Carbohydrate Depletion Research Articles

The rates of starch depletion and hydraulic failure both play a role in drought-induced seedling mortality

Key messageThe elapsed times to deplete starch concentrations and to reach a null hydraulic safety margin were related to tree seedling mortality under experimental drought. Starch concentration showed an accelerated decline across all species during the early stages of dehydration, while the concentrations of soluble sugars and total nonstructural carbohydrates remained stable. Concomitant carbohydrate depletion and hydraulic failure drive seedling mortality under drought.ContextCurrent upsurges of drought events are provoking impacts on tree physiology, resulting in forest mortality. Hydraulic dysfunction and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) depletion have been posited as the main mechanisms leading to plant mortality under drought.AimsThis study explores the dynamics of the two mortality-inducing processes during drought stress using an experimental approach with 12 evergreen tree species.MethodsSeedlings were subjected to drought until 100% mortality was observed. Midday (ΨMD) and predawn (ΨPD) water potentials, xylem pressure leading to a 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (Ψ50), along with NSC concentrations in different organs (leaves, stems, and roots) were measured regularly during drought.ResultsTotal NSC concentrations and soluble sugar pools did not decline during drought. However, starch pools showed strong reductions early during drought stress as ΨPD decreased, and the time leading to starch depletion emerged as a strong mortality predictor. Ψ50 alone did not provide an accurate estimate of mortality, while the elapsed time to reach a null hydraulic safety margin (ΨMD—Ψ50 = 0) was related to seedling mortality.ConclusionAdopting a dynamic approach by estimating the times to consume both starch reserves and hydraulic safety margins is highly relevant to improve predictions of tree mortality under the current context of increasing global drought.

Preserving Hepatic Glycogen Stores: Investigating the Therapeutic Influence of Vitamin E in Alcoholic Liver Injury-Induced Intracellular Carbohydrate Depletion

Preserving Hepatic Glycogen Stores: Investigating the Therapeutic Influence of Vitamin E in Alcoholic Liver Injury-Induced Intracellular Carbohydrate Depletion

The people behind the papers - Jiajia Ye and Qiang Sun.

Embryonic diapause can be induced by nutrient deprivation, but the molecular mechanisms underpinning this process are unclear. A new paper in Development shows that protein and carbohydrate depletion can trigger embryonic diapause via the nutrient sensors Gator1 and Tsc2. To learn more about the story behind the paper, we caught up with first author Jiajia Ye and corresponding author Qiang Sun, professor and director of the Non-Human Primate Research Facility at the Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

High resilience of campos rupestres plants to the interaction of drought and fire.

The concurrent impacts of multiple disturbances have the potential to modify ecosystem functioning by diminishing recovery capacity and resilience. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain how plant species from tropical communities respond to the cumulative effects of drought and fire. In this study, we evaluated the responses of six plant species from campos rupestres subjected to a mild drought followed by fire and tested if plants subjected to simulated drought show reductions in carbon uptake and depletion of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves, thus constraining their resprouting. We monitored monthly variations in leaf gas exchange and aboveground biomass over 18 months. Subsequently, an accidental fire occurred in the study area, leading us to collect samples of belowground structures for NSC analyses on the day of the burn. There were no differences in the frequency of resprouting between the above two conditions. Additionally, gas exchange in most species either remained stable or increased after the fire. Drought had no adverse effects on NSC reserves in the belowground structures and may have contributed to species resprouting after fire. The impact of drought pre-conditions on post-fire aboveground biomass was generally minor for most species, except Vellozia nivea, which displayed roughly a 5% reduction in biomass following the drought. Our findings highlight the remarkable resilience of campos rupestres species, even after enduring 18 months of reduced water availability and an unintended fire event. These species demonstrated the capacity to maintain their physiological functions and resprouting capacities after a fire event, underscoring their strong recovery potential.

