Retirement saving requires patience and a long horizon. It is therefore important to provide a sense of security to those who decide to make voluntary additional savings. Individual Retirement Accounts (IKE) and Individual Retirement Security Accounts (IKZE), which are offered by the banks, can be considered the most conservative, highly regulated products for saving for retirement. They all have variable interest rates, which in nominal terms will always be positive. In addition, important from the point of view of the saver is the very low level of risk. It is therefore a very good solution for those wishing to invest funds for old age safely. It is worth remembering that these savings are guaranteed by the Bank Guarantee Fund (BFG), up to the equivalent of €100 000 along with other funds in the same bank. As the limit on IKE and IKZE contributions increases yearly, the author believes that the level of guarantees for banks’ IKE and IKZE should be increased. The article aims to show that higher deposit guarantees for IKE and IKZE offered by banks can contribute to greater savings for retirement. The existing incentives are not effective, as indicated by the relatively small number of IKEs and IKZEs in total, and the fact that not all of them are deposited per year. Studies have shown that contributions to bank IKEs and IKZEs are higher than to IKEs and IKZEs in general. For bank IKE in particular, it was observed that they were more systematic. The sum of average payments to both bank products without taking into account the account interest rates between 2005 and 2023 was more than PLN 120,000. Therefore, it can be concluded that payments alone would have used up almost 30% of the declared deposit guarantee if one had both IKE and IKZE at the same bank.

Eurozone integration it is still a target and a challenge for most Eastern European countries, even after twenty years from the accession to the European Union. While financial integration is viewed as an opportunity, there is an ongoing debate about its optimal form. Beyond meeting the Maastricht Criteria, which some countries comply, several critical issues arise: what is the most appropriate type of financial integration within the European Union and can the development of a Capital Markets Union and a Banking Union effectively address market fragmentation. Moreover, in the absence of suitable institutional frameworks, are these mechanisms able to overcome asymmetric shocks accommodate economic convergence and mitigate systemic risks? Euro Area needs tools like collective deposit insurance schemes (EDIS) and to increase the resources for the Single Resolution Fund (SRF) to address systemic risks more effectively. Economic convergence mechanisms are compulsory to reduce the divergence of NPLs across member states. The creation of European "safe assets," such as Sovereign Bond-Backed Securities (SBBS), seeks to mitigate the bank-sovereign doom loop.

Abstract We evaluate whether deposit insurance (DI) promotes liquidity by influencing depositor behavior. We use the postal savings (PS) system and state‐adopted DI schemes during the 1920s to examine the effect of bank suspensions on PS deposit growth in pairs of border cities (DI versus non‐DI). After a nearby bank suspension, (i) deposits in non‐DI‐PS offices increase sevenfold compared to deposits in adjacent DI‐PS offices, and (ii) county‐level deposits per bank decline in non‐DI counties but not in adjacent DI counties. In both cases, the effect steadily declines through the 1920s, consistent with the decreasing viability of the DI schemes.

Deposit insurance pricing and monetary policy transmission

We investigate whether the introduction of Islamic Deposit Insurance (IDI) affects deposit flow of and the pricing by Islamic banks vis-à-vis conventional banks for the case of Indonesia. Using December 2014 announcement of a separate deposit insurance scheme for Indonesia’s Islamic and traditional banks into two different funds as an exogenous event, we analyze the change in the growth of deposits, the number of accounts, and the pricing by Islamic and conventional banks in a difference-in-difference (DID) setting. Our findings indicate that the announcement significantly boosts the growth of small deposits in Islamic banks compared to traditional banks, with an apparent increase in deposit growth after separating deposit insurance funds.

Abstract In order to design an ideal financial infrastructure, we must preserve the benefits of modern monetary system while effectively utilizing innovative technologies. The current system, with its two-tiered structure of a central bank and commercial banks, supports market-based financial intermediation and elastic supply of money. This is underpinned by the fractional reserve system, banks’ credit creation, banking regulation and deposit insurance. Given that retail Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) and stablecoins could impact the functions of this modern monetary system, discussions around them often overlap with the “narrow banking” debates of the 20th century. Based on these considerations, tokenized deposits have been developed to maintain the advantages of the two-tiered monetary system while integrating blockchain and distributed ledger technology. Since both digital currencies and digital assets are forms of “digital tokens” that adopt common technologies, it is crucial to establish seamlessly-connected platforms for comprehensively handling transactions of both digital currencies and digital assets.

