Description Of Charge-transfer Excitations Research Articles

Charge Transfer Excitations with Range Separated Functionals Using Improved Virtual Orbitals.

We present an implementation of range separated functionals utilizing the Slater function on grids in real space in the projector augmented waves method. The screened Poisson equation is solved to evaluate the necessary screened exchange integrals on Cartesian grids. The implementation is verified against existing literature and applied to the description of charge transfer excitations. We find very slow convergence for calculations within linear response time-dependent density functional theory and unoccupied orbitals of the canonical Fock operator. Convergence can be severely improved by using Huzinaga's virtual orbitals instead. This combination furthermore enables an accurate determination of long-range charge transfer excitations by means of ground-state calculations.

Charge-transfer (CT) orbitals for the one-electron description of CT excitations in a wide range of donor-acceptor separations

A transformation of the virtual Kohn-Sham orbitals is proposed to a set of charge-transfer orbitals (CTOs) adapted to description of CT excitations. The CTO scheme offers a simple estimate of the CT excitation energy with an orbital energy difference. This estimate reproduces well the reference values of the configuration interaction (CI) method in a wide range of donor-acceptor separations in the paradigmatic He-Be complex. CTO-based orbital energy and shape indices are proposed to assess the suitability of the CT description with virtual orbitals of a given basis set. Both indices yield correct trends for the Kohn-Sham and Hartree-Fock orbitals.

Tuned range separated hybrid functionals for solvated low bandgap oligomers

The description of charge transfer excitations has long been a challenge to time dependent density functional theory. The recently developed concept of "optimally tuned range separated hybrid (OT-RSH) functionals" has proven to describe charge transfer excitations accurately in many cases. However, describing solvated or embedded systems is yet a challenge. This challenge is not only computational but also conceptual, because the tuning requires identifying a specific orbital, typically the highest occupied one of the molecule under study. For solvated molecules, this orbital may be delocalized over the solvent. We here demonstrate that one way of overcoming this problem is to use a locally projected self-consistent field diagonalization on an absolutely localized molecular orbital expansion. We employ this approach to determine ionization energies and the optical gap of solvated oligothiophenes, i.e., paradigm low gap systems that are of relevance in organic electronics. Dioxane solvent molecules are explicitly represented in our calculations, and the ambiguities of straightforward parameter tuning in solution are elucidated. We show that a consistent estimate of the optimal range separated parameter (ω) at the limit of bulk solvation can be obtained by gradually extending the solvated system. In particular, ω is influenced by the solvent beyond the first coordination sphere. For determining ionization energies, a considerable number of solvent molecules on the first solvation shell must be taken into account. We demonstrate that accurately calculating optical gaps of solvated systems using OT-RSH can be done in three steps: (i) including the chemical environment when determining the range-separation parameter, (ii) taking into account the screening due to the solvent, and (iii) using realistic molecular geometries.

Determining the appropriate exchange-correlation functional for time-dependent density functional theory studies of charge-transfer excitations in organic dyes

UV-Vis spectra are calculated using time-dependent density functional theory for several organic dyes--4-(N, N-dimethylamino) benzonitrile, alizarin, squaraine, polyene-linker dyes, oligothiophene-containing coumarin dyes (NKX series) and triphenylamine-donor dyes. Most of these dyes (except, for the first two) or their derivatives are considered to be promising organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells. An accurate description of the photophysics of such dyes is imperative for understanding and creating better dyes. To this end, we studied the dyes within several approximations to the exchange-correlation functional. The chosen functionals--PBE, M06L, B3LYP, M06, CAM-B3LYP, and wB97--represent the various classes of approximations that are currently being used to study material properties. From amongst the six approximations studied here, CAM-B3LYP outperformed the others in its description of charge-transfer excitations in most (though, not all) of the dyes. This study shows why it is difficult to choose a particular functional a priori, especially when starting out with a new dye for solar cell application. A possible way to judge the fitness of an approximation is used in this work and it is shown to provide a good quantitative guideline for subsequent research in this field.

Qualitatively Correct Charge-Transfer Excitation Energies in HeH(+) by Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory Due to Exact Exchange Kohn-Sham Eigenvalue Differences.

Time-dependent density-functional theory in the response regime is shown to yield qualitatively correct charge-transfer excitation energies in the system HeH(+) if the exact Kohn-Sham exchange potential is employed to determine the Kohn-Sham orbitals and eigenvalues entering the time-dependent density-functional calculation. The employed exact-exchange kernel is frequency-independent and, like conventional kernels in the local density approximation or in generalized gradient approximations, does not contribute to the charge-transfer excitation energy. This shows that it can be that not the exchange-correlation kernel, as generally believed, but the exchange-correlation potential plays the crucial role in the description of charge-transfer excitations.