Description Logic Research Articles

Circular economy in agricultural sector

The goal is to provide a conceptual framework for a gradual transition to a circular economy through the analysis of authoritative literature sources. Methods are based on the principles of system-structural analysis, scientific analysis and synthesis, and logical explanation and description of the problem are also presented. For various solutions, appropriate qualitative and quantitative research methods were used: analytical, synthetic, logical, etc. Outcomes – the ways to increase resource efficiency by minimizing the use of primary natural resources (e.g. water, electricity), reducing pollution by synthetic fertilizers, and maximizing the use of biomaterials (e.g. agricultural waste) and treated wastewater, thus contributing to a smooth transition to the closed cycle economy in agricultural industry are presented. Taking into account the importance of the circular economy, the importance of supporting this concept at the State level should be noted. Conclusions – the recycling of agricultural waste in the future will provide a number of benefits in economic, environmental and social aspects. The State should invest capital in the development of a circular economy, since in the long-term perspective the actual benefits of this transition will increase significantly. It is important to research not only the efficiency and functionality of the circular economy, but also to conduct the research and implement innovations that contribute to the functioning of this system.

Retracted: QGMS: A query growth model for personalization and diversification of semantic search based on differential ontology semantics using artificial intelligence

AbstractThe inclusion of collective intelligence through a semantic focused affective computing can incorporate intelligence to web search and ensure its compliance with the Web 3.0. In this article, a query growth model with inclusive and exclusive ontology semantics has been proposed for diversification of query recommendation in semantic search. The ontology semantics include query augmented ontology generation, agent‐driven attractor‐distractor generation to yield a merged ontology, and endowment of merged ontology by using hybridization of a series of knowledge bases. The strategy further includes the formulation of a semantic network and entity leveraging based on description logics (DLs) to improve the quality of query recommendation. A novel hierarchical entropy cognitive similarity covariance model has been proposed for yielding the most appropriate recommendable query words. The strategy also encompasses the user‐click information for capturing the current user intents to improve the quality queries recommended in semantic search, and thereby incorporate personalization. Experimentations are conducted for the CHiC dataset and the Spring 2006 Query Log dataset and an average accuracy of 96.27% and 92.01%, respectively, with a very low false discovery rate of 0.06 and 0.1 for the respective datasets.

Using Adaptive Logics for Expression of Context and Interoperability in DL Ontologies

Ontologies are logical theories that are used in computer science for describing different items such as web services, agents in multi-agent systems, or domain knowledge. Many ontologies exist, expressing various domains of knowledge with different abstraction levels (domain ontologies, top-level ontologies, and task ontologies are the usual categories). The conceptualization of the knowledge contained in an ontology is subject to change, whether because the context of its use changes, because the domain evolves, or because an ontology needs to interoperate with other elements using other ontologies. Change in logical theories is a form of defeasible reasoning, in which some formulas need to be added or removed from a knowledge base. Adaptive Logics (AL) is a logic managing defeasible reasoning that we investigate in this paper for managing change in ontologies expressed with Description Logics (DL). The adaptation of AL for DL will help express the context in which formulas remain valid or can be added to a DL knowledge base, and ease the interoperability between ontologies.

Inconsistency-tolerant query answering for existential rules

Inconsistency-tolerant query answering for existential rules

Effectiveness of legislation and implementation of the rule of law

The article aims to consider the relevant aspects of such a multifaceted phenomenon as efficiency in state activities and legal systems. In modern Russia, not only the effectiveness of laws, but also the effectiveness of state activities in implementing the rule of law, gains importance. To solve the tasks posed, they used the following methods: logical (description, classification), structural-system, formal-dogmatic and comparative. As a result of the study, it has been revealed that the effectiveness of legislation and the effectiveness of activities to implement the rule of law are inextricably linked to the social component, that is, to meet public needs and interests. It is concluded that the effectiveness of Russian legislation is related not only to the achievement of the objectives set by the legislator, the fulfillment of the legislative objectives and the results obtained, but also to the fulfillment of the laws with the needs of social development and public interests. Effective implementation of the rule of law also has a prominent social component. The abstract principles of the rule of law must be full of real social content.

The third AI summer: AAAI Robert S. Engelmore Memorial Lecture

The third AI summer: AAAI Robert S. Engelmore Memorial Lecture

Aristotelská logika jako nástroj řešení problémů

This paper argues that the traditional description of Aristotelian logic as a “tool” (organon) of philosophy corresponds to the instrumental role of Aristotle’s logical investigations in the context of dialectical debates and scientific inquiry. Aristotle investigates propositions and their mutual relations within arguments to provide a tool for the discovery of premisses which could serve to refute or establish a conclusion regarding a particular problem. This is obviously so in the Topics, where problems are limited to the question of whether an attribute belongs to a subject or not; but it is also true in the Analytics, where problems include the questions of why an attribute belongs to a subject or what a particular state of affairs, which can be analysed into a predicative relation, is. Basing itself mainly on Prior Analytics I,27–8 and Alexander’s commentary on these chapters, the paper shows how the classification of syllogistic modes in the Prior Analytics, in addition to and inclusive of the classification of predicates and propositions in the Topics, is supposed to be helpful in solving both dialectical and scientific problems.

