Saline Water Desalination Research Articles

Energy, exergy and environmental assessment of solar still with solar panel enhanced by porous material and saline water preheating

Energy, exergy and environmental assessment of solar still with solar panel enhanced by porous material and saline water preheating

High speed capacitive deionization system with flow-through electrodes

High speed capacitive deionization system with flow-through electrodes

Poly(phenyl sulfone) hollow fiber forward osmosis membrane for saline water desalination

Poly(phenyl sulfone) hollow fiber forward osmosis membrane for saline water desalination

Passive Solar Desalination Systems. Classification, Study Parameters and Future Enhancements.

The scarcity in fresh water worldwide led to a great interest for the desalination systems. Passive desalination is a category of the desalination systems that fits the brackish and saline water desalination in the isolated zones without external energy source. This article introduces a comprehensive discussion of the existing designs of passive solar desalination systems. This includes the classification of different designs as well. The different parameters affecting the performance of the passive solar desalination systems are explored and discussed. The minimum water depth found to perform better than large water depths in the still basin. The wind speed found to affect positively on the desalination rate due to increasing the condensation rate. Using the fins on the surface of the cover found to enhance the desalinate productivity. Using of the heat storage found to improve the productivity during nighttime. Using reflectors to increase the solar energy incident on the basin increases the desalinate productivity. the inclination angle of the still found to improve the productivity if it is near the location latitude. However, the cover inclination has a negligible effect on the productivity. The cover material is preferred to be transparent with high thermal conductivity and lower thickness. Upon the findings based on the different parameters, some research points were suggested to enhance the performance of such systems.

Carbon templated strategies of mesoporous silica applied for water desalination: A review

Carbon templated strategies of mesoporous silica applied for water desalination: A review

Solar-thermal conversion and steam generation: a review

Recently, steam generation systems based on solar-thermal conversion have received much interest, and this may be due to the widespread use of solar energy and water sources such as oceans and lakes. The photo-thermal desalination system becomes attractive as it can convert absorbed solar light energy into thermal energy and realise the desalination and water purification of saline water through the evaporation process. In this paper, the research status of solar-thermal conversion materials such as metal-based materials, semiconductor materials, carbon-base materials, organic polymer materials, composite photo-thermal materials and their solar-thermal conversion mechanism in recent years are reviewed. The physical process and evaluation principle of solar-thermal conversion are both carefully introduced. The methods of optimising thermal management and increasing the evaporation rate of a hybrid system are also introduced in detail. Four main applications of solar-thermal conversion technologies (seawater desalination, wastewater purification, sterilisation and power generation) are discussed. Finally, based on the above analysis, the prospects and challenges for future research in the field of desalination are discussed from an engineering and scientific viewpoint to promote the direction of research, in order to stimulate future development and accelerate commercial application.

Predicting and Enhancing the Ion Selectivity in Multi-Ion Capacitive Deionization.

Lack of potable water in communities across the globe is a serious humanitarian problem promoting the desalination of saline water (seawater and brackish water) to meet the growing demands of human civilization. Multiple ionic species can be present in natural water sources in addition to sodium chloride, and capacitive deionization (CDI) is an upcoming technology with the potential to address these challenges because of its efficacy in removing charged species from water by electro-adsorption. In this work, we have investigated the effect of device operation on the preferential removal of different ionic species. A dynamic Langmuir (DL) model has been a starting point for deriving the theory, and the model predictions have been validated using data from reports in the literature. Crucially, we derive a simple relationship between the adsorption of different ionic species for short and long adsorption periods. This is leveraged to directly predict and enhance the selective ion removal in CDI. Furthermore, we demonstrate an example of how this selectivity could reduce excess removal of ions to avoid remineralization needs. In conclusion, the method could be valuable for predicting the impact of improved device operation on capacitive deionization with multi-ion compositions prevalent in natural water sources.