Temperature Induction Response: A Rapid Screening Technique for Thermotolerance in Plants

Global warming is a never-ending disastrous threat to the world and the existence of life. For many years, researchers have been cautioning about the disastrous results on the climate if the world touches average temperatures of 1.5ºC above the pre-industrial levels. High-temperature stress affects the growth and development of crops, Reduced photosynthesis and transpiration lead to lower biomass and increased respiration, leading to faster depletion of stored carbohydrates and reduced growth. Altered mineral nutrition and enzyme activity leads to nutrient imbalance and oxidative stress and eventually lowers yields to significant levels. Thermotolerance is a complex trait, and along with agronomic practices, there is a need for the identification and characterization of genotypes for heat tolerance, which is a prerequisite for crop improvement. Temperature Induction Response (TIR) is a high-throughput means successfully employed for assessing, identifying, and screening crop plants for thermotolerance in different crop species. TIR is based on the principle of the LD50 concept and acquired thermotolerance, which is crop-specific in nature. Hence, this review focuses on the relevance, methodology, standardization, mechanism, utilisation and significance of the TIR technique for crop improvement in different crop species to combat heat stress.

Field Investigation into Tree Fates from Recent Apple Tree Decline: Abrupt Hydraulic Failure Versus Gradual Hydraulic Loss

In the last decade, a sporadic tree health syndrome affecting high-density apple plantings in North America has become known as Rapid Apple Decline (RAD) or Sudden Apple Decline (SAD). The affected apple trees were typically grafted on small dwarfing rootstocks, often displayed necrosis at the graft union, and suffered from sudden mortality that occurred over 2–3 weeks amid the growing season or a gradual decline. In 2019 and 2020, we conducted a multi-site investigation in the south Okanagan, British Columbia, Canada, to assess the stem hydraulic characteristics, stomatal conductance, leaf δ13C‰, and fruit dry matter accumulation of the declining trees during disease progression. In trees that died, mortality appeared to be associated with severe disruption in xylem water transport at the damaged graft union, followed by abrupt hydraulic failure. In contrast, symptomatic trees that did not die exhibited the moderately declined plant water relations and a reduction in fruit dry matter accumulation followed by either further deterioration or eventual recovery. This pattern indicates the risk of carbohydrate depletion over gradual hydraulic decline and the importance of timely horticultural remedies. In the present study, we discuss potential horticultural practices to mitigate hydraulic dysfunctions and enhance crop tolerance.

The synergistic effect of hydraulic and thermal impairments accounts for the severe crown damage in Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings following the combined drought-heatwave stress

Drought combined with extreme heatwaves has been increasingly identified as the important trigger of worldwide tree mortality in the context of climate change; nonetheless, our understanding of the potential hydraulic and thermal impairments of hot droughts to trees and the subsequent post-recovery process remains limited. To investigate the response of tree water and carbon relations to drought, heatwave, and combined drought-heatwave stresses, three-year-old potted seedlings of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., a dominant tree species in temperate forests of northeast China, were grown under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions and exposed to a rapid, acute heatwave treatment. During the heatwave treatment with a maximum temperature exceeding 40 °C for two days, the leaf temperature of drought-stressed seedlings was, on average, 5 °C higher than that of well-watered counterparts due to less effective evaporative cooling, indicating that soil water availability influenced leaf thermoregulatory capacity during hot extremes. Consistently, more pronounced crown damage, as shown by 13 % irreversible leaf scorch, was found in seedlings under the drought-heatwave treatment relative to sole heatwave treatment, alongside the more severe stem xylem embolism and leaf electrolyte leakage. While the heatwave treatment accelerated the depletion of non-structural carbohydrates in drought-stressed seedlings, the increase of branch soluble sugar concentration in response to heatwave might be related to the requirement for maintaining hydraulic functioning via osmoregulation under high dehydration risk. The coordination between leaf stomatal conductance and total non-structural carbohydrate content during the post-heatwave recovery phase implied that plant-water relations and carbon physiology were closely coupled in coping with hot droughts. This study highlights that, under scenarios of aggravating drought co-occurring with heatwaves, tree seedlings could face a high risk of crown decline in relation to the synergistically increased hydraulic and thermal impairments.

