the effectiveness of care and support a more collaborative, patient-centred approach. Not applicable.

Designing cost-effective, reliable diagnostic sensor suites for complex assets remains challenging due to conflicting objectives across stakeholders. A holistic framework that integrates the Normalised Diagnostic Contribution Index (NDCI)—which scores sensors by separation power, severity sensitivity, and uniqueness—with a Multi-Objective Sensor Optimisation Framework (MOSOF) is presented. Using a high-fidelity virtual aircraft model coupling engine, fuel, electrical power system (EPS), and environmental control system (ECS), NDCI against minimum Redundancy-maximum Relevance (mRMR) is benchmarked under a rigorous nested cross-validation protocol. Across subsystems, NDCI yields more compact suites and higher diagnostic accuracy, notably for engine (88.6% vs. 69.0%) and ECS (67.7% vs. 52.0%). Then, a multi-objective optimisation reflecting an airline use-case (diagnostic performance, cost, reliability, and benefit-to-cost) is executed, identifying a practical Pareto-optimal ‘knee’ solution comprising 12–14 sensors. The recommended suite delivers a normalised performance of ≈0.69 at ≈USD36k with ≈145 kh MTBF, balancing the cross-subsystem information value with implementation constraints. The NDCI-MOSOF workflow provides a transparent, reproducible pathway from raw multi-sensor data to stakeholder-aware design decisions, and constitutes transferable evidence for model-based safety and certification processes in Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM). The limitations (simulation bias, cost/MTBF estimates), validation on rigs or in-service fleets, and extensions to prognostics objectives are discussed.

Problem statement. Construction is one of the most important sectors of the national economy, ensuring the creation and reconstruction of buildings and structures and infrastructure facilities. In modern construction, there are constant changes in building structures made of various materials; spatial planning and design solutions for industrial buildings; rational design and operating conditions of building structures and buildings and structures; improvement of technology and organization of construction processes related to the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures and their complexes, in particular in special conditions; design of technological processes and organization of construction production using modern information support and computer technology; comprehensive mechanization and automation of construction processes. There are also changes in the planning and organization of construction work, due to the introduction of building information modeling technologies in combination with artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. Installation work is a leading complex process in the construction of buildings, the quality and durability of the building's operation will depend on the characteristics of its execution. In this regard, research devoted to the issues of variant design of the organization of installation of structures of single-story buildings of industrial enterprises depending on production conditions is relevant and timely. The purpose of the work: development of scientifically based recommendations regarding the system of factors that determine the specifics of the technology and organization of installation of structures during the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings. The formulated goal necessitated the solution of the following tasks: analysis of foreign and domestic experience, legislative acts, regulatory documents on the performance of works on the installation of industrial building structures during the reconstruction of existing industrial enterprises; analysis of the features of architectural, spatial planning and constructive solutions of industrial buildings and the conditions of production of works during the reconstruction of industrial buildings; to substantiate the system of factors that have a decisive influence on the duration, cost and labor intensity of the reconstruction of industrial single-story buildings. The object of research: the process of installing structures of single-story industrial buildings during the reconstruction of existing enterprises. The subject of the research: architectural, spatial planning and structural solutions of industrial one-story buildings; organizational and technological solutions for the production of installation works during the reconstruction of existing enterprises. Research methods: analysis and generalization; systems theory and systems analysis; modeling of production processes, methods of organizational and technological modeling. Practical significance of the results obtained: the results of the work performed can be used in creating models for predicting the values of technical and economic indicators (duration, cost, labor intensity) of projects for the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings. Main part. Substantiation of the system of factors that reflect the features of architectural, spatial planning and constructive solutions of industrial buildings and the specifics of the conditions for the production of works during the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings and have a decisive influence on the duration, cost and labor intensity of the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings to compare alternative organizational and technological solutions for the reconstruction of industrial buildings and choose the most rational one, various technical and economic indicators of the efficiency of construction work are used. Conclusions. To predict the values of technical and economic indicators within the existing resource and time constraints, a set of factors has been formed that influence the duration, cost and labor intensity of the reconstruction of industrial single-story buildings. Taking into account the complex influence of factors that reflect the features of the construction master plan, spatial planning decisions, design decisions, and the performance of installation and dismantling works will allow making informed decisions regarding the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings. With the involvement of experts, 10 out of 20 factors were identified that reflect the specifics of the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings and determine the effectiveness of organizational and technological solutions (duration, cost, labor intensity). To create models for predicting the values of technical and economic indicators of projects for the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings, quantitative values of factors that have the greatest impact on technical and economic indicators were obtained.

