Description Of Verbs Research Articles

The strategies of using Chinese language in cosmetic advertising through the Taobao online marketplace

This study aimed to 1) analyze the information structure of texts concerning facial beauty in Chinese cosmetics advertisements, and 2) examine linguistic strategies employed within the advertisements. Language strategies in 150 Chinese cosmetic product advertisements from Taobao were analyzed, employing critical discourse analysis concepts as proposed by Norman Fairclough and Teun Adrianus van Dijk. By exploring the advertising language, the study offered valuable insights into the persuasive techniques used in the cosmetics industry. It categorized the strategies into semantic and discourse-pragmatic. Semantic strategies involved descriptive verbs, intensifiers, negation, and word formation through pinyin transliteration. Discourse-pragmatic strategies included presuppositions, figures of speech, claims, and rhetorical questions. These strategies mirrored beauty values in Chinese society, implying beauty was achievable through the products advertised. The study highlighted the significant impact of language strategies in forming beauty ideals, influencing consumer beliefs, and motivating the pursuit of beauty standards. This analysis of cosmetic advertising in China showcased the influential role of language in shaping societal views and consumer behavior.

Особенности глаголов с деструктивным значением в русском и сербском языках

The relevance of the study is proved by the fact that the category of destructiveness and the means of its implementation have not received any detailed analysis in linguistics so far. The object of the study is comprised of the verbs with destructive meaning in the Russian and Serbian languages, since these units form the core of the lexical-semantic field of destructiveness. The purpose of the article is to give a comprehensive (multi-level) description of verbs with the semantics of destructiveness, to highlight their specificity in the languages compared. It has been established that in the Russian and Serbian languages, verbs with the semantics of destructiveness fall into four groups: verbs with the meaning of damage; disappearance; destruction, decomposition; harm. It is shown that destructive verbs are characterized by a specific paradigmatic defect caused by semantic barriers. The comparison of the paradigms of verbs with a destructive meaning in the Russian and Serbian languages revealed that in both languages these units are characterized by two-term paradigms, in the Russian language there are verbs with a five-term paradigm, in the Serbian language such units are not represented. It has been revealed that the filling of zero paradigmatic positions in verbs with a five-term paradigm occurs through analytical constructions; verbs with a two-term paradigm do not need to be replaced, since they denote destructive actions, which do not require the forms of the 1 st or 2 nd person.

Фреймовый анализ семантики немецких глаголов слуха

The aim of the research is to describe the extralinguistic content of the meaning of German verbs denoting auditory perception. The paper examines the difference between the cognitive approach in linguistics and the traditional one, substantiates the need to take into account the extralinguistic factor when considering the semantics of a word, describes additional features of meaning identified during the undertaken frame analysis of the studied corpus of vocabulary. The data obtained are presented in the form of tables representing frames of the main auditory verbs of the German language. A brief comparative characteristic of the identified slots acting as the smallest components of the frame semantics of the studied group of words is also given. The scientific novelty of the research lies in using a cognitive approach in the study of the semantics of German verbs of hearing, i.e. frame analysis, which has not previously been involved in the research of linguists considering this corpus of German lexicon. As a result, it has been proved that a cognitive description of verbs of hearing makes it possible to get a more complete picture of their semantics, to better navigate the issues of use and understanding of the vocabulary under study.

Verbs of the Emotional States of Shame and Embarrassment in Russian: A Diachronic Aspect

This article is devoted to the description of verbs of the emotional states of shame, embarrassment, and shyness in the diachronic aspect. The relevance of the research is due to the need to expand knowledge about the dynamic changes in the vocabulary of emotions, and the impact of cultural and political transformations on these changes. Although semantic differences in Russian expressions for shame-like emotional states have been well studied, diachronic changes in the meanings of these expressions have received little attention. The scholarly novelty of this work is determined by the fact that it examines the diachronic development of the verbs for these emotional states, which occurred in the Russian language in the eleventh–twenty-first centuries, and the factors that caused these changes. The data have been collected from explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language, etymological dictionaries, and historical dictionaries of different ages and coverage, as well as the National Russian electronic corpora. The material for the study was data from explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language, historical, and etymological dictionaries of the Russian language, as well as data from the National Corpus of the Russian language. The theoretical basis of this research was formed by works in the field of the linguistics of emotions and linguistic culture. The main research methods were the contextual-functional method, as well as etymological analysis. This study demonstrates that in the process of the semantic development of the verbs of shame and embarrassment in the Russian language, both general tendencies towards a decrease in the polysemy of semantically overloaded linguistic structures and tendencies towards a more accurate and precise labelling of various aspects of emotional states play an important role. It is shown that during the semantic development of words denoting shame and embarrassment, the polysemy “to be shameful” / “to feel shame” was gradually lost and the polysemy “to be ashamed” / “to be embarrassed” decreased in use. The article also describes the main patterns of semantic derivation that are typical of verbs of shame and embarrassment, which appear in the Russian language of different centuries.

