Potassium Depletion Research Articles

Hypokalaemia - an active contributor to hepatic encephalopathy?

Patients with cirrhosis are prone to electrolyte disorders, including hypokalaemia. The available evidence suggests that hypokalaemia facilitates hyperammonaemia and thus increases the risk for hepatic encephalopathy (HE). In case studies, plasma potassium decrements were followed by plasma ammonia increments and HE progression, which was reversed by potassium supplementation. The explanation to the hyperammonaemia may be that hypokalaemia both stimulates renal ammonia production and reduces hepatic ammonia elimination by urea synthesis. Further, hypokalaemia eases the entrance of the increased ammonia into the central nervous system because the lower potassium ion concentration favours the competition of NH4+ ions for potassium transporters across the blood brain barrier, and because hypokalaemia-induced metabolic alkalosis increases the amount of gaseous ammonia, which freely passes the barrier. Potassium depletion thus seems to be a mechanistic contributor to HE, supporting the clinical notion of routinely correcting low potassium in patients with cirrhosis.

Burmese Cat Mutation, the C-Terminus-Truncated WNK4, Diminishes NCC Activation by Potassium Depletion

Burmese Cat Mutation, the C-Terminus-Truncated WNK4, Diminishes NCC Activation by Potassium Depletion

Modelling and mapping soil nutrient depletion in humid highlands of East Africa using ensemble machine learning: A case study from Rwanda

Soil nutrient depletion is one of the major causes of high yield gaps and nutrient deficiencies in East Africa highlands, including Rwanda. This research sought to determine the current soil nutrient balance and its spatial variation in 10 Rwandan agro-ecological zones. Soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) depletion in croplands were calculated using data from 455 field trials of the Optimizing Fertilizer Recommendations in Africa (OFRA) project in Rwanda. Calculated soil nutrient balances (NPK) and 15 environmental covariates were used to calibrate soil nutrient depletion models using ensemble machine learning (EML) and 10-fold cross-validation. In the 2019–2020 growing season, annual N and K depletions were 33.6 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 71.0 kg K ha−1 yr−1, with a positive P balance of 2.30 kg P ha−1 yr−1. High soil nutrient uptake and high soil nutrient loss due to erosion and leaching were two main causes of NPK depletion. Spatial variations of NPK balance were influenced by soil nutrient stocks, soil erosion, elevation, rainfall, soil texture, and soil bulk density. The 10-fold cross-validation showed that coefficients of determination (R2) of NPK models were 62%, 58%, and 58%, respectively. Compared to single models, ensemble machine learning improved NPK model accuracy up to 5%. Our research revealed that soil nutrient depletion was highest in the northwest and lowest in the southeast of the study area. We conclude that increasing soil nutrient inputs without reducing soil nutrient loss due to soil degradation will not decrease soil nutrient depletion in Rwanda and ensemble machine learning outperforms single models in predicting soil nutrient balance. Thesolutiontoreducehighsoilnutrientdepletionin all agro-ecological zones of Rwanda would be to prioritize soil and water conservation measures and increase soil nutrient inputs.

Fairy ring‐induced soil potassium depletion gradients reshape microbial community composition in a montane grassland

AbstractFairy rings promoting circular greening belts in the vegetation can shape soil microbial communities by altering soil conditions. Knowledge about soil variables involved in this process is incomplete. We characterised the soil microbial communities of six fairy rings in a montane grassland using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling, and studied if changes in soil properties corresponded to changes in soil microbial PLFA patterns. Exchangeable potassium (K) decreased inside the current rings, while soil moisture increased in the zones where the greening belts were two years before sampling (R2015). Fairy ring associated changes in PLFA composition were highly related to soil K. Gram‐negative bacteria were associated with the zones outside the ring with the highest K content, whereas Gram‐positive bacteria proportions increased inside the ring‐affected zones. An environmental stress indicator, the iso to anteiso ratio of PLFA 17:0, decreased in the R2015 zones, coinciding with the highest soil moisture contents. Our findings highlight the unreported importance of soil K in fairy ring dynamics affecting microbial communities. This common omission could lead to incorrect conclusions. Hence, the effects of fairy rings on soil should be further tested.Highlights Exchangeable potassium (K) decreased inside the current fairy rings. Fairy ring associated changes in PLFA microbial composition were present related to soil K. Soil moisture increased in the zones where the rings were 2 years before sampling. An environmental stress indicator decreased in those areas.