The efficacy of monetary policy depends on an accurate model of bank behavior, yet the existing literature has a significant blind spot: the central role of deposit interest rate setting. This paper argues that the deposit rate is the primary arena where banks’ strategic and asymmetric responses to policy signals are revealed. Motivated by the unique dual-benchmark system in Indonesia, where a prudential deposit insurance rate actively competes with the central bank’s policy rate, this study addresses a conceptual problem with global relevance, namely, how monetary policy transmission functions when confronted with conflicting policy signals. To investigate this gap, this paper employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), combined with bibliometric analysis. By synthesizing findings from 63 articles selected via the PRISMA protocol, this review first maps the intellectual structure of the field, confirming that while themes of monetary policy and bank behavior are mature, the crucial dimension of deposit rate setting, particularly within a dual-benchmark context, remains a ‘missing link’. The primary contribution of this study is, therefore, building a conceptual framework that recenters the deposit interest rate as the fundamental indicator for assessing asymmetric bank behavior and identifying policy distortions. The findings provide a structured foundation for future empirical research and offer critical insights for regulators on the implications for monetary policy transmission and financial system stability.

Purpose This study aims to examine audit shari’ahness among Nigerian Islamic banks (IBs). This study, upon drawing the institutional and Maqasidil shari’ah theories, investigated the relationship between institutional mechanisms and audit shari’ahness. Design/methodology/approach The study used a survey research design through the administration of a questionnaire using both nominal and Likert-scale measurement scales on a sample study of regulators financial regulation advisory council of experts (FRACE), managers of IBs, Shari’ah scholars (Advisory committee of experts ACE), internal Shari’ah auditors and other stakeholders, which include staff of the supervisory department at Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC), respectively. Also, 150 samples were identified based on the population of 210, and statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used to analyze the data to ensure that it is suitable for the partial least squares-structural equation modeling. Findings The findings supported all three hypothesized direct effects of institutional mechanisms of “Coercive”, “Normative” and “Mimetic” as having direct positive influences on audit shari’ahness among IBs in Nigeria. Research limitations/implications This research was unable to cover other crucial stakeholders such as customers of IBs and Halal industry, investors, local Islamic finance community (such as Islamic micro-finance banks and Islamic co-operative societies), Islamic public sectors (such as Hajj commission, Hisbah boards, Zakat and Waqaf agencies), community members, etc. Practical implications Practically, this investigation confirmed that coercive institutional mechanisms such as shari’ah principles and rules, and regulations have a significant influence on audit shari’ahness, thereby improving the managerial efficiency of IBs and thus effectively serving different sectors of the economy based on the Shari’ah rules and principles.. Originality/value The role of institutional mechanisms (coercive, normative and mimetic) in ensuring audit shari’ahness is scantily studied generally, and none in the case of Nigeria. Therefore, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine the country’s three-way relationship between institutional mechanisms (coercive, normative and mimetic) and audit shari’ahness in the context of Nigeria. Hence, this study answers the previous literature’s gaps with three independent variables (coercive, normative and mimetic) and audit shari’ahness as the criterion variable.

How do financial inclusion, deposit insurance, and bank concentration affect bank stability?

Competition Within Cooperation or Cooperation Within Competition? China’s Deposit Insurance Market and Bio-Inspired Algorithms

This study investigates the risk–return dynamics of Bitcoin and Ethereum compared with traditional fixed-term bank deposits in Indonesia between 2020 and 2024. Using historical daily price data and interest rates, the research calculates annualized returns, volatility, and Sharpe Ratios to assess performance. Results show that cryptocurrencies offer extraordinary potential returns during bullish cycles but also suffer severe downturns, making them suitable only for high-risk, long-term investors. Bank deposits, in contrast, provide stable yet modest returns, reinforced by Indonesia Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS) guarantees. From a Sharia perspective, bank deposits are problematic due to their riba-based structure, while cryptocurrencies raise concerns over gharar and maysir. The study highlights the rise of Sharia-compliant alternatives such as sukuk and gold-backed digital currencies as ethical solutions. The contribution lies in bridging financial economics with Islamic governance by comparing conventional, digital, and Sharia instruments in the Indonesian context. Future research should extend to investor behavior, transaction costs, and the regulatory role of OJK and DSN-MUI in shaping Islamic fintech.

ABSTRACT The 1998 financial crisis highlighted the importance of government agencies that can guarantee public deposits to maintain the stability of the national financial system. the deposit insurance corporation (lps), which has been operating since 2005, has a vital mandate to guarantee customer funds and deal with failed banks. as the complexity of the financial system increases due to digitalization, financial inclusion, and global systemic risks, evaluating external and internal factors affecting the lps has become urgent. this study uses the pestel approach (political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal) and swot analysis to examine strategic factors influencing the lps's effectiveness in addressing future challenges. data was collected through a questionnaire survey of 16 senior lps managers from various strategic functions. the analysis results indicate that the lps needs to strengthen its role in national financial stability by enhancing responsiveness to environmental changes, improving public literacy, and fostering cross-sectoral collaboration, including with the ojk, bi, and the ministry of finance. keywords: deposit insurance agency, financial stability, pestel, swot, public policy, digital financial system.