Darbības vārdu raksturojums Miķeļa Bukša gramatikā latgaliešu rakstu valodas kontekstā

The Latgalian written language, based on Latgalian vernaculars of the High Latvian dialect, began to develop at the start of the 18th century in Latgale. Many sacred and secular works, press publications, teaching aids, and several texts for grammar norms and spelling were published. Only when the print prohibition was lifted at the beginning of the 20th century, the intellectuals of Latgale could focus on the preparation of Latgalian written grammar and the development of orthographic norms. The purpose of this article is to characterise the morphological system of the verb detailed in Miķelis Bukšs’ „The Grammar of Latgalian Language” in the context of the Latgalian written language by evaluating the usability of the material for the development of morphology in part 2 of the „Atlas of Latvian Dialects”. The work was published during exile in 1973, where refuge was taken not only by multiple Latgalian culture workers but also by the Latgalian language itself, as it was once again banned in Latvia in the second half of the 20th century. The Grammar consists of 9 chapters. The verb is mentioned in multiple chapters, with a significantly wider description of the verb conjugation and conjugatable participle system provided. The overview of the system largely corresponds to the description of verbs in Latgalian written language grammar. The author has used a few variants of subdialects, mainly from his native North Latgale. However, it is evident that the author had limited factual information about dialects, therefore, the work contains multiple disputed claims about the prevalence of certain language phenomena. It can be concluded that, although this work has made an important contribution to the development of Latgalian written language and theoretical description of its constituent parts as well as to the development of linguistic terminology, it contains a limited amount of linguistic information that can be used to describe verb forms in the morphological section of the atlas.

Towards a Conceptual Description of Verbs

Abstract Our work is focused on the conceptual description of verbs by employing two main resources – the lexical semantic network WordNet and the conceptual frames from FrameNet. We implement a method for inheritance-based mapping between the two resources by transferring the frame assignments from a hypernym to its hyponyms. We discover that the method performs best for directly related pairs of synsets but deteriorates in assignment at two or more steps. The mapping is then used for enhancing each of the resources by expanding it with new entries and by contributing to the resources’ relational structure.

Enhancement of plastic surgery training by including simulation in education and training programmes

Background. This research investigated the possibility of integrating simulation in plastic surgery residency training. The problem addressed was the lack of knowledge about using simulation as a teaching method to enhance the training of plastic surgeons. There was a lack of empirical evidence regarding learning outcomes that could be mastered by simulation-based education and training and their specific cognitive levels. Objectives. To identify and describe: ( i ) learning outcomes for plastic surgery education and training for which simulation might be an important (essential and useful) training method; and ( ii ) simulation modalities, linked to specific cognitive levels, to establish the influence of simulation on plastic surgery education and training. The objectives entail determining the importance of simulation in plastic surgery training and identifying simulation modalities most suited to attain specific outcomes. Methods. Data were collected by means of a Delphi survey to obtain consensus from an expert panel comprising 9 plastic surgeons, supplemented by semi-structured interviews conducted with 8 national and international role players in simulation and postgraduate education. Results. Learning outcomes, levels of training, possible simulation modalities, cognitive levels and descriptive verbs and phrases were described, as these pertain to learning. Participants agreed that simulation in medical education can be used to enhance postgraduate plastic surgery training, with special reference to specific outcomes and cognitive levels. Participants made recommendations for the planning and support of the implementation, aimed at ensuring the quality of training. Conclusion. The objectives set were achieved and the results of the study serve as encouragement and guidance in the striving for the enhancement of postgraduate plastic surgery education and training, and in other medical disciplines.