Depletion of stem non-structural carbohydrates supports release of lateral branches from apical control in Quercus mongolica seedlings

Depletion of stem non-structural carbohydrates supports release of lateral branches from apical control in Quercus mongolica seedlings

Postharvest physiology of cut flowers

Abstract The longevity of cut flowers is limited by their ephemeral nature and by multiple stresses. Impairment in water uptake, depletion of stored carbohydrates, increases in both respiratory activity and ethylene production are signatures of flower senescence. A wide range of techniques is available to extend flower preservation, including the use of flower preservative solutions, ethylene action inhibitors, growth regulators, and control of temperature and flower dehydration. The use of sucrose in pulsing solution, or as a component of vase solution, extends the vase life of flowers by either improving water balance and energy or delaying the senescence via reductions in ethylene biosynthesis. Inhibitors of ethylene production and action affect the longevity by extending the vase life of some ethylene-sensitive flowers. Flowers have intense respiratory activity, which may deplete the limited reserves of carbohydrates in the tissues. Lower temperatures markedly reduce both carbon dioxide concentration and ethylene production as well as its action. However, chilling-sensitive flowers, such as bird-of-paradise, heliconia, orchid, and ginger, cannot be stored below 10 to 13°C due to the intense development of tissue discoloration.

Cotyledon loss of Astragalus membranaceus hindered seedling establishment through mineral element reallocation and carbohydrate depletion

Tissue loss of plants caused by herbivores is very common in nature. As the storage and first photosynthetic organ, the loss of cotyledon severely impacts dicot seedling establishment and the subsequent growth. However, it is still not clear how plants adjust their metabolic strategy in response to cotyledon loss. In this study, we employed ICP-OES, GC and LC-MS to examine the effects of cotyledon removal (RC1: remove one cotyledon, RC2: remove two cotyledon) on mineral element distribution and metabolite changes in a traditional Chinese herbal plant, Astragalus membranaceus. The results showed that cotyledon removal had a greater effect on shoot than root growth. Specifically, RC2 revealed a more serious impact on shoot growth than RC1. Microelement Mn and Na in shoot increased more in RC2 than RC1. Macroelement K and microelement B in root increased in RC2. The metabolite results in shoot showed that sugars related to galactose metabolism reduced while amino acids significantly increased in RC2. In root, sugars related to fructose and mannose metabolism decreased in both RC1 and RC2 while most flavonoids increased in RC2. It can be concluded that cotyledon removal triggered different metabolic strategies in both root and shoot. In shoot, more Mn was absorbed to improve the lowered photosynthetic efficiency. Meanwhile, increased Na may have promoted carbohydrate consumption and amino acid synthesis, thereby maintaining shoot growth. In root, K and B participation in cell division and expansion increased, as well as the delivery and metabolism of carbohydrates, to maintain root system growth.

Aulacaspis yasumatsui Delivers a Blow to International Cycad Horticulture

The literature covering the biology, invasion chronology, host plant responses, and control efforts of the armored scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (Hempitera: Diaspididae) is reviewed. The small size of this cycad pest and complex surface morphology of the host cycad organs combine to make visual detection of every cryptic infestation difficult or impossible to achieve. The international movement of Cycas revoluta Thunb. nursery plants and the presence of C. revoluta nursery industries in so many countries have enabled this pest to wreak havoc on the international cycad horticulture trade over the last 25 years. The short pre-oviposition period and considerable female fecundity lead to rapid population expansion on the plants initially infested in newly invaded regions. A depletion of non-structural carbohydrates accompanies long-term infestations and precedes plant death. Enemy escape within the invasive range allows the scale population growth to remain unchecked until anthropogenic efforts establish non-native biological control.

Organic nitrogen sources promote andrographolide biosynthesis by reducing nitrogen metabolism and increasing carbon accumulation in Andrographis paniculata

Nitrogen (N) form affects secondary metabolites of medicinal plants, but the physiological and molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. To fully understand the response of andrographolide biosynthesis to different N forms in Andrographis paniculata, the plants were fed with nutritional solution containing sole N source of nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+), urea or glycine (Gly), and the growth, carbon (C) and N metabolisms and andrographolide biosynthesis were analyzed. We found that plants grown in urea and Gly performed greater photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) than those grown in NO3− and NH4+. Organic N sources reduced the activities of enzymes involving in C and N metabolisms such as glutamine synthase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH), invertase (INV), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and glycolate oxidase (GO), resulting in reduced depletion of carbohydrates and increased starch accumulation. However, they enhanced andrographolide content by up-regulating the key genes in its biosynthetic pathway including HMGR, DXS, GGPS and ApCPS. Besides, NH4+ decreased leaf SPAD value, contents of soluble protein and amino acids and GO activity, but increased photosynthetic rate and contents of soluble sugar and starch in comparison to NO3−. Andrographolide biosynthesis was also up-regulated. The results revealed that increasing accumulation of carbohydrates, especially starch, was beneficial to the biosynthesis of andrographolide; organic N sources decreased carbohydrate depletion by reducing N metabolism, and promoted plant growth and andrographolide biosynthesis synergistically.

