Density In Postmenopausal Women Research Articles

O EFEITO TARDIO DA PRÁTICA DA AMAMENTAÇÃO NA DENSIDADE MINERAL ÓSSEA DE MULHERES NA PÓS-MENOPAUSA: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA DE ESTUDOS OBSERVACIONAIS

Breastfeeding is a period of intense bone mobilization for milk production. During this phase, womensuffer a great loss of bone mass with evidence of recovery after weaning. Currently this has been a worryingperiod in woman’s life as there are suspicions that bone loss during lactation generates a late effect on bonemineral density (BMD) when this woman is postmenopausal. The reduced BMD is a major risk factor forosteoporosis that affects around 200 million women over fifty years worldwide. The aim of this study wasto evaluate the effect of breastfeeding on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. For this, weperformed a systematic literature review. The search for articles in databases (Lilacs, Medline via Pubmedand Scopus) were supplemented by manual checking of references. It was identified a total of 181 articlesand, after applying the inclusion criteria, 24 articles were selected for the systematic review. The resultsof several studies are divergent concerning methodological issues, classification of breastfeeding duration,for the variables that cause confusion, age group and ethnicity, which makes comparisons between themdifficult. Part of the studies relates some kind of effect (positive or negative) while another part shows, themost frequently, the observation of an inverse correlation between breastfeeding and bone mineral densityin postmenopausal. However, when other variables (number of pregnancies, age, time since menopause, etc.)are considered in the analysis in conjunction with breastfeeding, the latter loses significant relationship. Morestudies with better methodological rigor are still necessary to evaluate if indeed the effect can be attributedto breastfeeding or other factors that are also related to bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. DOI 10.12957/demetra.2014.10832

Analysis of High Impact Movements on Body Composition, Strength and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women.

Analysis of High Impact Movements on Body Composition, Strength and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women.

Body composition and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

Body composition and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

Does testosteron have an effect on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

What factors influenced on femoral neck bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?

What factors influenced on femoral neck bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?

Influence of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history

Introduction: Estrogen deficiency leads to bone mass loss and increased risk for osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to examine influence of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history.Methods: The total of 100 postmenopausal women living in Sarajevo area, aged 50-65 years, with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history participated in this prospective study. The subjects were divided in two groups, examination and control group, based on bone mineral density values. The women in the examination group had osteoporosis while in the control group were women with osteopenia or normal bone mineral density. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine and proximal femur by Dual–Energy X–ray Absorptiometry using Hologic QDR-4000 scanner. Smoking habits were assessed for each subject.Results: The average number of cigarettes smoked per day in women with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history was 14.86 in the examination group and 4.67 in the control group. The difference in the average number of cigarettes smoked per day between the two groups was statistically significant (p <0.01). The coefficient of linear correlation between T score and the number of cigarettes smoked per day among women with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history in the examination group was statistically significant (p<0.01). The coefficient of linear correlation between T score and the number of cigarettes smoked per day among women with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history in the control group was statistically significant ( p<0.05).Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that cigarette smoking has negative impact on bone mineral density and that healthy lifestyle (no smoking) has the potential to reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history.

Serum omentin-1 concentration and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

To determine the relationship between serum omentin-1 concentration and bone mineral desity in postmenopausal women, and the adipose influence of tissue on bone mineral density (BMD). BMD values of 336 participants were measured by dual-energy-x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at various skeletal sites: the anteroposterior spine, femeral neck, total hip (T-hip) and total body BMD (TBMD). Body compositions including lean tissue mass (LTM) and body fat mass (FBM) were measured by DEXA. The plasma concentrations of adipocytokines (omentin-1, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, visfatin, and apelin) were measured by ELISA. The overweight and obese groups had higher T-hip, femerol neck, intertrochanter BMD than the nomal weight group. Plasma omentin-1 was negatively correlated with anteroposterior spine, femeral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter, T-hip and Ward's BMD, after adjustment for age, BMI and fat body mass, and the correlation was not significant. Multiple stepwise regression anlysis revealed that lean body mass, menopause duration and estrogen level were the most important variables affecting the BMD and each explained 12.2%-13.7%, 6.9%-13.1%, 0.9%-1.7% of the variance. Serum adiponectin was independently associated with T-hip, lumbar spine and total BMD. Plasma omentin-1 is not significantly correlated with BMD in postmenopausal women. Lean body mass, menopause duration and estrogen level are the most important variables affecting the BMD. Serum adiponectin is an independent predictor of T-hip, lumbar spine and total BMD.

