Describe Water Quality Research Articles

Quantification of large-spatial scale and in-stream factors affecting the structure of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in mountain streams

Habitat diversity plays a crucial role in shaping the structure and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. However, few studies have investigated the concurrent effects of such drivers operating at different spatial scales in mountain streams. Here, we assessed which environmental factors at different spatial scales, related to stream/river type and substrate, influence the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in mountain streams and rivers. Within the framework of the aquatic investigations of the Biodiversity Monitoring South Tyrol (BMS) – a newly-established, regional-based, long-term biodiversity monitoring program – benthic macroinvertebrates and a set of environmental factors describing water quality, stream/river hydromorphology and in-stream habitat characteristics were collected and analysed. The variation in total density, taxonomic richness, Shannon evenness and % Ephemeroptera–Plecoptera–Trichoptera taxa of stream benthic macroinvertebrates was assessed at multi-scale habitat levels, in 48 sampling sites across the mountainous region of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen (Italy). The effects of stream/river type, substrates and different environmental factors on community composition of benthic macroinvertebrates were quantified, using a stepfoward Redundancy Analysis (RDA) and generalized additive models (GAMs). In addition, we performed an Indicator Value analysis to detect taxa that were significantly associated with a specific substrate and/or stream/river type. Overall, we observed significant differences in benthic biological metrics among both stream/river and substrate types. We also found at least one indicator taxa for each stream/river type, with environmental factors acting at reach and large-spatial scale – temperature, stream channel stability, elevation – being the key drivers in shaping macroinvertebrate distribution patterns in the analysed mountain rivers. While significant differences in macroinvertebrate community structures were found among substrates, the influence of stream/river type conditions was particularly evident. Apart from ranking environmental variables worth including in a long-term aquatic biodiversity monitoring program in mountain areas, our study provides a baseline for practical applications. For instance, depending on the desired outcome of habitat heterogeneity restoration, it can suggest the optimal scale (landscape vs. reach vs. patch) for prioritizing in-field interventions.

A comprehensive review of water quality indices (WQIs): history, models, attempts and perspectives.

Water quality index (WQI) is one of the most used tools to describe water quality. It is based on physical, chemical, and biological factors that are combined into a single value that ranges from 0 to 100 and involves 4 processes: (1) parameter selection, (2) transformation of the raw data into common scale, (3) providing weights and (4) aggregation of sub-index values. The background of WQI is presented in this review study. the stages of development, the progression of the field of study, the various WQIs, the benefits and drawbacks of each approach, and the most recent attempts at WQI studies. In order to grow and elaborate the index in several ways, WQIs should be linked to scientific breakthroughs (example: ecologically). Consequently, a sophisticated WQI that takes into account statistical methods, interactions between parameters, and scientific and technological improvement should be created in order to be used in future investigations.

Regional-scale non-market benefits of improved lakes and rivers when perceived and monitored ecological status diverge

There is increased call to demonstrate the benefits of EU Member States’ river basin management plans, whose implementation has been delayed largely due to insufficient funding. This paper applies a contingent valuation study to investigate the benefit value of improved ecological status in river basins and the discrepancy between the quality of waters as perceived by river basin residents and as monitored under the Water Framework Directive. Respondents often reported worse quality for their focal water body than the monitored status indicated, a tendency established in a GIS analysis. The likelihood of such divergence increased most with degree of perceived deterioration of surface waters. Observed deterioration in waters, official status of one’s focal water body and divergence between two quality measures had implications for welfare estimates. Describing water quality according to ecological criteria and as uniformly as possible would facilitate the use of valuation results in future benefit transfers.