TRANSFORMATION OF BUSINESS MODELS IN THE PARADIGM OF POST-CRISIS RECOVERY OF THE ECONOMICS

The article deals with topical issues of business model transformation. It was argued that in the context of the post-crisis economic recovery, classical approaches to business planning have lost their relevance and have been replaced by business models as logical descriptions of how an enterprise simultaneously creates and acquires value for the client. The key issues of successful business transformation and the emergence of the latest challenges of socio-economic development were also explored. It was found that unique developments are important in addition to the business model, strategy, clientele. It was also noted that the business models themselves need to be transformed due to changes in consumer behaviour and the emergence of new competitors since business digitalization has facilitated market entry. It was emphasized that key activities should be formed around strong competencies. At the same time, the value proposition dictates the type of communication with the end consumer, because being specific in its essence, it also requires the use of various communication channels. Foreign examples of successful multi-stage rethinking and transformation of the business model are highlighted, which made it possible to improve interaction with customers, better warehousing and transportation logistics, as well as improve the management of technological infrastructure. It was noted that updating business models does not always require the creation of a new market or fundamentally new technologies, since the benefits of transformation can be obtained in an existing market with a range of products or services. It has been proven that the need to implement a new business model arises when sectors of the business canvas need to be updated. The nature of reasonable changes that accompany transformational changes was determined and the main components of a phased rethinking of the business model based on the formation of a value proposition for the client were presented. The typical trends in the implementation of transformations were also presented and the priorities and stages of transformation of the business model of the enterprise were determined.

The Constitutionality of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law: Towards Overcoming SARA Conflict on Social Media

The subsistence of the Electronic Transaction and Information Law control and manage the illicit offenses related to the multiplication of concerns that hold Ethnicity, Religion, Race, and Intergroup (SARA) . Following the idea of law developed by practicality as a way of social regeneration. It is a legal normative investigation utilizing theoretical concurrence and laws. This research is a logical description by using qualitative information examination. The study revealed that content that contains SARA issues is referred to as a hatred statement, which can be construed as an act of communication, carried out by groups or individuals in the form of aggravation and endangered to throw the scandalous actor to prison for utmost six years and a fine of 1.000.000.000 rupiahs. Additionally, the accomplishment of the permissible authority of the Electronic Transaction and Information Law can be classified as non-implementation of the law authenticity establishment as shown from the culture that was not able to go after the rules made by law. It means that this law did not yet have a legal effect. This investigation advocates that society needs to behave by following the officially permitted rules, explained in the Electronic Transaction and Information Law.

Algorithm for Selection Equipment to Reduce the Technogenic Effect on the Environment

The work is devoted to the development of an algorithm for selection dust and gas purification equipment in order to reduce the anthropogenic impact on the environment from emissions of the heat, power and chemical industries, which are sources of complex environmental pollution. The need for the research was necessitated by the inefficiency of environmental measures taken due to the huge number of devices with different designs for emissions’ purification, their non-universality and low efficiency of the purification systems. The main goal of the study was to develop a software algorithm for the reasonable choice of the optimal dust and gas purification equipment, taking into account the actual conditions of the technological environment and the characteristics of pollutants. The goal was achieved using a logical and mathematical description of the pollutant parameters, environmental conditions and process equipment parameters. The uniqueness of the developed algorithm consisted of rechecking the compliance of each equipment parameter with environmental conditions and pollutant characteristics. The most important aims were to obtain an algorithm for selection efficient equipment, taking into account its parameters and initial characteristics of pollutants and environmental conditions, the simplicity and accessibility of its implementation for a wide number of industrial facilities in the heat, power and chemical industries. The proposed algorithm, in contrast to the approaches used in practice, was characterized by the work flexibility due to the possibility of supplementing and improving the databases of pollutants and equipment.

Under-specification as the source of ambiguity and vagueness in narrative phenotype algorithm definitions

IntroductionCurrently, one of the commonly used methods for disseminating electronic health record (EHR)-based phenotype algorithms is providing a narrative description of the algorithm logic, often accompanied by flowcharts. A challenge with this mode of dissemination is the potential for under-specification in the algorithm definition, which leads to ambiguity and vagueness.MethodsThis study examines incidents of under-specification that occurred during the implementation of 34 narrative phenotyping algorithms in the electronic Medical Record and Genomics (eMERGE) network. We reviewed the online communication history between algorithm developers and implementers within the Phenotype Knowledge Base (PheKB) platform, where questions could be raised and answered regarding the intended implementation of a phenotype algorithm.ResultsWe developed a taxonomy of under-specification categories via an iterative review process between two groups of annotators. Under-specifications that lead to ambiguity and vagueness were consistently found across narrative phenotype algorithms developed by all involved eMERGE sites.Discussion and conclusionOur findings highlight that under-specification is an impediment to the accuracy and efficiency of the implementation of current narrative phenotyping algorithms, and we propose approaches for mitigating these issues and improved methods for disseminating EHR phenotyping algorithms.