Carbohydrate depletion in roots impedes phosphorus nutrition in young forest trees.

Nutrient imbalances cause the deterioration of tree health in European forests, but the underlying physiological mechanisms are unknown. Here, we investigated the consequences of decreasing root carbohydrate reserves for phosphorus (P) mobilisation and uptake by forest trees. In P-rich and P-poor beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests, naturally grown, young trees were girdled and used to determine root, ectomycorrhizal and microbial activities related to P mobilisation in the organic layer and mineral topsoil in comparison with those in nongirdled trees. After girdling, root carbohydrate reserves decreased. Root phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities linking carbon and P metabolism increased. Root and ectomycorrhizal phosphatase activities and the abundances of bacterial genes catalysing major steps in P turnover increased, but soil enzymes involved in P mobilisation were unaffected. The physiological responses to girdling were stronger in P-poor than in P-rich forests. P uptake was decreased after girdling. The soluble and total P concentrations in roots were stable, but fine root biomass declined after girdling. Our results support that carbohydrate depletion results in reduced P uptake, enhanced internal P remobilisation and root biomass trade-off to compensate for the P shortage. As reductions in root biomass render trees more susceptible to drought, our results link tree deterioration with disturbances in the P supply as a consequence of decreased belowground carbohydrate allocation.

Plant carbohydrate depletion impairs water relations and spreads via ectomycorrhizal networks.

Under prolonged drought and reduced photosynthesis, plants consume stored nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs). Stored NSC depletion may impair the regulation of plant water balance, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, and whether such mechanisms are independent of plant water deficit is not known. If so, carbon costs of fungal symbionts could indirectly influence plant drought tolerance through stored NSC depletion. We connectedwell-watered Pinus ponderosa seedling pairs via ectomycorrhizal (EM) networks where one seedling was shaded (D) and the other kept illuminated (LD) and compared responses to seedling pairs in full light (L). We measured plant NSCs, osmotic and water potential, and transfer of 13 CO2 through EM to explore mechanisms linking stored NSCs to plant water balance regulation and identify potential tradeoffs between plant water retention and EM fungi under carbon-limiting conditions. NSCs decreased from L to LD to D seedlings. Even without drought, NSC depletion impaired osmoregulation and turgor maintenance, both of which are critical for drought tolerance. Importantly, EM networks propagated NSC depletion and its negative effects on water retention from carbon stressed to nonstressed hosts. We demonstrate that NSC storage depletion influences turgor maintenance independently of plant water deficit and reveal carbon allocation tradeoffs between supporting fungal symbionts and retaining water.

Alterations of the Treatment-Naive Gut Microbiome in Newly Diagnosed Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to many heath disorders including hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, profiles of the gut microbiota alterations in HCV are inconsistent in the literature and are affected by the treatment regimens. Using samples collected prior to treatment from newly diagnosed patients, we characterized the gut microbiota structure in HCV patients as compared to healthy controls. Treatment-naive HCV microbiota showed increased diversity, an increased abundance of Prevotella, Succinivibrio, Catenibacterium, Megasphaera, and Ruminococcaceae, and a lower abundance of Bacteroides, Dialister, Bilophila, Streptococcus, parabacteroides, Enterobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Alistipes. Predicted community metagenomic functions showed a depletion of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in HCV microbiota along with perturbations of amino acid metabolism. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis identified five disease-specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs) as potential biomarkers of HCV infections. Collectively, our findings reveal the alteration of gut microbiota in treatment naive HCV patients and suggest that gut microbiota may hold diagnostic promise in HCV infection.