A Case Report on Hypokalemic Quadriparesis

Hypokalemic quadriparesis is a rare phenomenon with potentially life-threatening clinical syndrome. It represents a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by hypokalemia and acute systemic weakness which are clinically modifiable. It results from alteration in transcellular distribution of potassium or transcellular shift of potassium and actual potassium depletion from renal and extra-renal losses. Hypokalemic quadriparesis management depends on the etiology of hypokalaemia, duration of disease, underlying diseases, family history, medication history and disease state. The cause of hypokalemia induced quadriparesis is relatively low which gets resolved over time; with most of the symptoms remain undetected. Patients with normal thyroid function, no renal loss of potassium and normal acid balance can be pharmacologically managed with oral potassium and intravenous potassium.

Improved anaerobic digestion under ammonia stress by regulating microbiome and enzyme to enhance VFAs bioconversion: The new role of glutathione

Several methods, such as dilution, ion exchange, and bioaugmentation, have been tried to improve anaerobic digestion (AD) process performance under ammonia stress. Herein, a new strategy for improving AD under ammonia pressure by regulating microbiome and enzyme to enhance volatile fatty acids (VFAs) bioconversion was reported. Under ammonia stress, the methane yield was raised by 41.7% with glutathione addition (5 mg/g VS) during long-term AD of food waste. This glutathione-induced improvement was found not due to the mitigation of proton imbalance and potassium depletion or the elimination of excessive reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, the ammonia-stressed bioconversions of propionate and butyrate → acetate → methane and the cell viability were remarkably enhanced in the presence of glutathione. Further integrated metagenomic and metaproteomic analyses revealed that the key microbiota (i.e., syntrophic acetogenic taxa and their assistant bacteria and acetotrophic methanogens) related to the above biotransformations were enriched. Meanwhile, the expressions of vital proteins (such as RNA polymerase subunit α, ribosomal protein L25, and iron adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter substrate-binding protein) involved in enzyme synthesis and catalyzing the bioconversions above were significantly upregulated. The reported new role of glutathione on regulating functional microbiome and enzyme offered an alternative strategy for improving AD performance under high ammonia condition.

Ongoing soil potassium depletion under intensive cropping in India and probable mitigation strategies. A review

Potassium (K) is essential for plant growth and vital for soil health. However, despite high crop demand, K fertilization continues to be ignored or severely inadequate in Indian agriculture. Over time, this could lead to severe depletion of soil K reserve, irreversibly alter K-bearing minerals, and adversely affect soil fertility and crop productivity. Hence, we should comprehensively assess the alarming situation of soil K mining in India and come up with appropriate solutions. Keeping the above in mind, here we review the soil K pools concerning plant availability, their contents in major soil orders of India, reasons and status of soil K mining under major crops and cropping systems in India, and the impact of long-term K mining on soil K pools and clay minerals. We also address various aspects of sustainable K management in agriculture and suggest future action courses focusing on India. Our main findings are: (i) farmers in India mainly apply nitrogen and phosphorus, but little or no K; consequently, (ii) net K balance continues to be negative for most crops and cropping systems across India (e.g., - 3.29 million tonnes [Mt] in 2000–01, - 7.2 Mt in 2015–16); (iii) long-term K mining primarily depletes the exchangeable and non-exchangeable K pools in soil, and alters clay minerals to various extents; and (iv) the existing K fertilizer recommendations need an upward revision. We further enlist indigenous non-conventional alternatives of K fertilizers to meet the agricultural K demand. This is the first comprehensive review to simultaneously address the ongoing soil K mining in India, its impact, and its potential mitigation strategies. The points raised here would help reduce soil K mining, plan research work, and make policy decisions on K fertilization and residue management with the ultimate goal to prevent soil health deterioration and ensure sustainable crop production.

