Deoxynivalenol In Corn Research Articles

Effect of Fungicide Application and Corn Hybrid Class on the Presence of Fusarium graminearum and the Concentration of Deoxynivalenol in Ear and Stalk Parts of Corn (Zea mays) Used for Silage.

In Wisconsin, the use of brown midrib (BMR) corn (Zea mays) hybrids for ensiling and subsequent feeding to dairy cows is quite common. The overall milk production from cows fed silage from BMR hybrids is typically higher than those fed silage made from dual-purpose hybrids. Gibberella diseases (ear and stalk rot) caused by Gibberella zeae (anamorph; Fusarium graminearum) and the accompanying accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) can be significant issues during the field production of BMR hybrids. The work presented here aimed to understand the role of hybrid class on the distribution of F. graminearum DNA and DON in the ear and stalk parts of corn for silage. An ear and stalk partitioned sample experiment was conducted on silage corn from field trials in Arlington, Wisconsin, in 2020 and 2021. The trials were arranged in a randomized complete block design in both years, including one BMR hybrid, one dual-purpose hybrid, and seven fungicide application regimes. Paired ear and stalk samples were physically separated, dried, and ground at harvest before determining the concentration of F. graminearum DNA and DON in each sample. Across both years, the main effects of hybrid, treatment, and plant part were not significant (P > 0.1) on DON concentration. However, the hybrid-by-plant part interaction effect was significant (P < 0.01). Ears of the BMR hybrid accumulated the most DON, whereas the dual-purpose hybrid ears had the lowest DON concentration. The concentrations of DON and F. graminearum DNA were significantly (P < 0.01) and highly correlated in the ear (r = 0.73) but not in the stalk (r = 0.09, P = 0.33). These findings suggest that DON accumulation in the corn ear is a major contributor in the difference observed in the total DON between the hybrid classes. Therefore, growers and researchers are encouraged to focus production and breeding on hybrids in both classes that accumulate less DON in ears, resulting in lower total DON in corn chopped for silage.

"Green" Extraction and On-Site Rapid Detection of Aflatoxin B1, Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol in Corn, Rice and Peanut.

The common mycotoxins in polluted grains are aflatoxin B1(AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Because of the potential threat to humans and animals, it is necessary to detect mycotoxin contaminants rapidly. At present, later flow immunoassay (LFIA) is one of the most frequently used methods for rapid analysis. However, multistep sample pretreatment processes and organic solvents are also required to extract mycotoxins from grains. In this study, we developed a one-step and "green" sample pretreatment method without using organic solvents. By combining with LFIA test strips and a handheld detection device, an on-site method for the rapid detection of AFB1, ZEN and DON was developed. The LODs for AFB1, ZEN and DON in corn are 0.90 μg/kg, 7.11 μg/kg and 10.6 μg/kg, respectively, and the working ranges are from 1.25 μg/kg to 40 μg/kg, 20 μg/kg to 2000 μg/kg and 35 μg/kg to 1500 μg/kg, respectively. This method has been successfully applied to the detection of AFB1, ZEN and DON in corn, rice and peanut, with recoveries of 89 ± 3%-106 ± 3%, 86 ± 2%-108 ± 7% and 90 ± 2%-106 ± 10%, respectively. The detection results for the AFB1, ZEN and DON residues in certified reference materials by this method were in good agreement with their certificate values.

Development of Aptamer-Based Au Nanoparticle Lateral Flow Test Strips for the Detection of Deoxynivalenol in Corn

Development of Aptamer-Based Au Nanoparticle Lateral Flow Test Strips for the Detection of Deoxynivalenol in Corn

Study on the degradation of deoxynivalenol in corn and wheat both in the lab and barn by low concentration ozone

Based on the distribution characteristics of deoxynivalenol (DON) in corn and wheat grains, a technology on the degradation of DON with low concentration of ozone has been explored. The results indicated that DON in both corn and wheat grains was mainly distributed in the episperm with a decreasing trend from the outside to the inside of the kernel. Meanwhile, the degradation rates of DON (per 100 g in sample), which was treated with 3 mg/L ozone for 8h in the lab and 96h in the barn, reached about 40% and 50%, respectively, when DON was mainly distributed on the outside of the episperm. The result was slightly lower than that reported in similar literature with 60–100 mg/L ozone treatment. In addition, the treatment of ozone (3 mg/L) hardly affected the original quality indexes of grains and effectively reduced the total fungal count in grains (at least 1 cycle log cfu/g). However, the low content of moisture in raw grains stored in the warehouse would limit the further penetration of ozone and the detoxification effect depending on the distribution of DON in the grains, especially in the episperm. In addition, the results of UPLC-QTOF/MS and NMR analysis indicated that the final degradation product of DON was dimethyl adipate, which was a lower toxic substance. This work had a practical significance for the treatment of grain with over standard vomitoxin in real warehouse. Novelty impact statement Overall, the purpose of this study was to explore a technology, which could be applied practically in barns, for the degradation of DON in grains with low concentration of ozone. Although the low content of moisture in grains stored in the barn would limit the further penetration of ozone, 3 mg/L ozone used in this study still obviously showed potential in inhibition of molds growth in grain pile, thereby reducing the content of DON in grains and its application in barns on the whole. This work had an practical significance for the treatment of grain with over standard vomitoxin in real warehouse.