Spatial concept learning and inference on geospatial polygon data

Spatial concept learning and inference on geospatial polygon data

‘We don’t want to be governed like this anymore’: protest democracy as an expression of a crisis of governmentality in post-revolution Tunisia

ABSTRACT This article analyses the political significance of the protests that have arisen in Tunisia since the ‘revolution’ and the establishment of a parliamentary regime. This is what the protests studied have in common: they belong to neglected regions in the country’s hinterland; that they mobilize young local populations; they claim rights over their territories’ soil and subsoil resources exploitation; they occupy a strategic location for a relatively long period of time; and they set up democratic mechanisms for these locations’ self-management, in the form of ‘coordinations’. The description of social logics and the way populations resist, as well as the authoritarian rationality of government action and the inability of elected officials to mediate conflicts, reveal differences between protesters who seek autonomy from state control, while others refer to a rent-centred understanding of the claim. It also shows the emergence of a ‘protest democracy’, itself an expression of a crisis of ‘governmentality’. These two phenomena are symptomatic of a demand for integrating populations and new ways of governing that break with the reeks of past authoritarianism and current representative democracy.

A conditional, a fuzzy and a probabilistic interpretation of self-organizing maps

Abstract In this paper we establish a link between fuzzy and preferential semantics for description logics and self-organizing maps (SOMs), which have been proposed as possible candidates to explain the psychological mechanisms underlying category generalization. In particular, we show that the input/output behavior of a SOM after training can be described by a fuzzy description logic interpretation as well as by a preferential interpretation, based on a concept-wise multipreference semantics, which takes into account preferences with respect to different concepts and has been recently proposed for ranked and for weighted defeasible description logics. Properties of the network can be proven by model checking on the fuzzy or on the preferential interpretation. Starting from the fuzzy interpretation, we also provide a probabilistic account for this neural network model.

Transformational Challenge Reactor Safety Design and Radionuclide Retention Strategy

An integrated safety design and radionuclide (RN) retention strategy is developed to support the Transformational Challenge Reactor (TCR) demonstration. This demonstration aims to showcase viability for rapid deployment of a novel reactor by leveraging the advances in materials, manufacturing, and computational sciences through a highly integrated and agile design and development approach. This strategy provides a logical description and understanding of how RNs are contained within the facility. Rather than discussing fission product barriers individually between separate design and safety basis reports, this paper provides a consistent description and narrative to better facilitate regulatory interactions and focus safety design efforts. The principal barriers credited include the various coating layers in the tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel particle, the silicon carbide (SiC) matrix hosting the particles within the fuel element, the helium pressure boundary, and the confinement system. The choice and assumed performance of the credited barriers are highly conservative, which is a direct reflection of the low hazard that the TCR demonstration presents and the need to simplify and focus the safety review process accordingly. However, the strategy and the associated framework are generalized and may be adopted and tailored to support other advanced reactor demonstration efforts.

Exploiting an Ontological Model to Study COVID-19 Contagion Chains in Sustainable Smart Cities

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the deaths of millions of people around the world. The scientific community faces a tough struggle to reduce the effects of this pandemic. Several investigations dealing with different perspectives have been carried out. However, it is not easy to find studies focused on COVID-19 contagion chains. A deep analysis of contagion chains may contribute new findings that can be used to reduce the effects of COVID-19. For example, some interesting chains with specific behaviors could be identified and more in-depth analyses could be performed to investigate the reasons for such behaviors. To represent, validate and analyze the information of contagion chains, we adopted an ontological approach. Ontologies are artificial intelligence techniques that have become widely accepted solutions for the representation of knowledge and corresponding analyses. The semantic representation of information by means of ontologies enables the consistency of the information to be checked, as well as automatic reasoning to infer new knowledge. The ontology was implemented in Ontology Web Language (OWL), which is a formal language based on description logics. This approach could have a special impact on smart cities, which are characterized as using information to enhance the quality of basic services for citizens. In particular, health services could take advantage of this approach to reduce the effects of COVID-19.

CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN LEXICOGRAPHY: STATUS, TYPOLOGY, AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

The paper notes that at the turn of the 21st century, the lexicographic process is intensified worldwide due to the unique and advanced capabilities of dictionaries, namely: versatility, applied character, functional representation of the material, logic, harmony and simplicity of description, schematic, comprehensive presentation of the material, as well as scientists’ efforts to meet the requirements and challenges of today that are manifested in the improvement and development of innovative components, the involvement of modern computer technology, and so on. The drastic progress in a field of the dictionary-making is predetermined by dynamic scientific and technological developments, and hence by the demands of modern users that finds its reflection in the expansion of the object of research, the wealth of studies and its variety, etc. All this, in turn, is supported by many extralinguistic factors, such as: computerization, deepening and expanding the acquired knowledge, international collaboration, and the like. A lexical model allowing for lexicographic construction according to the given parameters proved to be the best one for presenting the results of research concerning not only all levels of the language structure, but also phenomena or facts of the surrounding reality. Currently, dictionaries continue to perform their traditional informative and normative function, and are seen as a systematic, comprehensive collection of various information presented in an adequate way, a means of recording human achievements, and a tool for their study, analyses, systematization, etc. Since recent decades in the modern Ukrainian lexicographical scope there have appeared a lot of encyclopedic, reference publications from various fields of knowledge, for general and special purposes, linguistic works like those of essential, borrowed words, neologisms; terminological, translated dictionaries; works of mixed type, educational works, etc.
 

Digital cultural heritage standards: from silo to semantic web

This paper is a survey of standards being used in the domain of digital cultural heritage with focus on the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) created by the Library of Congress in the United States of America. The process of digitization of cultural heritage requires silo breaking in a number of areas—one area is that of academic disciplines to enable the performance of rich interdisciplinary work. This lays the foundation for the emancipation of the second form of silo which are the silos of knowledge, both traditional and born digital, held in individual institutions, such as galleries, libraries, archives and museums. Disciplinary silo breaking is the key to unlocking these institutional knowledge silos. Interdisciplinary teams, such as developers and librarians, work together to make the data accessible as open data on the “semantic web”. Description logic is the area of mathematics which underpins many ontology building applications today. Creating these ontologies requires a human–machine symbiosis. Currently in the cultural heritage domain, the institutions’ role is that of provider of this open data to the national aggregator which in turn can make the data available to the trans-European aggregator known as Europeana. Current ingests to the aggregators are in the form of machine readable cataloguing metadata which is limited in the richness it provides to disparate object descriptions. METS can provide this richness.

Answering Fuzzy Queries over Fuzzy DL-Lite Ontologies

AbstractA prominent problem in knowledge representation is how to answer queries taking into account also the implicit consequences of an ontology representing domain knowledge. While this problem has been widely studied within the realm of description logic ontologies, it has been surprisingly neglected within the context of vague or imprecise knowledge, particularly from the point of view of mathematical fuzzy logic. In this paper, we study the problem of answering conjunctive queries and threshold queries w.r.t. ontologies in fuzzy DL-Lite. Specifically, we show through a rewriting approach that threshold query answering w.r.t. consistent ontologies remains in ${AC}^{0}$ in data complexity, but that conjunctive query answering is highly dependent on the selected triangular norm, which has an impact on the underlying semantics. For the idempotent Gödel t-norm, we provide an effective method based on a reduction to the classical case.

Semantic Architecture for Interoperability in Distributed Healthcare Systems

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) aggregate the entire patient’s data from different systems. Achieving interoperability for distributed EHR systems is expected to improve patient safety and care continuity, and therefore it improves the healthcare industry. However, achieving interoperability is challenging because of many standards, medical terminologies and ontologies, and different data formats. These formats make the integration of different systems an impossible process. If the hospital uses one standard to implement all of its medical systems, it will be no problem integrating them. However, hospitals usually depend on multiple standards and data formats to deliver different systems like hospital information systems, radiology information systems, laboratory information systems, etc. Semantic Web presents new technology for achieving EHRs interoperability. In this paper, we propose a novel ontological model to implement interoperability for distributed EHR environments. The proposed semantic ontology-based model can unify different EHRs data formats. In this study, We unify five different and popular healthcare data formats and standards. In addition, the framework could be extended straightforwardly to accept any other EHR data format. By implementing the proposed in real environments, we provide the physician with a single interface with a single terminology to query and interact with distributed healthcare systems that use different standards and data formats. This process is expected to help the physician to collect patient data from different systems quickly, completely, and correctly. The proposed ontological model has two stages. The first stage of the proposed converts each different input source to OWL ontology. In the second stage, it integrates all those ontologies into a merged crisp one. The integrated ontology includes 3753 axioms, 2606 logical axioms, 186 classes, 136 individuals, 126 datatype properties, and 257 object properties. We use SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL) and Description Logic (DL) queries to evaluate the output ontology. The obtained results ensure that the proposed framework helps physicians and specialists make a centralized point for all patients’ data. It could aggregate data with any heterogeneous structures with high precision.