Sustainability of the Soil Resource in Intensive Production with Organic Contributions

Organic agriculture is considered an alternative to sustainably preserve soil fertility. For 10 years, ongoing management with organic contributions was carried out in calcareous soil to support or increase fertility by applying 4 t ha−1 of solid poultry manure to produce organic Nopal Verdura (Opuntia Ficus-Indica). In addition, during the 2018 cycle, corn was established as an alternative to diversify agricultural production; the crop was monitored by measuring agronomic variables and the normalized differential vegetation index to evaluate the development of different doses of organic inputs with poultry manure, foliar applications with biofertilizers, or in the irrigation system. The soil physical and chemical analysis was carried out from 2015 to 2020 to monitor nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and organic matter before planting and after harvest. The results indicated an increase in nitrogen (>50%), calcium (>130%), and magnesium (>20%), while there was a decrease in phosphorus (50%), potassium (60%), and organic matter (18%). The agronomic management caused an increment of EC in the horizon Ap until 12.93 dS m−1 at the end of each cycle due to the high ambient temperatures recorded and the inadequate irrigation water quality. We did not find significant differences (p > 0.05) in agronomic variables of corn with diverse contributions to organic. However, we obtained a maximum corn yield of 3.9 t ha−1 and nopal production of 143 t ha−1, despite problems of salinity in the horizons Ap during the agricultural cycle. Overall, processed poultry manure is a sustainable source of macroelements for the production of organic crops in calcisols; however, it is necessary to focus on and counteract potassium depletion and the increase in EC through appropriate agronomic management, with organic contributions, both solid and liquid, to increase or sustain production.

Atorvastatin does not ameliorate nephrogenic diabetes insipidus induced by lithium or potassium depletion in mice.

Acquired forms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) include lithium (Li)‐induced and hypokalemia‐induced NDI. Both forms are associated with AQP2 downregulation and collecting duct (CD) cellular remodeling. Statins are cholesterol‐lowering drugs appearing to increase AQP2 membrane‐translocation and improve urine concentration in other NDI models. We have investigated if statins are able to prevent or rescue the Li‐induced changes in mice and in a mouse cortical CD cell line (mCCDc1l). Biotinylation assays showed that acute (1hr) atorvastatin, simvastatin, or fluvastatin increased AQP2 membrane accumulation in mCCDc1l cells showing that the cell line responds to acute statin treatment. To see whether chronic statin treatment abolish the Li effects, mCCDc1l cells were treated with 48 h Li, combined Li/atorvastatin or combined Li/simvastatin. Li reduced AQP2, but combined Li/atorvastatin or Li/simvastatin did not prevent AQP2 downregulation. In mice, chronic (21 days) Li increased urine output and reduced urine osmolality, but combined Li/atorvastatin did not prevent these effects. In inner medulla (IM), Li reduced total AQP2 and increased pS261‐AQP2. Combined Li/atorvastatin did not abolish these changes. Atorvastatin did not prevent a Li‐induced increase in intercalated cells and proliferation in IM. In mice with already established NDI, atorvastatin had no effect on the Li‐induced changes either. Mice subjected to 14 days of potassium‐deficient diet developed polyuria and AQP2 downregulation in IM. Co‐treatment with atorvastatin did not prevent this. In conclusion, atorvastatin does not appear to be able to prevent or rescue Li‐NDI or to prevent hypokalemic‐induced NDI.

Initiation and entrainment of multicellular automaticity via diffusion limited extracellular domains

Electrically excitable cells often spontaneously and synchronously depolarize in vitro and in vivo preparations. It remains unclear how cells entrain and autorhythmically activate above the intrinsic mean activation frequency of isolated cells with or without pacemaking mechanisms. Recent studies suggest that cyclic ion accumulation and depletion in diffusion-limited extracellular volumes modulate electrophysiology by ephaptic mechanisms (nongap junction or synaptic coupling). This report explores how potassium accumulation and depletion in a restricted extracellular domain induces spontaneous action potentials in two different computational models of excitable cells without gap junctional coupling: Hodgkin-Huxley and Luo-Rudy. Importantly, neither model will spontaneously activate on its own without external stimuli. Simulations demonstrate that cells sharing a diffusion-limited extracellular compartment can become autorhythmic and entrained despite intercellular electrical heterogeneity. Autorhythmic frequency is modulated by the cleft volume and potassium fluxes through the cleft. Additionally, inexcitable cells can suppress or induce autorhythmic activity in an excitable cell via a shared cleft. Diffusion-limited shared clefts can also entrain repolarization. Critically, this model predicts a mechanism by which diffusion-limited shared clefts can initiate, entrain, and modulate multicellular automaticity in the absence of gap junctions.