Problemy opisu staropolskiej derywacji czasownikowej

PROBLEMS IN THE DESCRIPTION OF OLD POLISH VERBAL DERIVATION
 The article discusses the problems associated with the description of verbal derivation in the earliest period of the Polish language. The type of linguistic material that was preserved, the slight amount of attestations, the lack of clarity of the context, are all responsible for the appearance of difficulties associated with the word-formative description of verbs already at the level of the separation of linguistic facts, the establishment of the formant that we are dealing with. Even greater problems are associated with the establishment of the semantic value of derivatives, and with the indication of motivation relations. The author considers the extent to which the methodology that was developed upon contemporary material may be used in research of this kind. She also points out the scholarly ‘neglected’ areas of verbal word-formation of this period.

Kültegin Yazıtı ndaki Bér- Tasvir Fiilinin Bir Anlamı Üzerine

Descriptive verbs of the Turkic language, used from the earliest periods to our time, are constructions formed from a verb and auxiliary verb, attached to each other through the gerund affixes. In these structures, the main verb retains its meaning, and the descriptive verb indicates aspects of the implementation of the action indicated by the main verb. The descriptive verb ber-, often used in Orhun texts, is often incorrectly translated into Turkey Turkish. The descriptive verb {-A ber-}, often translated into Turkey Turkish by the verb {-I ver-}. But, the descriptive verbs {-A ber-} and {-I ver-} are different origin and also their meanings are different. Therefore, their use as equivalents causes translation problems and misunderstanding of the sentences by the readers. In order to resolve this problem within the context of our study, the necessity of taking into consideration such meanings, as to make beneficial, to do determinedly, perfective aspect and manner of action beside that of swiftness, of the descriptive verb {-A ber-} in translations from both historical Turkic dialects and modern Turkic dialects into Turkey Turkish is brought to the attention of the readers through the example of the sentence “Kisi oglinta uze ecum apam Bumin Kagan, Istemi Kagan olurmis. Olurupan Turk boduniŋ ilin, torusin, tuta birmis, iti birmis.” In addition to the descriptive verbs {-A ber-}, {-p ber-}, {-I ver-} which are frequently used incorrectly, are classified according to their meanings.

Verb Based Sentiment Research

Sentiment Analysis is one of the leading research work. This paper proposes a model for the description of verbs that provide a structure for developing sentiment analysis. The verbs are very significant language elements and they receive the attention of linguistic researchers. The text is processed for parts-of-speech tagging (POS tagging). With the help of POS tagger, the verbs from each sentence are extracted to show the difference in sentiment analysis values. The work includes performing parts-of-speech tagging to obtain verb words and implement TextBlob and VADER to find the semantic orientation to mine the opinion from the movie review. We achieved interesting results, which were assessed effectively for accuracy by considering with and without verb form words. The findings show that concerning verb words accuracy increases along with emotion words. This introduces a new strategy to classify online reviews using components of algorithms for parts-of-speech..

NGT classifier constructions

AbstractThis paper seeks to find empirical evidence for categorical associations between classifier types and argument structure in Sign Language of the Netherlands (Nederlandse Gebarentaal – NGT), based on an influential proposal byBenedicto & Brentari (2004). In the light of (sign) language typology and possible modality effects, it is of interest to investigate whether the morpho-phonological similarities of sign language classifier predicates are associated with the same syntactic-semantic properties cross-linguistically. This paper offers three additions to the quest: data from another sign language, an empirical approach, and a more fine-grained distinction of verb types. In an elicitation study, signers produced classifier descriptions of verbs with different argument structures. Their responses were analyzed for phonological handshape and classifier type. Based on the results, I conclude that (i) NGT classifier constructions show categorical associations between argument structure and classifier type, that (ii) specifically, NGT handling and whole entity classifier predicates may take part in a transitive-intransitive alternation, and that (iii) with respect to NGT classifier constructions, we need to distinguish manner verbs from causative verbs.

Lamunkhin Even evaluative morphology in cross-linguistic comparison

Cross-linguistic research has shown diminutives to be more widespread than augmentatives: they are found in more languages, attach to a wider variety of bases, and occur more frequently in discourse. Common features of such affixes are their categorial neutrality and the changes they bring about in the semantics of the base. The evaluative morphology of Lamunkhin Even, the westernmost still viable dialect of this Northern Tungusic language, differs strikingly from this cross-linguistic pattern. The evaluative suffixes form a structured set of diminutives and augmentatives with a primary function of size denotation. Typologically rare features of these morphemes are the transference of evaluative meaning from adjectives to their head noun and from verbs to their subject as well as their use to derive adjectives and adverbs from descriptive verbs. These suffixes show different base specifications: some are restricted to nominals, others to verbs, and only one diminutive-augmentative pair occurs with a wide variety of bases; this has also developed disparate semantics.