The article presents an in-depth analysis of the methodology and didactics of teaching Comprehensive Architectural Design (CAD) as an integrative educational framework aimed at developing systemic, interdisciplinary, and research-oriented thinking in future Master’s students of architecture. In the context of global challenges — climate change, social transformation, energy crises, and humanitarian recovery — architectural education is undergoing a profound paradigm shift. Its mission today is not limited to training professionals capable of producing technically and aesthetically refined buildings but to cultivating a humanistic worldview where architecture is seen as an interactive system of “human–environment–technology.” Consequently, CAD should be perceived not as a single course but as the structural core of architectural education — a research laboratory in which students act simultaneously as analysts, researchers, and creators. The methodological foundation of this research is based on the principles of problem-based, interdisciplinary, and research-oriented education, integrated with project-analytical methods. It is argued that effective training of architects is impossible without the synthesis of three interconnected components — scientific inquiry, artistic creativity, and technological literacy. Such an approach allows the formation of a holistic perception of architecture as a multifunctional system encompassing natural, social, cultural, and informational dimensions. Within this framework, Comprehensive Architectural Design functions as an integrative educational mechanism that ensures: 1. the synthesis of functional-energy and aesthetic-energy subsystems through the lens of “Information Theory”; 2. the detailing of didactic instruments, including teamwork, case-based learning, design thinking, and studio projects; 3. the development of assessment criteria for interdisciplinary outcomes, focusing on systemic and innovative qualities rather than mere aesthetics. The paper identifies the main scientific problem of contemporary architectural pedagogy as the lack of holistic methods and educational strategies that foster complex, systems-based thinking. Traditional teaching models — divided among design, technical, and artistic subjects — no longer correspond to the realities of the 21st century, as they fail to nurture reflection, analysis, and foresight. The author argues that CAD should serve as the “framework” of architectural education — an academic ecosystem uniting disciplines centered around the architectural object (such as the design of multifunctional public buildings, bioclimatic architecture, media architecture, parametric design, and BIM technologies). This approach not only integrates knowledge but also develops the mindset of the architect as a researcher, capable of addressing real-world spatial, social, and climatic challenges. Special attention is paid to the integration of digital technologies into the educational process. The use of BIM, GIS, VR/AR, EnergyPlus, Ladybug, and Climate Studio enhances analytical depth, enabling visualization, energy simulation, and environmental forecasting to inform design decisions. Combined with scenario analysis, parametric modeling, and digital prototyping, these tools foster the development of environmentally responsible digital literacy among future architects. The study elaborates on didactic tools used in CAD: the studio-based model “research → analysis → design → defense,” interdisciplinary teamwork (architect + urban planner + engineer + ecologist), critical sessions, and reflective assignments. Such a structure encourages the formation of critical, creative, and strategic thinking, as well as responsibility, communication, and cognitive flexibility — essential competencies for the architect of the future. The article proposes a step-by-step model of developing complex architectural thinking, including five stages: 1.orientation — defining the problem and goals; 2.analysis — collecting and synthesizing data; 3.conceptualization — developing the core idea; 4.modeling — creatingcreating digital or physical prototypes; 5.validation — critical evaluation and public presentation. Each stage integrates humanitarian, natural, social, and technical knowledge, fostering synthetic architectural reasoning capable of bridging art, science, and society. Energy efficiency and sustainable development are identified as key pedagogical categories. Teaching “green architecture” through real-world cases (ports, campuses, glamping sites, and urban districts) using simulation tools to assess energy balance and ecological footprint allows students to merge scientific modeling, ethical awareness, and creative intuition into a coherent design process. Furthermore, the paper highlights socio-technological integration — the unification of social sciences, philosophy, technology, and ecology into a single educational module. Architecture is viewed as a social laboratory, where students understand their professional role not only as designers but as strategic thinkers responsible for maintaining harmony between humanity, culture, and the environment. The final section presents the psychological profile of the future architect — a personality characterized by self-confidence, creativity, flexibility, and courage, capable of making unconventional decisions and acting responsibly under uncertainty. Such qualities are cultivated not only through project work but also through a pedagogical atmosphere of trust, intellectual freedom, and curiosity-driven exploration. In conclusion, the study asserts that Comprehensive Architectural Design should become the cornerstone of architectural education in Ukraine’s post-war renewal. Its methodological essence lies in the synergy of science, culture, technology, and humanism, creating an educational process capable of nurturing a new generation of architects — researchers, humanists, and innovators — who design the future not only in material but also in cultural and social dimensions.