Intracellular potassium depletion enhances apoptosis induced by staurosporine in cultured trigeminal satellite glial cells

Purpose Satellite glial cells (SGC) surrounding neurons in sensory ganglia can buffer extracellular potassium, regulating the excitability of injured neurons and possibly influencing a shift from acute to neuropathic pain. SGC apoptosis may be a key component in this process. This work evaluated induction or enhancement of apoptosis in cultured trigeminal SGC following changes in intracellular potassium [K]ic. Materials and methods We developed SGC primary cultures from rat trigeminal ganglia (TG). Purity of our cultures was confirmed using immunofluorescence and western blot analysis for the presence of the specific marker of SGC, glutamine synthetase (GS). SGC [K]ic was depleted using hypo-osmotic shock and 4 mM bumetanide plus 10 mM ouabain. [K]ic was measured using the K+ fluorescent indicator potassium benzofuran isophthalate (PBFI-AM). Results SGC tested positive for GS and hypo-osmotic shock induced a significant decrease in [K]ic at every evaluated time. Cells were then incubated for 5 h with either 2 mM staurosporine (STS) or 20 ng/ml of TNF-α and evaluated for early apoptosis and late apoptosis/necrosis by flow cytometry using annexin V and propidium iodide. A significant increase in early apoptosis, from 16 to 38%, was detected in SGC with depleted [K]ic after incubation with STS. In contrast, TNF-α did not increase early apoptosis in normal or [K]ic depleted SGC. Conclusion Hypo-osmotic shock induced a decrease in intracellular potassium in cultured trigeminal SGC and this enhanced apoptosis induced by STS that is associated with the mitochondrial pathway. These results suggest that K+ dysregulation may underlie apoptosis in trigeminal SGC.

The Transition from Diffuse Molecular Gas to Molecular Cloud Material in Taurus

Abstract We study four lines of sight that probe the transition from diffuse molecular gas to molecular cloud material in Taurus. Measurements of atomic and molecular absorption are used to infer the distribution of species and the physical conditions toward stars behind the Taurus Molecular Cloud (TMC). New high-resolution spectra at visible and near-IR wavelengths of interstellar Ca ii, Ca i, K i, CH, CH+, C2, CN, and CO toward HD 28975 and HD 29647 are combined with data at visible wavelengths and published CO results from ultraviolet measurements for HD 27778 and HD 30122. Gas densities and temperatures are inferred from C2, CN, and CO excitation and CN chemistry. Our results for HD 29647 are noteworthy because the CO column density is 1018 cm−2 while C2 and CO excitation reveals a temperature of 10 K and a density of ∼1000 cm−3, more like conditions found in dark molecular clouds. Similar results arise from our chemical analysis for CN through reactions involving observations of CH, C2, and NH. Enhanced potassium depletion and a reduced CH/H2 column density ratio also suggest the presence of a dark cloud. The directions toward HD 27778 and HD 30122 probe molecule-rich diffuse clouds, which can be considered CO-dark gas, while the sight line toward HD 28975 represents an intermediate case. Maps of dust temperature help refine the description of the material along the four sight lines and provide an estimate of the distance between HD 29647 and a clump in the TMC. An appendix provides results for the direction toward HD 26571; this star also probes diffuse molecular gas.

Understanding, prevention and treatment of refeeding syndrome. The role of thiamine

Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a serious and potentially fatal complication that occurs in patients with severe malnutrition of various etiologies after repeated, uncontrolled introduction of a diet, especially carbohydrates. Complications of RFS develop due to rapid metabolic changes that occur during the switch from catabolism to anabolism, and cellular depletion of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and micronutrients, and can affect one or more organ systems. Most of RFS complications associated with vitamin deficiency are related to thiamine deficiency. Due to its coenzyme role in the metabolism of carbohydrates and branched chain amino acids, thiamine is an important factor in maintaining the normal function primarily of cerebral energy metabolism. Understanding the basic biochemistry during starvation, and consequently the mechanisms and factors influencing metabolic changes during RFS, is important for timely identification of patients at risk and prevention of RFS and also many clinical complications it can cause regardless of nutritional support modality.