Assessment of Shatt Al-Arab Water Quality Using CCME/WQI Analysis in Basrah City of South Iraq

The Water Quality Index (WQI) is an important parameter in describing the water resources' suitability for human uses and is one of the most effective methods of describing water quality and indicative of assessing water quality and suitability for human utilization and the health of ecosystems. WQI of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) was used in the study to describe the Shatt al-Arab water quality in Basrah Southern Iraq, and its suitability for drinking use. The data for analyzing river water samples were adopted from five stations along the river every month during the years from 2014 to 2018 by the Iraqi Ministry of Environment, as it included the measurement of acidity function PH, Dissolved Oxygen DO, phosphorous PO4, nitrate NO3, Calcium Ca, potassium K, magnesium Mg, sodium Na, Total Hardness TH, sulfates SO4, chlorides Cl, Electrical Conductivity EC, Total Soluble Salts TDS, and Alkalinity ALK. The distributions of water quality index values along the river were mapped by GIS techniques. Study results were referring to illustrate the poor level of the water quality status of Shatt al-Arab in all study periods at all monitoring stations. The reason for this is due to the deterioration of fresh water quality drained from the Tigris and Euphrates, and the provision of salt wedges from the Arabian Gulf. However, with the continuous discharge of sewage water, industrial and oil effluents and sewage discharged from urban areas, the water quality of Shatt al-Arab was declined during the study period.

Epipelic diatom assemblages to determine water quality in the Tuntang River downstream, Demak, Central Java

Tuntang River downstream, located in the Demak Regency, Central Java, frequently experiences floods caused by sedimentation, which has occurred continuously since 1970. Changes in land use resulted in ample surface runoff water. The phenomenon affects society’s activities around the Tuntang River downstream which can hinder their activities. The study aimed to analyze diatoms with a biological index and investigate their effect on water quality. Diatoms are one of the bioindicators describing water quality in the river. The sampling technique was used through purposive sampling by selecting four stations along the Tuntang River downstream. The extraction method of sediment was carried out with HCl and H2O2 as the solution. The results showed 59 species with 38363 individuals/gram from all research stations. The results showed the highest diversity index (H’) at station 4 (2.96), the highest uniformity index (e) at station 3 (0.68), and the highest dominance index (D) at station 1 (0.11), respectively. Nitzschia palea indicates the waters containing high C organic and meso-eutrophic based on the dominant species. The results’ findings are expected to become references for river management in the Tuntang River downstream.

Effects of Industrial Wastewater on Water Quality Tigris River at Baghdad Using (GIS) Technique

Tigris River has been affected by industrial wastewater pollution in Iraq. One water sampling point was taken for each of the five sites of industrial wastewater plants, which are located south of Baghdad along the length of the river about 9 Km within the study area from (33°15'52.63"N, 44°22'13.98"E) to (33°16'54.94"N, 44°27'15.86"E) navigated by GPS (GARMIN 72), coordinates system WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_38N. The Analysis of water quality Includes several parameters; WQI was used to assess the water quality of the river according to a mathematical equation. Five water quality parameters were considered, those are Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Sulfate (SO4), Phosphate (PO4), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) for the period (2020 to 2021). Water Quality Index (WQI) analysis technique according to an arithmetic weighted formula and using geographic information system (GIS) technique - Symbology method was used to display the results and analyzes as accurate and up-to-date colourful maps to describe water quality. Indicate the water sampling results were classified from poor to very poor for the period 2020 to 2021. The research aims, to use (GIS) to show that industrial wastewater runoff must be treated properly and completely before being discharged into the water stream.

Water Quality in a Small Lowland River in Different Land Use

The paper describes water quality in the Raszynka River based on selected chemical parameters dependent on different land use. The research was carried out in the Raszynka River catchment, characterized by a small surface area (75.9 km2) and length (17.14 km). The river is a right tributary of the Utrata River. It is located in the Piaseczno and Pruszkow districts in the Mazowieckie voivodship. The dominant type of land use in the basin is agricultural land. Water samples were collected from 2017 to 2019 from previously designated research points at similar distances along the river. Selected physicochemical indicators examined in the samples include total alkalinity, electrolytic conductivity (EC), pH, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Moreover, the concentration of selected substances was determined, including nitrogen compounds: NO3− (nitrates) and NH4+ (ammonium), TP (total phosphorus), and Cl− (chlorides). The results showed that the values of some of the examined indicators do not meet the standards set for first-class surface water quality. Indicators significantly exceeding the limit included ammonium, chlorides, and pH. The highest concentration of chlorides, ammonium, and nitrate was found in urbanized areas. The highest concentrations of total phosphorus and COD were determined in agricultural areas and total alkalinity in meadows.