Features of the chemical structure of different organic matter pools in Haplic Chernozem of the Streletskaya steppe: 13C MAS NMR study

The aim of the current research was to study structural features of four organic matter (OM) pools isolated by the modified method of granulo-densimetric fractionation from two Сhernozems. We purposed to relate these features to the OM allocation and the transformation processes. The pools included: 1) free light fraction located in an inter-aggregate space, 2) light fraction occluded inside the microaggregates, 3) OM bound with clay particles, and 4) OM bound with a residual heavy fraction left after light fractions and clay separation. Soils of contrasting land uses: steppe and long-term permanent bare fallow were selected to assess changes that occur in soil OM during the degradation. We used 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy controlling the quantitativeness of spectra with the aid of 13C DP/MAS NMR. The obtained spectra of the studied fractions clearly differed in the proportion of main functional groups. The occluded OM is more aromatic compared to the free OM. The structural changes observed at transition from the free light fraction to the occluded one indicate an active decomposition of lignin and carbohydrates in the latter fraction. This provides in the occluded OM appropriate conditions for the formation of “young HA”: high local concentration of substrates and spatial proximity of enzymes. At C-deficiency (bare fallow) the chemical structure of the occluded OM is very close to that of humic acids. The chemical structure of the clay bound OM reflects high content of products of microbial origin. OM of the residual heavy fraction differs from that of the clay: the proportions of main functional groups in it are more close to that of the free light fraction, but with higher carboxyl content. Heavy fractions also differ under acid treatment: the residue losses less carbon. The above-mentioned differences show that the division of heavy fractions into two components is reasonable. Various acid hydrolyzability indicates a predominance of strong chemical bonds in the occluded OM and the significant contribution of weak bonds in the clay OM, i.e., the occluded OM is highly condensed, in contrast, components of the clay OM are largely interconnected by hydrogen-, coordinate, hydrophobic and other relatively weak bonds. Soil degradation under extreme land use leads not only to OM scarcity, but also to its greater hydrolyzability, strong enrichment with aromatic fragments and depletion of carbohydrate and aliphatic fragments in all studied fractions. Degradation changes in the occluded OM are most pronounced. Our results demonstrate that the applied fractionation scheme coupled with quantitative 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy is a very promising approach for evaluating processes of soil OM transformation and degradation.

Season-dependent effects of ZnO nanoparticles and elevated temperature on bioenergetics of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis

Input of ZnO nanoparticles (nZnO) from multiple sources have raised concerns about the potential toxic effects on estuarine and coastal organisms. The toxicity of nZnO and its interaction with common abiotic stressors (such as elevated temperature) are not well understood in these organisms. Here, we examined the bioenergetics responses of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis exposed for 21 days to different concentrations of nZnO or dissolved zinc (Zn2+) (0, 10, 100 μg l−1) and two temperatures (ambient and 5 °C warmer) in winter and summer. Exposure to nZnO had little effect on the protein and lipid levels, but led to a significant depletion of carbohydrates and a decrease in the electron transport system (ETS) activity. Qualitatively similar but weaker effects were found for dissolved Zn. In winter mussels, elevated temperature (15 °C) led to elevated protein and lipid levels increasing the total energy content of the tissues. In contrast, elevated temperature (20 °C) resulted in a decrease in the lipid and carbohydrate levels and suppressed ETS in summer mussels. These data indicate that moderate warming in winter (but not in summer) might partially compensate for the bioenergetics stress caused by nZnO toxicity in M. edulis from temperate areas such as the Baltic Sea.

Factors affecting territrem B production by aspergillus terreus CCRC 32111 in potato-dextrose medium

The effects of incubation time, temperature, medium volume, and initial pH on the production of territrem B (TRB) by Aspergillus terreus CCRC 32111 were investigated. At 28°C, maximal TRB production and mycelial growth were seen after 12 days' incubation in potato-dextrose (PD) liquid medium. Greatest TRB production occurred after rapid depletion of available carbohydrate at the stationary phase of fungal growth. TRB production decreased when the broth volume/culture container volume ratio increased, but increased if initial pH was alkaline. These results show that the TRB production is affected by factors including incubation time, temperature, medium volume, and the initial pH of medium.