Applications of Transcriptomics and Proteomics for Understanding Dormancy and Resuscitation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can survive within its host for extended periods of time without any clinical symptoms of disease and reactivate when the immune system is weakened. A detailed understanding of how M. tuberculosis enters into and exits out of dormancy, is necessary in order to develop new strategies for tackling tuberculosis. Omics methodologies are unsupervised and unbiased to any hypothesis, making them useful tools for the discovery of new drug targets. This review summarizes the findings of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches toward understanding dormancy and reactivation of M. tuberculosis. Within the granuloma of latently infected individuals, the bacteria are dormant, with a marked slowdown of growth, division and metabolism. In vitro models have attempted to simulate these features by subjecting the bacterium to hypoxia, nutrient starvation, potassium depletion, growth in the presence of vitamin C, or growth in the presence of long-chain fatty acids. The striking feature of all the models is the upregulation of the DosR regulon, which includes the transcriptional regulator Rv0081, one of the central hubs of dormancy. Also upregulated are chaperone proteins, fatty acid and cholesterol degrading enzymes, the sigma factors SigE and SigB, enzymes of the glyoxylate and the methylcitrate cycle, the Clp proteases and the transcriptional regulator ClgR. Further, there is increased expression of genes involved in mycobactin synthesis, fatty acid degradation, the glyoxylate shunt and gluconeogenesis, in granulomas formed in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from latently infected individuals compared to naïve individuals. Genes linked to aerobic respiration, replication, transcription, translation and cell division, are downregulated during dormancy in vitro, but upregulated during reactivation. Resuscitation in vitro is associated with upregulation of genes linked to the synthesis of mycolic acids, phthiocerol mycocerosate (PDIM) and sulfolipids; ribosome biosynthesis, replication, transcription and translation, cell division, and genes encoding the five resuscitation promoting factors (Rpfs). The expression of proteases, transposases and insertion sequences, suggests genome reorganization during reactivation.

Origin of the Caldas Novas dome (Brazil) and its thermal water circulation

The Caldas Novas dome, a 20 × 12 km elliptical structure, with its longer axis trending NNW-SSE, was previously described as a structural window into the south-central part of the Neoproterozoic Brasília belt. The Brasília belt is the central part of the Tocantins Province, a former orogen. Hot springs, broad gravimetric and magnetic features, and a radiometric anomaly over the dome are observed. The dome aligns with the well-known Alto Paranaíba Cretaceous Igneous Province. All these observations have raised questions in the past about a possible magmatic origin of the dome. In this work, existing regional gravimetric, seismologic, magnetic, radiometric, hydro-geochemical data, as well as new isotopic data, were integrated. From the magnetic data, it is clear that a NW-SE trending linear structure is the most significant geophysical feature of the analyzed dataset. We interpret that the NW-SE trending aeromagnetic lineaments may host basaltic dikes. The interpretation is based on the occurrence of basaltic rocks in the eastern portion of the Paraná basin overlying the Brasília belt, observed outcrops of basalt in the Iporá area, and the linear features identified here. Most characteristics identified in the magnetic data are also evident in the radiometrics, and a sharp anomaly in the eTh/K and eU/K ratio map is centered on the Caldas Novas dome. Weathering related depletion of potassium over the dome is the most probable explanation for the observed radiometric anomaly. From chemical and geological evidence, the groundwater in the area likely originates from meteoric processes. The thermal spring water near the dome is associated with deep circulation in fracture systems probably related to a broad shear/fault zone. This is supported by the Cretaceous dike swarm postulated in the region, possibly emplaced into an existing fracture system. We infer that a fracture system, which would continue beyond the limits of the aero-geophysical survey, most likely accounts for the groundwater circulation and heating.