Abstract The role and relevance of deposit insurance as a mechanism to safeguard banking stability have been well recognised in the literature. However, little is known about whether and how such deposit insurance reforms affect bank liquidity creation. To inform this debate, we exploit the upward revision in the deposit insurance coverage for depositors in India in February 2020 and tease out the causal impact. The findings reveal that deposit insurance reforms increased liquidity creation for banks with a high capital buffer, consistent with the risk absorption hypothesis. The impact was primarily evident on the asset side and less pronounced on the liability side or off-balance sheet activities. Robustness tests reinforce these findings.

This article examines the legal uncertainty surrounding Indonesia’s framework for insurance company insolvency, with a particular focus on creditor protection. While current regulations grant the Financial Services Authority (OJK) exclusive authority to initiate bankruptcy petitions to safeguard financial stability and the public interest, this centralized model raises significant concerns regarding transparency, procedural fairness, and the limited remedies available to policyholders and other creditors. Employing normative and doctrinal legal research methods, the study analyzes statutory provisions, judicial decisions, and theoretical perspectives on legal protection, certainty, and the economic role of law. A comparative analysis with the Netherlands, the United States, and Singapore reveals that these jurisdictions have developed more structured insolvency regimes and effective policyholder guarantee mechanisms. The findings demonstrate that Indonesia’s system, though normatively grounded, perpetuates legal uncertainty through excessive reliance on regulatory discretion, the absence of operational policyholder protection schemes, and delays in creditor remedies. To address these deficiencies, the study recommends objective criteria for OJK’s filing authority, acceleration of the Policy Guarantee Program under the Indonesia Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS), enhanced judicial oversight, inter-agency coordination, and strengthened legal literacy for policyholders.

The increasing adoption of microservices architecture within the banking sector has catalyzed a paradigm shift towards cloud-based infrastructures, necessitating stringent adherence to regulatory frameworks such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which is a supervisory authority. Despite the evident benefits of cloud migration—including enhanced scalability, agility, and cost efficiency—banks face significant challenges in orchestrating migrations that simultaneously address architectural complexity and regulatory mandates. This study introduces an automated cloud migration framework specifically designed to facilitate FDIC-compliant transitions of banking microservices. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates a comprehensive architectural design with automation techniques and compliance verification mechanisms, validated through a case study involving cross-functional product and engineering teams. Quantitative analyses reveal that the proposed framework reduces migration time by approximately 30% while maintaining full compliance with FDIC regulations, as evidenced by systematic audit trails and security assessments. Qualitative insights further underscore the framework's capacity to mitigate operational risks and streamline decision-making processes during migration. The findings suggest that this framework not only accelerates cloud adoption but also fortifies regulatory adherence, thereby contributing a novel, scalable solution to the domain of banking IT modernization. Ultimately, this research advances scholarly discourse by bridging the gap between automated migration methodologies and compliance imperatives, offering a replicable model for secure, efficient cloud transitions in highly regulated environments.

The revocation of PT Asuransi Jiwa Adisarana Wanaartha's business licence by OJK on 5 December 2022 was due to violations of solvency, investment adequacy ratio, and minimum equity requirements. The revocation of this business licence requires the company to undergo liquidation and has an impact on policyholders who face the risk of defaulting on claims. This research uses normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The result of the discussion of the issues examined by the author is that the revocation of PT Asuransi Jiwa Adisarana Wanaartha's business licence by the OJK meant that the company lost its legal status to operate, resulting in a liquidation process aimed at settling the company's obligations and protecting the interests of policyholders. The consequences of the revocation of the business licence for policyholders include changes in the claims mechanism, which now proceeds through an administrative and uncertain liquidation process, as well as facing the risk of losses due to the company's limited assets. After its business licence was revoked, PT Asuransi Jiwa Adisarana Wanaartha is obligated to prioritise policyholders in settling its obligations, meaning the company must refund all premiums to policyholders due to the cancellation of the insurance agreement. Legal protection for policyholders is provided through the insurance policy as internal legal protection and external legal protection from the OJK and the Deposit Insurance Agency under the P2SK Law. In the event of a dispute, policyholders may resolve it through litigation by filing a breach of contract lawsuit if the company fails to fulfil the insurance agreement.