The rise of population volume not only affects the current non-renewable energy sources but also renewable sources. Wind is one of the cleanest source of renewable energy. The design decision encompasses complex and conflicting parameters so that an analytical solution methodology for the problem consideration is necessary. In this study, considering the complex character of wind farm location selection problem, a two-phase fuzzy goal programming approach is applied. The aim of the model is to determine the appropriate locations of wind farms by considering the maximization of technical, social and economic objectives. The process of proper location determination consists of three main stages. The first stage is the determination of potential 30 districts from the Marmara Region and data collection. The second stage is the establishment and application of a single objective form of the model (social, technical and economic objective) separately. The third stage is the implementation of a multi-objective form with two-phase fuzzy goal programming approach. The proposed model is applied to the Marmara Region of Turkey. The most suitable alternatives have been selected out of 30 candidate districts. The inclusion of fuzzy logic within multi-objective approach provides proper evaluation of objectives’ satisfaction values. The results of the applied models identify Bozüyük, Taraklı, and Malkara districts as suitable locations for wind farms, based on the fulfillment of objective functions related to technical, social, and economic factors. The findings point out that on average 25% of total electricity demand can be met by installing the determined wind farms in selected locations.

This meta-analytic review discusses the disruptive changes in structural engineering practice to include advanced materials, digital design technology and a resilience-based life-cycle performance framework. The review synthesizes many recent studies, wherein authors are increasingly moving away from deterministic design towards performance-based, data-driven and sustainability-focused design practices. Novel engineered material systems, such as hybrid timber–steel and FRP–concrete composites, demonstrate they have improved mechanical performance with lower environmental impacts, compared to conventional reinforced concrete. Digital innovations such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), Digital Twins and Artificial Intelligence based finite element modelling, have further advanced structural performance optimization and real-time performance monitoring. The role of resilience and life-cycle assessment (LCA) frameworks for making design decisions for long-lasting, adaptable and carbon neutral structures continues to remain central to design discourse as well. Despite rapid advancements, research identified challenges exist in the form of data interoperability, condensate material behaviour on probabilistic principles and quantifying resilience measures. Addressing these research gaps calls for an interdisciplinary approach and the development of standardized frameworks and methodologies that link material innovations, computational models and sustainable design objectives. In summary, the results endorse that the future of structural engineering practice will be defined by the convergence of intelligent materials, digital technologies, and resilience-based design philosophies, establishing a foundation for adaptive and environmentally responsible infrastructure systems.

While researchers in both industry and academia are racing to build quantum computing (QC) platforms with viable performance and functionality, the environmental impacts of this endeavor, such as its carbon footprint, e-waste generation, mineral use, and water and energy consumption, remain largely unknown. A similar oversight occurred during the semiconductor revolution and continues to have disastrous consequences for the health of our planet. As we build the quantum computing stack from the ground up, it is crucial to comprehensively assess it through an environmental sustainability lens for its entire lifecycle: production, use, and disposal. In this article, we highlight the need and challenges in establishing a QC sustainability benchmark that enables researchers to make informed architectural design decisions and celebrate the potential “quantum climate advantage.” We propose a carbon-aware quantum computing (CQC) framework that provides the foundational methodology and open research questions in calculating the total life-cycle carbon footprint of a QC platform. Our call to action to the research community is the establishment of a new research direction known as sustainable quantum computing (SQC) that promotes quantum computing for both sustainability-oriented applications and the sustainability of quantum computing itself.

Group critiques are a cornerstone of design pedagogy, fostering collective learning, critical thinking, and shared understanding. Yet, for novice students, engaging effectively in such critiques can pose challenges, particularly in interpreting collective feedback and transforming it into design decisions within their own projects. By positioning group critique as a dialogical and socially co-constructed practice, this study introduces reflective reports as a complementary pedagogical tool in first-year industrial design education to trace students’ engagement with feedback. This approach enables instructors to better understand how students internalize, interpret, and act upon critique throughout the design process. Through reflective reports, students document their reflections over the course of a semester. Analysis of the findings reveals developmental trajectories in students’ approaches to recording critiques, learning components, interpretation styles, and intervention levels. The study highlights the pedagogical potential of reflective reports in enhancing critique effectiveness, supporting students in critically engaging with, interpreting, and transforming feedback in early studio education.

Layla and the Bots: Built for Speed is an illustrated early chapter book for K-3 readers about a rockstar/inventor and her band of bots who help a young girl in a wheelchair by inventing a custom-designed go-kart. The book is the second title in the Layla and the Bots series, which uses project-based stories to introduce young readers to foundational ideas in design thinking, engineering, and coding. This volume focuses on design decisions related to accessibility and motion. The story follows Layla and her band of bots as they learn about their user’s needs through conversation and observation. Then, they develop and test ideas for their invention to meet those needs