The optimal value of BMI for the lowest risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women aged 40–88 years

The aim of this paper is to establish the optimal values of the body mass index (BMI) which would indicate the most favourable preservation of the bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. The material consists of the data of 369 healthy women aged between 40 and 88 years (mean age 67.84, SD=6.70) inhabitants of Wrocław, which were followed up between 2001 and 2006. The absolute measure of bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), expressed in g/(100mm2) and was transformed to T-score values. According to the value of BMI, the women were divided into eight groups, the reference group with value between 18.0 and 21.9kg/m2 and seven other groups beginning with the value 22.0 with a 2-point interval. Postmenopausal status was defined according to the occurrence of menstruation within the last 360 days. The women with osteopenia and osteoporosis were pooled together and comprised the risk group, whereas the other women comprised the normal group (T-score values above −1.0). The adjusted odds ratio showed the highest value for intervals between 24.0 and 25.9units of BMI, and the lowest value for interval 26.0–27.9units of BMI. The Youden index showed the lowest value in the 26.0–27.9BMIkg/m2 interval. For our sample the optimal value of BMI, with the lowest risk of osteopenia and/or osteoporosis was the value of 26.9kg/m2. A further increase of BMI does not result in a favourable effect on the bones, it rather intensifies negative phenomena in the body resulting in the onset of many diseases.

Disposition and Metabolism of the Cathepsin K Inhibitor Odanacatib in Humans

Odanacatib is a selective inhibitor of the cathepsin K enzyme that is expressed in osteoclasts involved in the degradation of bone organic matrix, and is being developed as a novel treatment of osteoporosis. Odanacatib has demonstrated increases in bone mineral density in postmenopausal women and is undergoing a pivotal phase III trial. The absorption, metabolism, and excretion of [(14)C]odanacatib were studied in healthy male volunteers (n = 6) after a single oral dose of 25 mg (100 µCi). Plasma, urine, and fecal samples were collected at intervals up to 34 days postdose. The pharmacokinetics of odanacatib were characterized by slow absorption (mean time to achieve maximum plasma concentration of 14.2 hours) and long apparent elimination half-life (mean t1/2 96.7 hours); 74.5% of the dose was recovered in feces and 16.9% in urine, resulting in a total recovery of 91.4%. Seven metabolites were identified in urine; the major pathway (methyl hydroxylation producing M8 and its derivatives) was largely dependent on CYP3A. Metabolites and odanacatib accounted for 77% and 23% of urinary radioactivity, respectively. In fecal extracts, the only radioactive components identified were odanacatib (60.9%) and M8 (9.5%). The fraction of odanacatib in feces derived from absorbed drug was estimated using a bioavailability value obtained from the results of a separate intravenous study. Collectively, the data indicate that odanacatib has a long t1/2 on account of its low metabolic intrinsic clearance, and that metabolism (principally mediated by CYP3A) and excretion of intact parent compound account for ∼70% and ∼30% of the clearance of odanacatib in humans.

A Comparison of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (1–36) and Parathyroid Hormone (1–34) on Markers of Bone Turnover and Bone Density in Postmenopausal Women: The PrOP Study

A Comparison of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (1–36) and Parathyroid Hormone (1–34) on Markers of Bone Turnover and Bone Density in Postmenopausal Women: The PrOP Study

Oxytocin, a New Determinant of Bone Mineral Density in Post-Menopausal Women: Analysis of the OPUS Cohort

Oxytocin (OT), a neurohypophysial hormone regulated by estrogen and leptin, may play a role in bone metabolism in humans as suggested by animal studies. This study assessed the relationship between OT and bone status in a large population of postmenopausal women. Subjects were included in the Osteoporosis and Ultrasound study, a 6-year prospective study in a population-based cohort. Final visit data were used for this cross-sectional study. OT, leptin, and estradiol serum levels were measured in 1097 postmenopausal women and compared with bone mineral density (BMD), fractures, and the bone turnover markers (BTMs) procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide, bone alkaline phosphatase, and C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen. The median age was 70.8 years, 16% were osteoporotic, 48% were osteopenic, and 29% had at least one fracture. The OT serum level was related to spine (r = +0.12, P = .0002) and total hip BMD (r = +0.21, P < .0001) and with BTM (procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide: r = -0.13, P < .0001, bone alkaline phosphatase: r = -0.07, P = .02, C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen: r = -0.18, P < .0001). The relationship of OT with BMD was independent of BTM. After adjustment for confounding factors, the correlation between OT serum level and BMD remains significant at the hip in women with unmeasurable estradiol or leptin above the median value. There was no significant relationship between OT serum levels and fractures. High OT levels are associated with high BMD, especially at the hip in women with low estradiol or high leptin serum levels. The mechanism may be explained by the effect of OT on bone turnover.