The article examines current issues of criminal law protection of bank depositors’ rights. From the perspective of the fundamental principles of criminalization, certain objective signs of a criminal offense provided for in Part 1 of Article 220-1 of the Criminal Code are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the prerequisites for the emergence of a criminal prohibition on such actions by bank officials as entering false information about depositors into an electronic database. In particular, emphasis is placed on the social conditions that formed the legislator’s need to introduce a protective norm for these values. As part of the study, an attempt was made to assess the social conditionality of the existence of Part 1 of Article 220-1, as one of the main criteria for identifying the need for criminal-legal regulation of social relations. In this direction, a characterization of the significance of banking activities for society is provided, which led to the conclusion that the legislator violated the theoretical foundations of criminalization, which manifested itself: in the reassessment of banking for society, in the context of the legislator’s direction to create additional mechanisms of general prevention in this area in the context of the ultima ratio principle; as well as ignoring such criteria for recognizing acts as criminally punishable, such as their social danger, prevalence, clarification of their positive and negative consequences, etc. The author’s vision of the direct object and subject of the criminal offense provided for in Part 1 of Article 220-1 of the Criminal Code is presented. Its justification is based on an analysis of the damage actually caused by this criminal offense. It is concluded that such damage, in the first place, objectively arises only when the depositor database is distorted with inappropriate data. This necessitates the recognition of the depositor database as a direct object of criminal encroachment, provided for in Part 1 of Article 220-1 of the Criminal Code. The subject of the criminal offense provided for in Part 1 of Article 220-1 of the Criminal Code should be recognized as “information”, as computer information presented in the form of information recorded in electronic form, on which the subject of the crime exerts influence (distortion) and uses them to achieve his own goal, which is to distort the database. The analysis took into account the fact that the damage caused by distortion of the database due to the entry of false information cannot be significant for the banking institution, the investor and the Deposit Guarantee Fund for Individuals, and the correction of such damage, i.e., the return of the base to its proper condition, objectively does not require significant material costs. This gave grounds to recognize the degree of public danger of this offense as insignificant.

The purpose of the research. The article examines the relationship between the development of the system of regulatory requirements for the sustainability of non-state pension funds and the system of mandatory (public) insurance of citizens' savings. The purpose of the study is to establish and identify the relationships that exist and arise between regulatory requirements for the sustainability of non-state pension funds and the rules that ensure the return of funds to citizens by the state corporation «Deposit Insurance Agency» within the framework of the system of guaranteeing the rights of participants in non-state pension funds and the system of guaranteeing the rights of insured persons in the mandatory pension insurance system. Results. The author substantiates the conclusion that the requirements for the sustainability of non-state pension funds are an integral part of the savings protection system, the functioning of which is ensured by the state corporation «Deposit Insurance Agency».

Insurance Companies in Indonesia that have business permits to operate in Indonesia in 2017 have reached 391 companies consisting of 152 Insurance and Reinsurance Companies and 239 Insurance Business Support Companies (excluding Actuarial consultants and Insurance Agents). The Insurance and Reinsurance Companies consist of 61 Life Insurance Companies, 79 General Insurance Companies, 7 Reinsurance Companies, 2 Social Security Program Organizing Agencies and 3 Compulsory Insurance Organizing Companies. With the rapid development of insurance companies in Indonesia, the author wants to research the deposit guarantee for insurance customers who deposit their assets with insurance companies, this is related to the guarantee mechanism for insurance policy holders, which is mandated by Article 53 of Law Number 40 of 2014 concerning Insurance. The approach method used is a normative juridical approach such as a conceptualization approach and a statutory and regulatory approach which will also be supported by a comparative approach. Analysis of the legal materials used by the author was carried out by means of qualitative description, namely legal materials obtained from library research which were compiled systematically, researched and studied in their entirety. This legal writing will use comparative analysis techniques. The research results show that the implementation of article 53 of Law Number 40 of 2014 has not yet been implemented, and the Deposit Insurance Agency is really needed.

The limited scope of studies on legal protection for bank customers' rights in bankruptcy cases has become a significant concern, as it directly affects public trust and the stability of the national banking system. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection afforded to the rights of bank customers in the event of bankruptcy, based on Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations. A normative legal research method was employed, using a statutory approach and analysis of primary and secondary legal materials through literature review. The findings indicate that although depositors’ rights have been accommodated through various regulations, including the role of the Indonesia Deposit Insurance Corporation (Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan, LPS), Article 2 paragraph (3) of Law No. 37 of 2004 restricts customers’ rights to file for bankruptcy against banks. This restriction is considered to conflict with the principles of justice and creditor protection, and it does not align with the principle of balance in bankruptcy law. Moreover, the resolution of banking issues tends to favor liquidation mechanisms over bankruptcy proceedings. The implications of this study include a theoretical contribution to the body of banking law literature and practical recommendations for the government and relevant authorities (Bank Indonesia, the Financial Services Authority, and LPS) to review existing regulations in order to strengthen legal protection for customers. This research also opens avenues for further studies on alternative dispute resolution mechanisms and international comparative analyses of customer protection in bank bankruptcies.