The role of formal L2 learning experience in L3 acquisition among early bilinguals

ABSTRACTEarly bilingualism is thought to facilitate language learning [Klein, E. C. (1995). Second versus third language acquisition: Is there a difference? Language Learning, 45(3), 419–466; Cromdal, J. (1999). Childhood bilingualism and metalinguistic skills: Analysis and control in young Swedish-English bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics, 20(1), 1–20]. The present study tests whether experience with formal study of an L2 conveys further advantages to early bilinguals, and whether typological similarity of previously-learnt languages to L3 plays a significant role in L3 learning. Two groups of participants, Early Bilinguals (EBLs) and Early Bilinguals with formal L2 experience (EBLs+L2), were tested on acquisition of Korean case markers in four argument structures: intransitive verbs, transitive verbs with both arguments, transitive verbs with one omitted argument, and descriptive verbs. EBLs+L2 significantly outperformed EBLs and the two groups showed further differences by sentence type, with EBLs showing more difficulty with novel structures while EBLs+L2 did not. To examine the role of typological proximity, EBLs+L2 were divided into those who had studied Japanese (EBLs+Jap), which is structurally similar to Korean, and those with experience studying other languages (EBLs+non-Jap). In spite of typological similarity, EBLs+Jap did not significantly outperform EBLs+non-Jap overall. These results support the conclusion that formal study of an L2 conveys advantages to early bilinguals in L3 learning. Such experience results in greater metalinguistic awareness, allowing students to efficiently acquire structures that differ from their existing linguistic repertoire.

Wykładniki określoności / nieokreśloności a pewien typ wyrażeń ekspresywnych w języku bułgarskim i polskim

The semantic variants of verbs in a semantic-syntactic description and lexicographic practice (on the basis of Bulgarian language)The problem of establishing the criteria separating homonymic lexical units and their semantic variants is crucial in lexicographic description. The paper illustrates the basis of a semantic-syntactic description of verbs in which the separation of predictave units having the same semantic features is relevant. Confronting the semantic-syntactic approaches with the Bulgarian lexicographic practice allows showing their similarities and differences; it is also pointed out that lexicographic approaches based on the intuition of native speakers lead to certain inconsistencies.

A lexicon model for deep sentiment analysis and opinion mining applications

This paper presents a lexicon model for the description of verbs, nouns and adjectives to be used in applications like sentiment analysis and opinion mining. The model aims to describe the detailed subjectivity relations that exist between the actors in a sentence expressing separate attitudes for each actor. Subjectivity relations that exist between the different actors are labeled with information concerning both the identity of the attitude holder and the orientation (positive vs. negative) of the attitude. The model includes a categorization into semantic categories relevant to opinion mining and sentiment analysis and provides means for the identification of the attitude holder and the polarity of the attitude and for the description of the emotions and sentiments of the different actors involved in the text. Special attention is paid to the role of the speaker/writer of the text whose perspective is expressed and whose views on what is happening are conveyed in the text. Finally, validation is provided by an annotation study that shows that these subtle subjectivity relations are reliably identifiable by human annotators.

Construções de Gerúndio na Língua Tembé

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of research on Tembé, a Tupi-Guarani language of Northeast of Brazil, with special focus on the cross-referencing system of the gerund constructions. The analysis of the data showed that the subject (Sa) of the intransitive verbs can be identical to either the subject or the object of the preceding clause, whereas the subject (A) of the transitive verbs and (So) of the descriptive verbs can only be identical to the subject of the main clause.The gerund constructions also exhibits a split system: one in which the cross-referencing of So and O is done by the relational prefixes, comprising an ergative system, and another in which the cross-referencing of