Associated with the drinking water from centralized drinking water supply systems priority factors for deterioration of health of the population in the Russian Federation

Introduction. The population should be provided with qualitative drinking water that is also epidemiologically safe. This is the most vital task to solve in securing sanitary-epudemiological welfare of population in any country. The purpose of the study was to identify harmful factors that affect public health when people consume tap drinking water from centralized supply systems and to perform their hygienic assessment. Materials and methods. The study involved using data from statistical reports published by Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor (Form No. 18)) and data provided by the Federal information fund of social-hygienic c monitoring collected in 2012-2021. Additional disease cases and deaths that were associated with water quality were calculated based on mathematical modelling of relationships within the “indicators of water quality - health disorders” system. Results. The study showed that in 2021 in the Russian Federation as a whole approximately 1.54 million disease cases were caused by poor quality of drinking water including violations of hygienic standards as by certain indicators. Health disorders were registered as per such nosology categories as “diseases of the digestive system”, “endocrine diseases”, “infectious and parasitic diseases” etc. Priority factors that cause additional diseases cases and deaths include chlorine and its organic derivatives, some metals such as iron, manganese, nickel, and boron. Microbiological agents also make a substantial contribution to medical and demographic losses. At the same time, a number of diseases cases associated with drinking water quality went down by more than 14% against 2012; a number of deaths decreased by 6.2%. Limitations of the study. Initial data are rather specific since they describe only the period from 2012 to 2021; all the established relationships between health and indicators of water quality have been determined based on regional data. Conclusion. Improvement of water quality requires implementing several priority activities. Water treatment faculties and pipelines should be modernized; a list of monitored indicators that describe water quality should be optimized (enlarged) considering incidence and mortality among population as per categories of nosologies associated with drinking water quality.

Natural and Anthropogenic Processes Affecting Domestic Groundwater Quality within the Northwestern Appalachian Basin.

Domestic wells serve as the primary drinking-water source for rural residents in the northern Appalachian Basin (NAB), despite a limited understanding of contaminant distributions in groundwater sources. We employ a newly collected dataset of 216 water samples from domestic wells in Ohio and West Virginia and an integrated contaminant-source attribution method to describe water quality in the western NAB and characterize key agents influencing contaminant distributions. Our results reveal arsenic and nitrate concentrations above federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) in 6.8 and 1.3% of samples and manganese concentrations above health advisory in 7.3% of samples. Recently recharged groundwaters beneath upland regions appear vulnerable to surface-related impacts, including nitrate pollution from agricultural activities and salinization from road salting and domestic sewage sources. Valley regions serve as terminal discharge points for long-residence-time groundwaters, where mixing with basin brines is possible. Arsenic impairments occurred in alkaline groundwaters with major-ion compositions altered by ion exchange and in low-oxygen metal-rich groundwaters. Mixing with as much as 4-10% of mine discharge-like waters was observed near coal mining operations. Our study provides new insights into key agents of groundwater impairment in an understudied region of the NAB and presents an integrated approach for contaminant-source attribution applicable to other regions of intensive resource extraction.