Capillary-driven solar-thermal water desalination using a porous selective absorber

Capillary-driven solar-thermal water desalination using a porous selective absorber

Resource recovery from wastewater can be an application niche of microbial desalination cells

Resource recovery from wastewater can be an application niche of microbial desalination cells

Environmental impact of desalination processes: Mitigation and control strategies

Environmental impact of desalination processes: Mitigation and control strategies

Novel chemical modification of polyvinyl chloride membrane by free radical graft copolymerization for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) application

Novel chemical modification of polyvinyl chloride membrane by free radical graft copolymerization for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) application

Flow-electrode capacitive deionization enables continuous and energy-efficient brine concentration

Many industrial and agricultural applications require the treatment of water streams containing high concentrations of ionic species for closing material cycles. High concentration factors are often desired, but hard to achieve with established thermal or membrane-based water treatment technologies at low energy consumptions. Capacitive deionization processes are normally assumed as relevant for the treatment of low salinity solutions only. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), on the other hand, is an electrically driven water desalination technology, which allows the continuous desalination and concentration of saline water streams even at elevated salinities. Ions are adsorbed electrostatically in pumpable carbon flow electrodes, which enable a range of new process designs.In this article, it is shown that continuously operated FCDI systems can be applied for the treatment of salt brines. Concentrations of up to 291.5 g/L NaCl were reached in the concentrate product stream. Based on this, FCDI is a promising technology for brine treatment and salt recovery. Additionally, a reduction of the energy demand by >70% is demonstrated by introducing multiple cell pairs into a continuous FCDI system. While the economic feasibility is not investigated here, the results show that FCDI systems may compete with established technologies regarding their energy demand.

Rapid Thermal Processing and Long Term Stability of Interlayer-free Silica-P123 Membranes for Wetland Saline Water Desalination

The intrusion of sea water through to wetland areas creates wetland water became saline and very poor quality of water. For that, the interlayer-free silica-P123 (Si-P123) membranes calcined via rapid thermal processing (RTP) method was successfully investigated for desalination of wetland saline water. RTP method is a fast and low costs method to fabricate Si-P123 membranes compare to conventional thermal processing (CTP) method. The aims of this works are to improve the stability of silica base membranes by templating triblock copolymer P123 as carbon sources into silica matrices, and also to investigate the performance and long-term stability of Si-P123 membranes calcined under RTP method. Desalination through pervaporation process have been applied to produce potable water. Results shows the highest water flux of Si-P123 membrane calcined at 350 °C was 2.6 - 4.5 kg m-2 h-1. It was also found that this membrane was offering high surface area of 572 m2 g-1 and give mesopore structures (2.2 nm). For that, the performance of salt rejection was excellent (>98%). Furthermore, long-term stability appeared very stable for water fluxes and salt rejections measurement (over 400 h). Moreover, the permeate salt concentration was excellent (99% still under WHO limit standard (600 ppm) of potable water. It can be concluded that the stability of Si-P123 membrane was very robust for wetland saline water desalination for over 400 h of long-term stability.

Desalination of actual wetland saline water associated with biotreatment of real sewage and bioenergy production in microbial desalination cell

Desalination of actual wetland saline water associated with biotreatment of real sewage and bioenergy production in microbial desalination cell

Improving the performance of vacuum membrane distillation using a 3D-printed helical baffle and a superhydrophobic nanocomposite membrane

Improving the performance of vacuum membrane distillation using a 3D-printed helical baffle and a superhydrophobic nanocomposite membrane