The times of our signs: aspect and aspectual markers in American sign language

Aspect is a general linguistic term utilised in the grammatical description of verbs; specifically, it is concerned with 'the way the grammar marks the duration of type of temporal activity denoted by the verb' (Crystal, 1991: 27). Originally used by specialists concerned with Slavic languages, in which aspect plays a key role, the concept of aspect has been shown to have significant implications for many other languages. In this article, the use of aspect and of aspectual markers in American Sign Language (ASL) will be explored. The argument to be presented is that ASL employs a variety of morphologically complex forms to express indications of aspect. For example, repetition and reduplication, changes in the direction of movement, changes in the nature of movement, changes in the speed of movement, changes in the use of space and spatial relations, as well as phonological changes, especially with respect to the use of a hold, all function to indicate aspectual distinctions in ASL. The morphological system for demonstrating aspectual relations will be explored, and implications for understanding aspect in the context of sign language linguistics will be discussed. Finally, comparisons will be made to similar phenomena in both British Sign Language and South African Sign Language.

Patient or Vehicle? Semantic roles in German and English descriptive verbs (revisited)

The paper investigates the problem of semantic roles within the concept of verb-descriptivity (Snell-Hornby 1983). Descriptive verbs are semantically complex lexical items, where the modifying components are more focal than the verbal action itself (as in bustle or strut), and where the participants, the background situation and the attitude of the speaker emerge as distinctive elements (as in grovel and waft). As against orthodox views in early case grammar, a distinction is made here between the Patient as “sufferer” of the verbal action and the Vehicle as its “conveyer”. It is argued that this differentiation is essential for the understanding, the analysis and the translation of descriptive verbs, as the semantic roles are by no means identical when compared in various languages (here English and German). This is illustrated by the comparison of lexemes in the semantic field of verbs expressing anger. The aim of the paper is to sharpen awareness of such fine distinctions, particularly in their relevance for translation.

Tense, mood and aspect in the first grammar of Croatian (Kašić 1604)

Summary This paper deals with the first Croatian grammar published in 1604 by the Jesuit Bartul Kašić (1575–1650). Within the framework of a multi-level approach of historical hermeneutics, the author investigates both the linguistic and the philosophical presuppositions of this grammar. After having established Kašić’s humanistic sources (Manutius, Giambullari, Linacre, Álvares, Gretser), the paper sketches the historical background of the grammatization process of Slavic languages in general. It then analyses the verbal categories of tense, mood and aspect within this humanistic tradition as well as the immanent semantics of Kašić’s work. The focal point of the paper is Aristotle’s definition of time that Thomas Linacre (1524) had reintroduced into the description of verbs and which was taken over by Kašić through the work of Giambullari (1552). This notion of time, however, served not only to portray verbal tenses in vernacular grammars but also those of Greek and Latin (Apollonius Dyscolus, Diomedes, Augustine, Priscian, etc.). As the author tries to demonstrate, Kašić’s work constitutes the genuine crystallising point of the so-called onto-semantic view of language and grammar. Furthermore, Kašić’s analysis of verbal moods is shown to follow the humanistic tradition and that of the grammatization of Slavic moods. Kašić’s attempt to relate the eminently important category of aspect in Slavic to ‘Aristotelian’ and ‘Varronian’ aspects of Latin grammar may be regarded as pioneering in the history of Slavic linguistics.

Os estereótipos e o viés lingüístico intergrupal

Uma das principais evidências encontradas nos estudos atuais sobre os estereótipos é o denominado viés intergrupal, onde se indica uma tendência tanto a avaliar os membros do outgrup como mais homogêneo do que os membros do ingroup, como também a tendência correlata a favorecer os membros do ingroup em detrimento dos membros do outgroup. Este trabalho, de natureza experimental, procurou avaliar a extensão desse efeito em participantes de etnia branca e negra residentes na cidade do Salvador, Bahia. A variável dependente envolvia uma escolha forçada entre quatro alternativas, cada uma representando a codificação lingüística com um grau distinto de abstração (adjetivos; verbos de estado permanente; verbos interpretativos; verbos descritivos). Os resultados, ao contrário dos obtidos na literatura, não evidenciaram qualquer efeito da etnia do participante, da etnia do personagem retratado na cena e nem da interação das duas variáveis. As conclusões do estudo não devem ser consideradas, entretanto, um indicador da ausência de discriminação entre os participantes, devendo ser mais provavelmente interpretado como uma conseqüência dos limites dos instrumentos indiretos de mensuração dos estereótipos e preconceitos. Palavras-chave: estereótipos; preconceito; viés lingüístico intergrupal; relações intergrupais.