Machine learning approach towards explaining water quality dynamics in an urbanised river

Human activities alter river water quality and quantity, with consequences for the ecosystems of urbanised rivers. Quantifying the role of human-induced drivers in controlling spatio-temporal patterns in water quality is critical to develop successful strategies for improving the ecological health of urban rivers. Here, we analyse high-frequency electrical conductivity and temperature data collected from the River Chess in South-East England during a Citizen Science project. Utilizing machine learning, we find that boosted trees outperform GAM and accurately describe water quality dynamics with less than 1% error. SHapley Additive exPlanations reveal the importance of and the (inter)dependencies between the individual variables, such as river level and Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW) outflow. WWTW outflows give rise to diurnal variations in electrical conductivity, which are detectable throughout the year, and to an increase in average water temperature of 1 rm{^o}C in a 2 km reach downstream of the wastewater treatment works during low flows. Overall, we showcase how high-frequency water quality measurements initiated by a Citizen Science project, together with machine learning techniques, can help untangle key drivers of water quality dynamics in an urbanised chalk stream.

Total Dissolved Solids and Their Removal Techniques

Total dissolved solids (TDS) due to both geogenic and anthropogenic contaminations, is one of the preliminary as well as essential parameters among others to describe water quality. It includes organic and inorganic components, heavy metals, salts, other dissolved substances, and others due to indiscriminate disposal of untreated domestic and industrial effluents, urban and/or agricultural runoff which exists in the form of micro or nano level in nature. Higher TDS levels in water severely impact health and the environment. For instance, it causes gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, genotoxic, respiratory, skin, and hepatic effects in humans. High TDS level (> 500 ppm) results in excessive scaling in household appliances (e.g., pipes, heaters, and boilers) thereby reducing their efficiency. Therefore, the removal of TDS from various water matrices is taking paramount importance to minimize its impact on health and the environment. Various TDS removal technologies based on the membrane, ion, and temperature gradient are employed to treat water. In this review paper, several TDS removal technologies for instance reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, distillation, ultrafiltration, forward osmosis, precipitation, desalination, ion exchange, electrochemical techniques, electrodialysis, electrolysis, electrocoagulation, and adsorption are discussed in detail.

Kualitas Air Pesisir Kali Mireng, Kecamatan Manyar, Kabupaten Gresik, Jawa Timur

Industrial activities on the coast of Kali Mireng affect the level of water pollution. Pollution potential indicators describe water quality. This study aims to determine the quality of the coastal water of Kali Mireng to determine the quality of the waters. The research was carried out in April-May 2021. We used chemical and physical parameters such as turbidity, pH and salinity. The water temperature of the five stations with a minimum average value of 270 C and an average maximum value of 30.70 C. The salinity of the five stations with an average drinking value of 25.67 ppm and a maximum value of 33.67 ppm. The minimum value for the five stations is 3.37 NTU and the maximum value is 5.17 NTU. pH with a maximum value of 7 and a minimum value of 5.67.

Determination of Quality Index for Surface and Ground Water of Jashore, Bangladesh

The purpose of present study was to estimate the water quality index (WQI) for describing water quality of both surface water and groundwater of Jashore, Bangladesh. The samples were collected from pond and tube-well water of the campus area of Jashore University of Science and Technology and Bhairab river, Jashore in February 2019. The collected samples were analyzed to calculate WQI from the following parameters: pH, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, chloride ions, biological oxygen demand, and sulphate ions. WQI values found in this study for tube-well, pond and river water samples were in the range of 43-47, 61-85, and > 100 which demonstrate the status of water as good, poor, and polluted, respectively. The published results obtained from this investigation may acquaint the residents of the research area about using the water mainly in drinking purpose. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2021) 25 (1) : 117-122

Evaluation of physicochemical parameters of water samples around proposed Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in Kovvada, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India