The Relationship between Polymorphisms in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

The objective of this study was to identify, through a systematic review of the literature, Vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) polymorphisms related to osteoporosis and their effects on bone mineral density (BMD). The articles dated between January 2000 and December 2011 in the Scielo and PubMed databases were reviewed. A total of 23 articles that studied the association between the BsmI, ApaI, FokI, and TaqI polymorphisms and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women were selected. We found systematic studies/meta-analysis (level E-I) and case-control/cohort (level E-IV) studies. No definite conclusions can be made regarding the association of BsmI, ApaI, FokI, and TaqI polymorphisms with BMD among postmenopausal women. Larger and more rigorous analytical studies with consideration of gene-gene/environment interactions are needed to further dissect the mechanisms by which VDR alleles influence BMD.

Association of vitamin D receptor BsmI gene polymorphism with risk of low bone mineral density in post-menopausal women: a meta-analysis.

The vitamin D receptor BsmI gene polymorphism is reportedly associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, but results from previous studies are conflicting. In the present study, we investigated the association between this polymorphism and the risk of low BMD through a meta-analysis of published studies. A literature search of the Pubmed, Embase, and CNKI databases from inception through July 2013 was conducted. The meta-analysis was performed using the STATA 12.0 software. Crude odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the strength of any association. Eleven case-control studies were included for a total of 1468 low BMD cases and 2177 healthy controls. No significant variation in low BMD risk was detected in any of the genetic models. Further stratified analyses were performed to examine the effect of ethnicity. In the subgroup analysis, no significant association was found in Caucasians and in Asians. The meta-analysis results suggest that the BsmI polymorphism is not associated with low BMD risk in postmenopausal women.

Nutritional status and its relationship with bone mass density in postmenopausal women admitted in osteodensitometry center, Isfahan-Iran.

Introduction:Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease and one of the most important modifiable factors in the development and maintenance of bone mass are nutrition nutritional status and its relationship with Bone Mass Density (BMD) in postmenopausal women admitted in osteodensitometry Center, Isfahan, Iran.Materials and Methods:Seventy-two postmenopausal osteoporotic women were studied. BMD of the lumbar spine and total hip were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Demographic and dietary intakes were collected by interview and using a validated food frequency questionnaires. T-scores, Pearson correlation and one way analysis of variance tests were conducted to analyze the data.Results:Mean of age and duration of menopause was nearly 57.5 ± 7.2 and 10.6 ± 7.1 years, respectively. The mean t-scores for BMD of spine and hip were 0.877 ± 0.179 and 0.997 ± 0.21, respectively. The mean of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), fluoride (F), Vitamin D, K and Zn were less than DRI and Na more than it (all P value less than 0.0001). BMD of hip was significantly correlated with dietary Ca, animal protein, Zn (P < 0.05), but BMD of spine did not show any significant correlation with nutrients (P > 0.05).Conclusion:Most of the postmenopausal osteoporotic women in this study had a considerable deficiency in terms of micronutrients such as Ca, vitamin D and P, which can be deleterious for bone health.

Study of correlation between hand circumference and Maximum Grip Strength (MGS)

Background: Testing the grip strength is a useful screening tool in managing chronic wrist pain. Normal hand grip strength is positively related to normal bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, with some researchers suggest that grip strength can be a screening tool for women at risk of osteoporosis. Grip strength is predictive of increased mortality from cardiovascular disease and from cancer in men. Aims & Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the correlations between anthropometric data like forearm circumference, hand circumference, and Body Mass Index (BMI) with maximal grip strength (MGS) in order to establish a simple model to predict normal MGS based on anthropometric measurements. Materials and Methods: Forty males and 40 females in the age group 17-19 years were recruited for the study. MGS was measured with a computerized Hand Dynamometer (AD Instrument, Australia). BMI, forearm circumference and hand circumference were measured. The circumference was measured by flexible measuring tape. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test was applied to evaluate the correlation. Results: There was a positive correlation between all anthropometric data and MGS in both males and females. The hand circumference had the strongest correlation with MGS in both males and females for right hand. However, the correlation was observed only in females for the left hand. Conclusion: Hand circumference is a good indicator to predict normal MGS than BMI and forearm circumference.

Correction: Estrogen Metabolism and Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Correction: Estrogen Metabolism and Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Relationship between the Components of the Metabolic Syndrome and Measures of Bone Mineral Density in Post-Menopausal Women

Aim: To examine the association between individual components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and bone mineral density (BMD) among postmenopausal women. Methods: A total of 177 postmenopausal women participated in a cross-sectional study. They were interviewed to collect anthropometric and demographic characteristics. BMD was measured and biochemical parameters were estimated in fasting blood samples. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine the association between individual components of MetS and BMD. Results: Among 177 postmenopausal women, 116 (66%) had MetS. Women with MetS had significantly higher mean values of BMD and T scores at the total hip (P Conclusions: Body weight and osteocalcin were more strongly associated with bone mass than any other component of MetS in postmenopausal women. However, further studies seem to be needed to confirm their observation.