INFLUENCE OF MINERAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
 ON THE CHEMICAL AND AGROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 OF THE DEVELOPED LOWLAND PEAT DEPOSIT UNDER THE PLANTATION
 OF VIRGINAL PLANTS OF HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY

The article deals with the results of a biennial (2017–2018) comparative study of physico-chemical and agrochemical properties of the residual layer of a peat deposit under the plantation of two-year virginal plants of model Vaccinium corymbosum varieties (Northcountry, Bluecrop and Northland) on a recultivated developed lowland peat deposit under introduction of complete mineral fertilizer (‘Rastvorin’ brand ‘B’, N16P16K16), microfertilizer (Nanoplant-8, including eight trace elements: Co, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, Mo and Se) and organic fertilizers (Ekosil and Gidrogumat).
 In all variants of the experiment in both years of observations during the growing season in the root-inhabited layer, an increase relative to the initial level of the content of hydrolysable nitrogen and exchange potassium was found against the background of a decrease in the content of mobile phosphorus. In the first season, a slight increase in the level of hydrolytic acidity was registered, while the amount of absorbed bases decreased against the background of opposite changes in these indicators in the second season. In the first year of application of fertilizers by the end of the season, a significant enrichment of the substrate with mainly nitrate form of nitrogen and exchange potassium was established, with no noticeable changes in the content of mobile phosphorus. In the second year of application of fertilizers, there was a replenishment of ammonium nitrogen reserves with a predominant depletion of nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and exchange potassium (the greatest with Nanoplant and organic fertilizers treatment), which is due to the most intensive expenditure on the formation of the aboveground phytomass of experimental plants.

Sodium-Calcium Exchanger Reverse Mode Sustains Dichotomous Ion Fluxes Required for Procoagulant COAT Platelet Formation.

Procoagulant collagen-and-thrombin (COAT)-activated platelets represent a subpopulation of activated platelets, which retain a coat of prohemostatic proteins and express phosphatidylserine on their surface. Dichotomous intracellular signaling generating procoagulant platelet activity instead of traditional aggregating endpoints is still not fully elucidated. It has been demonstrated that secondary messengers such as calcium and sodium play a critical role in platelet activation. Therefore, we developed a flow cytometric analysis to investigate intracellular ion fluxes simultaneously during generation of aggregating and procoagulant platelets. Human platelets were activated by convulxin-plus-thrombin. Cytosolic calcium, sodium, and potassium ion fluxes were visualized by specific ion probes and analyzed by flow cytometry. We observed high and prolonged intracellular calcium concentration, transient sodium increase, and fast potassium efflux in COAT platelets, whereas aggregating non-COAT platelets rapidly decreased their calcium content, maintaining higher cytosolic sodium, and experiencing lower and slower potassium depletion. Considering these antithetical patterns, we investigated the role of the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) during convulxin-plus-thrombin activation. NCX inhibitors, CBDMB and ORM-10103, dose-dependently reduced the global calcium mobilization induced by convulxin-plus-thrombin activation and dose-dependently prevented formation of procoagulant COAT platelets. Our data demonstrate that both NCX modes are used after convulxin-plus-thrombin-induced platelet activation. Non-COAT platelets use forward-mode NCX, thus pumping calcium out and moving sodium in, while COAT platelets rely on reverse NCX function, which pumps additional calcium into the cytosol, by extruding sodium. In conclusion, we described for the first time the critical and dichotomous role of NCX function during convulxin-plus-thrombin-induced platelet activation.

Evaluation of Irrigation Scheduling Strategies on Partial Nutrient Balance for Tomato Production at Bechet Watershed, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia

Reasonable and efficient utilization of the water and soil resources are viable so as to maximize the production and productivity of the farm land. Unwise utilization of those two most critical resources results on the decline of production and productivity. Managing irrigation water delivered to the irrigation field could able to increase the yield by controlling the nutrient flow system in the soil media. The objective of this study is to evaluate the different water management methods on yield maximization by providing a great attention to the partial nutrient balance system. The study have a brief on the quantification of irrigation water required to a given plot by following technical approach of continues soil moisture measurement using sensor device Time Domain reflect meter (TDR) and through the use of 10 years back climatic historical data from Bahir Dar weather station data. The usual farmers practice have become evaluated and compared with the technical management methods in terms of water demand at each plot and partial nutrient balance pattern. To achieve the comparison, the experimental plots were prepared and grouped in to the three categories. The comparison result shows that usual farmers practice have used more water for some plots and less water for some plots not matching exactly on the requirement level of the crop; less crop yield and more positive partial N balance and negative P and K balance other than the technical management methods. The average partial Nitrogen (N)depletion balance for TDR, CWR,FARM were,-90.6 kg/ha, -151.3 kg/ha and 18.8 kg/ha ; Phosphorus (P) depletion balance were -0.6 kg/ha, -0.5 kg/ha, and – 0.2 kg/ha and potassium(K) depletion balance were; -284 kg/ha ,-270 kg/ha and -97.2 kg/ha respectively. The Average crop yield was 33.2 Mg ha-1; 31.67 Mg ha-1; 20.8 Mg ha-1 for CWR; TDR; and FARM water management groups respectively. The respective average water consumption of CWR, TDR and FARM were 590 mm, 476 mm and 575 mm respectively. Keywords: TDR, WFD, CWR, FARM, Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-10-04 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