The present study was targeted for describing water quality of surface and subsurface in and around proposed Kovvada Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) which is nearby seacoast of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Water samples were collected according to BRNS protocols during pre- and post-monsoon period. The water quality parameters such as pH(6.4–8.3 and 6.8–8.2), TDS(102–3425 and 102–3425 ppm), Electrical Conductivity1(64–5561 and146-4911 µS/cm), Salinity(73–2576 and 78–2311 ppm), Dissolved Oxygen(3.7–8.3 and 4.4–8.9 ppm), Total Alkalinity (TA) (20–790 and 10–730 ppm), Total Hardness (TH)(45–1110 and 20–990 ppm), Chloride(7–2006 and 4.9–1994 ppm), Nitrate(2.7–74.2 and 3.0–77.5 ppm) Fluoride(0.11–2.13 and 0.07–2.39 ppm), Sulphate(4–364 and 8–360 ppm) was measured in both Pre and Post-monsoon seasons. The estimated water quality parameters were compared with the world health organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The obtained numerical data showed that most of the water samples in this area are lower than WHO and BIS standards. Few samples are exceeding limits in characteristics like TDS, TA, TH, Chloride, Nitrate due to the locations that are nearby Bay of Bengal. The obtained data would act as a bench mark database for future reference of NPP.

Use of Caffeine for the Evaluation of the Anthropic Influence over the Upper and Middle Iguaçu River Basins

Many parameters are usually used as gauges to describe water quality worldwide, such as the concentrations of phosphorus, forms of nitrogen, dissolved oxygen (DO), among others. Though legislative limits for the concentrations of these substances are in place, such is not the case for caffeine. Caffeine is a pharmacologically active alkaloid, from the xanthine group, which can be used as a chemical tracer for anthropic influence over water resources. The objective of this study was to analyze the pollution indicators over the Igua?u River, one of the main rivers in Southern Brazil, through the examination of nutrients, DO and their correlations to caffeine. The water samples were collected from 10 sampling sites along the river course, unevenly spaced to better represent the different environmental scenarios present in its basin, extracted from 2014 to 2017. Caffeine was detected and quantified through high-efficiency liquid state chromatography. Results show that both nutrient and caffeine concentrations increased in intensely urbanized areas, specially from IG2 to IG5 sampling sites. Downstream from IG6 the contaminant concentrations decreased mainly due to higher river flows and lower population density. Caffeine was detected in 82% of the samples, indicating that most of the sampling sites were under anthropic influence.

IoT-based Automatic Fish Pond Control System

Aquaculture is a potential sector to be developed by the people of Indonesia considering that Indonesia's territory is dominated by the sea. Based on data released by the Directorate General of Aquaculture in 2015, the level of fish consumption projected increase up to 54.49 kg/capita/year. One important factor influencing the success of aquaculture is water quality. Some physical parameters to describe water quality include temperature, degree of acidity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity. The case of the death of thousands of fish in Cirebon due to hot temperatures reaching 36 degrees Celsius in November 2015 is one proof that monitoring and control of pond water quality has not been done properly. It will cause huge losses for fisheries. With research and development methods researcher design a tool called SENDAL IKAN. This tool has 7 sensors that can control water quality in fish ponds in real time from phone and can activate automatic responses directly and through applications on mobile phones if there is an indication that the water quality is outside normal limits. That way fish farmers will be easier to control and will not be too late to handle problems related to fish pond water quality.

Analysis of the main factors affecting salinity in Wuliangsuhai Lake

The identification and determination of the main influencing factors of lake salinity play a key role in the control measures and suggestions to prevent lake pollution. To ascertain the salinity status, its evolutionary trend in WL, and its impact on the lake, data describing water quality and the 10 major influencing factors for the period 2003–2012 were employed to analyze the evolutionary process and trend characteristics of the main factors affecting upper irrigation and drainage. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to identify the key influencing factors of the salinity of the lake; then, regression analysis was combined with PCA modeling to predict the salinity. Results showed that using a multivariate statistical technique is an effective and objective method for identifying the main influencing factors of salinity in WL, which can provide a scientific basis for the pollution control and environmental management of WL.