Coagulation as pretreatment for membrane‐based wetland saline water desalination

Abstract Wetland saline water is the enormous problem faced by rural people in Kalimantan, Indonesia. During rainy season, seawater intrudes wetland aquifer and turns water to saline. Application of membrane silica–pectin is eligible to solve this issue. Sadly, this water contains high concentration of organic matter that contributes to declining of membrane performance. Therefore, coagulation pretreatment is explored to enhance membrane filtration performance. The objective of this work is to investigate the optimum condition of coagulation pretreatment to enhance silica–pectin membrane performance for wetland saline water desalination. Sol gel process was employed to fabricate silica–pectin membrane and calcined via rapid thermal processing technique. Desalination was operated by pervaporation at 25–60°C. Maximum removal of organic matter UV254 was obtained at coagulant 30 g L−1 of 83.5% (pH 7). Combination processes between coagulation pretreatment and silica–pectin membranes offered high water flux at 60°C (12.2 kg m−2 h−1). The UV254 rejection of the feed water with coagulation is 43% higher than without applying coagulation pretreatment. Overall, salt rejection for all processes was extremely good (99.9%). Application of coagulation as pretreatment is promising to enhance performance of silica–pectin membrane for wetland water desalination.

Concentrated photovoltaic and thermal system application for fresh water production

Concentrated photovoltaic and thermal system application for fresh water production

Ion transfer modeling based on Nernst–Planck theory for saline water desalination during electrodialysis process

Abstract Electrodialysis, an efficient and environmental friendly separation technology, plays a significant role in water treatment. In order to reveal ion transfer mechanism and predict electrodialysis behavior, a mathematical model for steady transport of a binary electrolyte during the desalination process was developed. The Nernst–Planck, electroneutrality equations, and other hydrodynamic equations were coupled and solved with appropriate boundary conditions using the finite element method. This model is capable to predict the local ion concentration, electric potential, and ion flux in a rectangular electrodialysis unit. The effects of voltage drop (0.4–1.0 V), inlet velocity (0.03–0.06 m/s), and initial feed concentration (500–700 mol/m3) are investigated, which could provide valuable guidance for electrodialysis operation in the practical project. Moreover, this model is validated by comparing its simulation result with experimental data of electrodialysis, and it could predict the desalination of saline water accurately. Ion transfer modeling provides an effective way to study the transfer mechanism, estimate the effects of various parameters conveniently, and realize the target‐oriented operation optimization.

Energy efficient water desalination technology

The work relates to the technique of desalination of sea and saline waters and can be used to obtain desalinated water with generation of electrical energy. The proposed technology of water desalination is implemented by an autonomous solar desalination-electric generator, containing a rectangular body, the roof of which is covered from above with photocells with a storage unit, an inclined evaporating tray is placed inside the body, dividing the body cavity into evaporation and condensation chambers, communicating with each other at the sides of the body through vertical slots at the ends of the body and the tray are an inlet manifold connected to a submersible feed pump, and a horizontal outlet slot. The bottom of the body is connected to a condensate collection tank, in which a condensate pump is placed, a condensation chamber, immersed in a reservoir, the inner surface of the ends, sides and bottom of the condensation the chamber is made with vertical and horizontal corrugations, into the grooves of which thermoelectric converters are inserted. The first and last of which with photocells are connected to the output collectors, a storage unit, feed and condensate pumps and other them as consumers of electricity.

Desalination Engineering: Environmental Impacts of the Brine Disposal and Their Control

Freshwater supplies remain more and more in lack corresponding to the increased demand for several human activities. Such difficult circumstances make desalination of saline water an obligation. Desalination to take out water from saline water has been proved as a safe non-traditional water supply. Nevertheless, like any human-founded method, desalination has conducted to several influences on nature. Charged with chemical products, brine is discharged back to nature. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions are liberated to the atmosphere. Brine and GHGs are the most important effects that have been broadly investigated with some attempts accorded to their mitigation and control strategies (M&CSs). This review examines the M&CSs related to the several environmental impacts (EIs) of desalination engineering and focuses on brine disposal. Numerous EIs could be avoided, or at least reduced, by integrating specific design standards and ameliorating applied technologies. The feedwater source possesses a considerable influence on EIs. At the identical degree, desalination engineering possesses an important impact on the EIs linked to brine features and energy consumption. Fresh desalination techniques have depicted decreased EIs relative to traditional thermal and membrane desalination methods. Further, employing renewable and waste energy sources has illustrated a considerable decrease in EIs related to energy consumption.