Long Term Habituation To Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet Preserved Performance And Central Drive After 2 Hours Of Running: A Case Study

PURPOSE: While the brain is usually wholly dependent on glucose for fuel, prolonged carbohydrate deprivation results in adaptations that allow the brain to access fat via ketone bodies. Given the depletion of carbohydrate that takes place during prolonged exercise, a shift toward ketone bodies may maintain central nervous system function, preventing the central fatigue observed during long-duration exercise. In addition, enhancing peripheral muscle’s use of free fatty acids and intra-muscular lipids might prolong contractions. Thus, high fat/low carb diets have been proposed to delay fatigue during endurance exercise. However, studies utilizing periods of 1 to 5 weeks of adaptation to high fat diets have shown equivocal changes in performance at moderate or high intensities. We compare endurance and time trial performance of a keto-adapted male runner (KETO) to 8 subjects (NORM) on whom we have previously reported. METHODS: We measured peripheral and central fatigue in 8 men runners (38±2 yrs; VO2peak 59±3 ml/kg/min) who habitually ate a carbohydrate-liberal diet (NORM) and in a runner (41 yrs, 70 ml/kg/min) who followed a high fat/low carb diet for >2 years. Water was provided at 1% of body mass/hr, during a 2-hr run at ventilatory threshold (~65% VO2peak), followed by a self-paced 2-km time trial (TT). RPE and respiratory measures were determined every 20 minutes. Strength was tested in a semi-reclined position [75° hip flexion, to facilitate femoral nerve stimulation] pre-exercise, after the 2-hr run and post-time trial as follows: voluntary isometric quad strength was measured on the Biodex with the knee flexed 60°, and with superimposed peripheral magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve to determine central activation (CAR). RESULTS: Respiratory exchange ratio indicated that KETO (0.78) used less carbohydrate than NORM (0.86±0.01) during the 2-hr run. While we measured no fatigue of any kind in KETO, NORM declined in voluntary strength (-16±5%) and experienced loss of central drive to the muscle (CAR decreased from 0.85±0.04 to 0.76±0.05). KETO ran the TT at a mean pace of 16.4 km/hr compared to 14.8±0.7 km/hr in NORM. CONCLUSIONS: Our KETO runner did not display strength loss and may have had better TT performance after exhausting exercise as compared to our NORM runners who exhibited central fatigue.

The Effect Of Acute Carbohydrate Restriction On Squat Performance And Serum Energy Substrate Levels

Carbohydrate restrictive diets have become increasingly prevalent among recreational and professional athletes as a means of losing weight and improving body composition. Currently, few data indicate a clear relationship between carbohydrate restriction (CR) and performance in resistance exercise (RE). PURPOSE: To investigate the acute effects of CR on squat performance and serum energy substrate levels in recreationally trained individuals. METHODS: Seven healthy recreationally trained males (22.6 + 3.47 yrs., 80.74 + 8.40 kg, 178.05 + 5.00 cm) completed RE under two conditions in randomized order: 1) control (CON) and 2) a (CR) condition, which included a carbohydrate depletion exercise trial (CDEX). In CR, subjects first performed the CDEX, which consisted of 60 minutes of cycling at >75% of participants’ heart rate (HR) max followed by four 1-minute bouts at >95% HR max with two minute rest in between sets. CDEX was then followed by 48 hours of reduced carbohydrate (CHO) intake (<5% daily caloric intake). RE in both CON and CR consisted of squats, loaded via inertial resistance using a Yo-YoTM flywheel squat device. Fasting blood glucose and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured pre-exercise in both conditions as well as throughout the CDEX. RESULTS: Total caloric intake was significantly (p < 0.001) lower during CR (mean + SD: 1661.24 + 691.6 kcal) compared to the CON (2433.85 + 527.4 kcal). No differences were found in total grams of protein (PRO) or fat intake between conditions. Percent total daily caloric intake from CHO (p < 0.001) was significantly lower in the CR condition (7.40 + 3.32% CHO), while percent total daily caloric intake from PRO and fat were significantly higher in the CR (32.90 + 8.54% PRO, 58.17 + 11.96% fat) compared to CON (37.81 + 9.26% CHO, 20.03 + 5.53% PRO, 37.47 + 11.80% fat). Fasting blood glucose levels (p = 0.017) were significantly lower in the CR (84.57 + 4.79 mg/dL) compared to the CON (93.28 + 6.90 mg/dL) yet there was no difference in blood TG levels (p = 0.177; 64.43 + 15.13 mg/dL vs. 59.29 + 14.16 mg/dL). Total average power output (p = 0.05) and total peak power output (p = 0.047) were significantly lower in the CR. CONCLUSION: While CDEX combined with CR may acutely reduce fasting blood glucose, this may be at the sacrifice of RE performance, especially during the initial phase of CR adaptation.