Financial Feasibility Analysis of Shrimp Vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) Culture in Intensive Aquaculture System with Low Salinity

The prevalence of disease spread caused by improper cultivation systems causes a decrease in the productivity level of vannamei shrimp ponds. A low salinity cultivation system is one of the cultivation innovations that can be developed to reduce the spread of disease. The purpose of this study was to describe water quality status on aquatic shrimp culture and business financial feasibility in the intensive vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture with low salinity levels. The research method used was quantitative descriptive with a purposive sampling technique of data collection. The result of the research is the Water Quality Index analysis value of 110 which means it is very suitable to be used as a cultivation medium. Profitability analysis produces a profit value of Rp. 244,456,603, R/C Ratio 1.35, BEP Unit 3,797, BEP Sales Rp. 188,745,587, and Profitability 35%. Meanwhile, the financial analysis of the business found that the NPV value was Rp. 19,627,985,863, the Profitability Index was 25.43%, the IRR was 27.55%, and the Payback Period was 5 years, which meant that this business was very feasible to be developed based on its financial feasibility status criteria. So that the overall, low salinity shrimp culture is very feasible to be applied when viewed from the ecological or economic advantage, and can be used as an alternative for vannamei shrimp aquaculture in areas that have the location of a pond far from the source of marine water.

DINAMISASI DAN PRODUKTIVITAS PRIMER SUNGAI CITARUM PROVINSI JAWA BARAT

Monitoring the quality of the river is essentially to know the status of the periodic quality of the river. Good assessment of river water quality should use a combination of physical, chemical and biological parameters. One way that can be done to describe water quality in an area is the primary productivity in the water. Primary productivity is the amount of organic material produced by autotrophic organisms with the help of sunlight. Perifiton as a river microorganism, will provide dissolved oxygen (DO) through photosynthesis to maintain most of the life of the surrounding water, then Periphyton can respond quickly to environmental changes, this is an indicator of changing conditions (Gaiser 2008 and Lakewatch, 2000) in Brown and Wright (2016) Chemical reactions that occur in the aquatic environment also involve interactions between ions and other phases. Some important interactions in the waters are the occurrence of photosynthesis by algae and the exchange of dissolved solids with dissolved gases in water. The same exchange occurs when bacteria degrade organic matter (often in the form of particles) in water. Some important elements move around in aquatic systems as colloidal chemical compounds or are absorbed into soil particles. The equilibrium of physical chemical reactions in waters involves sediment, gas, and water. Sediment is a layer of material or material that covers the bottom of small rivers, lakes, reservoirs, bays, and oceans. Sediments contain fine mixtures and subtle minerals, including clay, silt, and sand, which mix with organic materials. These materials may experience changes in composition from pure mineral ingredients to main organic ingredients. Sediments contain biological ingredients, chemicals, and pollutants in water.
 Keywords: Primary Productivity; citarum river ; sediment; water test parameter

Estuarine Dissolved Oxygen History Inferred from Sedimentary Trace Metal and Organic Matter Preservation

Environmental history recorded in estuarine sediment describes water quality regimes through the use of geochemical and biological proxies. We collected sediment cores from two locations in the Coos Estuary, Oregon, at South Slough and Haynes Inlet, spanning from ~ 1680 AD to the present. To reconstruct the historical water column oxygen in the estuary, we measured geochemical proxies including organic matter, magnetic susceptibility, and elemental composition, and we constructed sediment chronologies using the Pb210 profile and radiocarbon dates. Correlation of geochemical proxies and a detailed 15-year record of dissolved oxygen observations supports the inference of dissolved oxygen (DO) history from these sediment cores: a novel finding for small, seasonal Pacific Northwest estuaries. Geochemical evidence suggests that over the last 300 years, annually or semi-annually averaged dissolved oxygen stress has been increasing at South Slough, while remaining stable or even decreasing at Haynes inlet. This history was explained by changing climatic and land-use effects on erosion and organic matter as well as the role of shipping channel maintenance in providing a dissolved oxygen reservoir at Haynes Inlet relative to the more isolated South Slough.