Simultaneous detection of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in corn and wheat using surface plasmon resonance

Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi or molds, which may cause serious harm to human health through polluted cereal foods. In order to measure the typical mycotoxin contaminations in wheat and corn, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method was established using SPR sensor chip that was fabricated based on self-assembled monolayer. The minimum detection limit of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol were identified as 0.59 ng/mL, 1.27 ng/mL, 7.07 ng/mL and 3.26 ng/mL, respectively. The cross-reactivity for all four mycotoxins were demonstrated to be low. Moreover, the test data were compared with HPLC-MS/MS confirmatory analysis results and good agreement was found between them. In conclusion, the SPR method for simultaneously detecting four mycotoxins has been developed with high sensitivity, good linearity and specificity, which can meet the detection requirements of cereal foods.

Evaluation of Correlations Between Nutrients, Fatty Acids, Heavy Metals, and Deoxynivalenol in Corn (Zea mays L.)

SUMMARY This study was conducted to develop linear regression equations to estimate nutrients, fatty acids, heavy metals, color characteristics (L,* a,* b*), and deoxynivalenol (DON) level of corn grains (n = 54) collected from different feed mills in Turkey. Procc corr and reg procedures were used to analyze the data. Among the nutrients, asit detergent lignin, Ca, and P had the highest variability. The heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were lower than certain limits posted by regulation agencies for animals. Occurrence of DON was 53%, with the highest level of 0.725 ppm. Total of 32 highly significant (P

Fast determination of multi-mycotoxins in corn by dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A fast analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 9 mycotoxins, including aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), fumonisins (B1, B2 and B3), zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol in corn using dispersive solid-phase extraction method and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was developed and validated. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile-water (84:16, v:v, containing 1% acetic acid) using ultrasonic extraction. The extracts were purified with a dispersive SPE method using C18 as a cleaning agent. The final clear extracts were dried by nitrogen blowing and subsequently redissolved in methanol-water (5:5, v:v). The samples were then analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS with 0.1% formic acid in ammonium acetate-methanol as mobile phase. The mean recoveries were ranged from 68.0 to 120.0%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 0.18 to 6.29%. Limits of detections ranged from 0.05 to 50 μg kg−1, and limits of quantification ranged from 0.1 to 200 μg kg−1, which were below the legal limits set by the European Union for the legislated mycotoxins. The developed method was applied to 130 corn samples. Among the mycotoxins studied, aflatoxins B1 and fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 were the most predominant mycotoxins, and their concentrations were 0–593.12, 0–2.01×104, 0–6.94×103 and 0–3.05×103 μg kg−1, respectively.

Simultaneous Determination of Masked Deoxynivalenol and Some Important Type B Trichothecenes in Chinese Corn Kernels and Corn-Based Products by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A total of 969 corn kernels and corn-based products collected from 24 provinces in China between 2008 and 2011 were analyzed for deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol 3-glucoside, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Deoxynivalenol was the predominant mycotoxin detected. A total of 29 out of 969 samples (corn kernels: 9/289, mean = 1884 μg/kg; corn-based products: 20/680, mean = 1580 μg/kg) contain deoxynivalenol at the levels exceeding the Chinese regulatory limit of 1000 μg/kg for deoxynivalenol in corn. The average relative concentration ratios (%) for deoxynivalenol 3-glucoside/deoxynivalenol for all four years were 25% ± 5% in corn kernels and 34% ± 4% in corn-based products. The results of this study indicate that it is necessary to include deoxynivalenol 3-glucoside in both risk assessment of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives and development of the tolerance limit for deoxynivalenol in Chinese corn kernels and corn-based products.