Abstract P003: Kidney-specific Knockout Of The Clock Protein Bmal1 Is Protective In Salt-sensitive Hypertension

Intro: Circadian clock factors, such as BMAL1, influence systemic blood pressure (BP) control. Previously, we generated renal distal segment BMAL1 knockout mice (KS-BMAL1 KO) that exhibit lower BP compared to control mice (CNTL) in males but not females. Additionally, male KS-BMAL1 KO retain less sodium following potassium depletion compared to CNTL, a difference not seen in females. Goal: The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that male KS-BMAL1 KO display lower BP than CNTL in response to a potassium deficient, high salt diet. Methods: Our mouse model was generated using floxed exon 8 BMAL1 mice crossed with kidney-specific cadherin Cre+ mice to generate KS-BMAL1 KO. Floxed Cre- littermates were used as CNTL. Male mice were implanted with telemeter devices for 24-hour BP monitoring before and during administration of a low potassium diet over 7 days (0% K, 0.2% Na) and followed by a low potassium, high salt diet for 10 days (0% K, 2% Na, N=7-8). Two-way ANOVA was used to compare diet and genotype effects. Results: Following potassium depletion alone, systolic BP significantly decreased in both genotypes (P<0.05). Compared to baseline, KS-BMAL KO did not exhibit the increase in BP as seen in CNT on the potassium deficient, high salt diet (CNTL: 125±2 to 132±1; KO: 123±2 to 122±2 mmHg). Neither diet nor genotype altered circadian rhythms in BP. Conclusions: BMAL1 in renal distal segments contributes to BP regulation. KS-BMAL1 KO appear to be protected from the substantial increase in BP that occurred in CNTL in response to a low potassium/high salt diet. These data suggest that BMAL1 contributes to the protection from salt-sensitive hypertension in the setting of a low potassium diet.

Responses of sub1A quantitative trait locus in rice to salinity in modulation with silver induction

Rice genotype (cv. Swarna Sub1) was compared with cv. Swarna with respect to salinity stress. The modality of sub1A traits, which is primarily linked to submergence tolerance, was monitored as to its sensitivity to salinity. Proline and electrolyte leakage were not significantly changed in cv. Swarna Sub1 as compared to cv. Swarna. However, the effects of silver ions through individual, hydroponics and pre-treatment distinctly varied between two cultivars. Silver absorption distinctly varied with 45.01-fold rises in cv. Swarna against control, whereas for sodium cv. Swarna Sub1 scored the highest accumulation by 3.03-fold. Potassium depletion in plants recorded a significant down-regulation for both the genotypes, maximally under salinity by 43.78 and 22.33%, respectively. Plants exhibited a significant suppression of shoot and root length which finally manifested in dry matter accumulation by 93.95 and 89.24%, respectively, for cv. Swarna and Swarna Sub1 under pre-treatment. Chlorophyll content significantly varied among the treatments as well as between the cultivars. Carotenoids and lycopene though depleted but had not any significant variation between the cultivars. NADP(H)-oxidase was distinctly overexpressed for cv. Swarna Sub1 by 1.16-fold under salinity than cv. Swarna (1.22-fold). Still, pre-treatment with silver has maximally induced superoxide content establishing oxidative sensitivities with a peak rise of 3.07 and 2.44-fold for two genotypes. Therefore, the significant traits linked to sub1A QTL would be the selection markers or to overexpress in susceptible genotypes under the condition of salinity for better sustenance.