Determination of optimal conditions for hydrolysis of conjugated deoxynivalenol in corn and wheat with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common mycotoxin contaminating corn and wheat and conjugated forms are also present. Recent studies have suggested that current analytical methods for DON analysis in feedstuffs do not detect conjugated forms in the absence of hydrolysis. The aim of the current study, therefore, was to determine the optimal conditions in which conjugated DON in corn and wheat can be hydrolyzed by trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA). The optimal hydrolysis procedure was determined based on reaction duration, reaction temperature and TFMSA concentration. Total DON concentrations were determined using ELISA with free DON concentrations determined by ELISA and GC–MS. The optimal hydrolysis conditions for determination of conjugated DON in corn were found to be 0.5M TFMSA incubated for 20min at 22°C. Optimal conditions for wheat samples were 0.5M TFMSA incubated for 40min at 40°C. Using these optimal hydrolysis conditions, 10 corn samples and 10 wheat samples were analyzed to determine the presence of conjugated DON. All samples contained conjugated DON with an increase of 8–70% for DON in corn following hydrolysis and an increase of 7–75% for DON in wheat. This hydrolysis procedure will aid in the accurate determination of total DON and conjugated DON in feedstuffs.

Gas chromatography: mass spectrometry determination of trichothecene mycotoxins in commercial corn harvested in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

The incidence of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and toxins T-2 (T2) and HT-2 (HT2) in 80 samples of commercial corn harvested in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. They were collected in the silos of the two largest corn farmer's cooperatives of this state. The samples were extracted with water/acetonitrile and cleaned-up with MycoSep columns. After trifluoroacetic anhydride derivatization the samples were submitted to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Detection limits ranged from 10 ng g-1 to 40 ng g-1. NIV was present in 5 samples and DON and NIV occurred simultaneously in one sample. DAS, T2 and HT2 were not detected. This is the first report that shows the prevalence of NIV over DON in corn harvested in Brazil.

Optimization of the determination of deoxynivalenol in corn samples by liquid chromatography and a comparison of two clean-up principles

The determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in corn by liquid chromatography with DAD detection was optimized. The separations were achieved on a Hypersil ODS column (100 x 4.6 mm; particle size 5 ?m) by isocratic elution (0.6 cm3/min), a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile?water in the ratio of 16:84. UV Detection was performed at 220 nm. Linear calibration curves were constructed in the concentration range of 0.72 ? 12.00 ng/?l (equivalent to 0.29 ? 4.8 ?g/g com). The detection limit measured as the signal-to-noise ratio (3:1) was 0.16 ng/?l for DON (equivalent to 0.06 ?g/g corn). The efficiencies of two clean-up principles for crude corn extract were compared solid-phase and immunochemical extraction. The efficiency of solid-phase extraction was found to be higher, with a value of 92.7 % when MycoSep 225 columns were used, while its value was 97.6 % when self-made activated charcoal?alumina?Celite?cationic columns were used. In contrast, the efficiency of the immunochemical columns (IMA) was only 73.8%. It was also found that the self-made columns could be used at least three times in a row in that way differing from the MycoSep 225 columns, which could not be reused either with or without regeneration, as well as from the IMA columns, which had a regeneration efficiency of 53.6 %.

Determination of deoxynivalenol in corn

By applying previously established optimal conditions for determination of deoxynivalenol by liquid chromatography with DAD detector, its content was determined in this work in corn samples artificially inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. The samples presented material of different genetic origin, and are frequently used as parent components of corn hybrids in the moderate belt. The obtained values for deoxynivalenol content were not higher than the maximum permitted level (1 g/g), regardless of the fact that the fungus was artificially inoculated. This is probably a consequence of the absence of humid weather, as well as extremely high temperatures during the sampling period (year 2003).

Natural co‐occurrence of aflatoxins and Fusavium mycotoxins (fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone) in corn from Indonesia

Sixteen corn samples collected from Indonesia were analysed for aflatoxins (AF), fumonisins (FM), trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZEA) using high‐performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. AF were detected in 11 (69%) samples at a mean level of 119 ng/g (maximum 487 ng/g) and FM in all of the samples at a mean level of 895 ng/g (maximum 2970 ng/g). Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and ZEA were each detected in two (12%) samples; 21 and 32 ng/g, 49 and 169 ng/ g, and 11 and 12 ng/g, respectively. All of the AF‐contaminated samples were co‐contaminated with FM. Mycological study showed all of the AF‐contaminated samples were infected with A. flavus/A. parasiticus, and the FM‐contaminated samples were either infected with F. moniliforme (50%) F. proliferatum (12%) F. nygamai (6%) or F. decemcellulare (38%). Supportive mycological studies showed that Fusarium species isolated from Indonesian corn were capable of producing a mean level of 10000 μg/g FM. Based on these results, the correlation between FM‐producers and AF‐producers on kernel infection and contamination of these mycotoxins in corn was discussed. This is the first report on the natural co‐occurrence of AF and various Fusarium mycotoxins, including DON and NIV in corn from Indonesia, and also the first report on the natural occurrence of DON in corn from hot areas of Southeast Asia.

Comparison of Thin-Layer Chromatography and an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection and Quantification of Deoxynivalenol in Corn and Wheat

The trichothecene, deoxynivalenol (DON), is a common mycotoxin found in wheat and corn. Detection methods for DON have limitations in accuracy, sensitivity, ease of use, and turn-around time. Two methods, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for DON detection and quantification were compared. The methods varied considerably in the amounts of DON detected in 51 different grain samples, with the ELISA method showing higher concentrations than the TLC method. Much of the unaccounted-for DON may have been lost during sample preparation for the TLC method. Recovery rates for the TLC method at DON levels of 1 and 5 ppm were 46% and 25% in corn grits and 32% and 26% in ground wheat respectively. Recovery rates for the ELISA method at 1 and 5 ppm levels were both 96% in corn grits and respectively 83% and 69% in ground wheat. The ELISA method was much faster and less laborious than the TLC method and did not use organic solvents, which are required in the TLC method.

Limited Survey of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat and Corn in the United States

A limited survey was conducted over a 2-year period to determine the incidence and levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in corn and wheat grown in selected areas of the United States. Samples of corn (198) and wheat (247) were collected and analyzed by a gas chromatographic method. Sixty-six percent of the corn samples collected in 1984 and 30% of the corn samples collected in 1985 contained DON. The average concentration of DON in corn, by state, ranged from 0.11 to 1.20 micrograms/g; the maximum concentration was 2.47 micrograms/g. Only 2 of the 247 samples of wheat contained DON at a concentration greater than 2 micrograms/g, which is the level of concern suggested by the Food and Drug Administration for wheat entering the milling process for human consumption.

A survey of mold flora and of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in corn imported to ISRAEL

Shipments of corn imported to Israel from the U.S.A. during 1985 were sampled during unloading and examined for the presence of fungi and the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON). The most frequent species found on the corn wasAspergillus flavus followed byA. versicolor; three otherAspergilli — A. niger, A. ochraceus andA. fumigatus — were found at a much lower frequency. DON analysis was performed by electron capture detection gas chromatography after derivatization with heptafluorobutyryl imidazole. At fortification levels of 0.1, 1 and 2 μg/g, recoveries of 80—100% were obtained. Although DON was not detected in any of the samples analyzed, the observation (in the shipments) of fungi belonging to the generaFusarium andAspergillus suggests a potential danger of mycotoxin contamination. The relatively high moisture content of the samples increased the likelihood of such a hazard.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Deoxynivalenol in Corn and Wheat

The availability of antibody against deoxynivalenol (DON) triacetate (Tri-Ac-DON) has enabled development of a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an indirect ELISA for DON in corn and wheat. In both assays, DON is extracted from the sample with acetonitrile-water, reacted with acetic anhydride to form Tri-Ac-DON, and diluted in phosphate buffer for analysis. Direct ELISA was found to be the more sensitive procedure. Fewer interferences are evidenced, and the assay is less time consuming than is indirect ELISA. For direct ELISA, recovery of 10-1000 ppb DON added to corn and wheat was 100% (SD 15, CV 15%) and 102.1% (SD 12.2, CV 11.9%), respectively. For indirect ELISA, overall recovery of 10-1000 ppb DON added to wheat was 121.5% (SD 39.5, CV 32.5%); in the higher concentration range (500-1000 ppb), recovery was 105% (SD 18, CV 17%). The minimal detection level for DON was around 10 ppb. Analysis of 7 naturally contaminated samples for DON showed that the ELISA results agreed well with those obtained by radioimmunoassay and thin-layer chromatography.

Differential-pulse polarography of trichothecene toxins: detection of deoxynivalenol in corn.

The polarographic behaviour of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol has been investigated. It was found that the electrochemical activity of trichothecene toxins is related to the presence of an α,β-unsaturated keto group and consequently the polarographic method was selective for trichothecenes having keto groups. Differential-pulse polarography gave a detection limit for a pure solution of deoxynivalenol of 0.029 µmol l–1(8.6 ng ml–1). This technique, coupled with an appropriate extraction procedure, was applied to the determination of deoxynivalenol in Fusarium infected corn. A detection limit of about 50 ng g–1(for 50 g of the original sample) was estimated.