Clinical Factors Associated with High Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women and their Relationship with Dinucleotide Gtn Repeat Polymorphism in the Estrogen Receptor Alpha Gene

Introduction: Epidemiological evidence shows that variations in estrogen receptor (ER) genes cause alterations in the effect of estrogen in breast tissue, which may explain individual variations in mammographic density. High mammographic density (HMD) is an important risk factor for breast cancer. Objective: To evaluate the association of clinical features and polymorphism of ERα-(GT)n gene and mammographic density in post-menopause women. Casuistry and method: According to ACR-BIRADS criteria, 463 post-menopause women of ages between 45 and 60 have been prospectively analyzed through computer objective assessment, being 308 with HMD and 155 with non-dense breasts (Control group). The participants had not used hormone therapies 12 months prior to assessments and had no personal history of breast cancer. Risk factors for breast cancer considered by other studies also have been analyzed in this paper. Peripheral blood samples have been obtained to extract DNA and to analyze the presence of polymorphism in the ERα-(GT)n promoter region. Results: From the risk factors considered for breast cancer, there was association with high mammographic density in: age (p=0.005); waist circumference (p=0.001); number of pregnancies (p=0.007); age at 1st birth (p=0.035); family history (p=0.035); time after menopause (p=0.007), and body mass index (p=0.022). Differences between HMD and controls for distribution of tanden repeats polymorphism genotype STRs-(GT)n (p=0.151) was verified as non-significant. Conclusion: Our data showed that age, waist circumference, number of pregnancies, age at 1st birth, family history of breast cancer, time after menopause, and body mass index were associated to post-menopause HMD. However, tanden repeats polymorphism (GT)n may not be associated with HMD but it will be necessary studies with a larger number of cases as we have obtained few genotypes (GT)n higher than 17 repeats.

Thyroid Dysfunction Does Not Affect the Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

Thyroid Dysfunction Does Not Affect the Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

CYP19 and ESR1 gene polymorphisms: response of the bone mineral density in post-menopausal women to hormonal replacement therapy

Sex steroids are important regulators of bone physiology and play an essential role in the maintenance of bone health throughout the life. Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) is a treatment commonly used to relieve symptoms and some undesirable consequences of menopause such as osteoporosis. Osteoporosis, characterized by the loss of bone mass and deterioration of microarchitecture with a consequent higher risk of fragility fractures, is under genetic influence. A tetranucleotide (TTTA)n microsatellite repeat polymorphism, at intron 4 of the CYP19 (aromatase) gene, has been previously associated with higher lumbar spine bone mineral density (LS-BMD) and lower risk of spine fracture in postmenopausal women. Moreover, the ERα encoded by the ESR1 gene is another important candidate for the regulation of bone mass of menopause. Moreover prospective analysis from >18.000 subjects at the GENOMOS study indicated that XX homozygotes genotype had a reduced risk of fracture independently from BMD. In the present study, we investigated in postmenopausal Italian women, at baseline and after 1 year of HRT, whether ESR1 and CYP19 gene polymorphisms could affect BMD through different statistical models. This study has been performed on 100 post-menopausal Italian women, from a larger group of 250. The study group was administred HRT and LS-BMD was measured at baseline and after 1 year of therapy. Genetic analysis evaluating ESR1 and CYP19 gene polymorphisms was performed. Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) test showed that women with normal LS-BMD at the baseline had a major statistically significant BMD increase of 0.1426 gr/cm(2) (p= 0.0001) with respect to the osteoporotic patients. In addition, subjects with genotype 1 and 2 of CYP19 gene had a lower modification in LS-BMD after 1 year of HRT (0.0837 gr/cm(2) and 0,076 g/cm(2); p=0.0470 and 0,0547 respectively) when compared to genotype 3. No influences of the aromatase genotypes were observed in the variable difference using both Anova and GLMs test. Regarding the ESR1 gene polymorphism, the LS-BMD after 1 year of HRT was influenced by the diagnosis at the baseline and height and ERα genotypes were able to influence difference with statistical significant results with both test. In the present study, we have demonstrated that CYP19 gene polymorphism is able to influence the effect of 1 year HRT on LS-BMD with no influence on pre-/ and post-/HRT LS-BMD differences. Although ESR1 gene polymorphism is not able to influence the LS-BMD after 1 year HRT, it influences the observed modifications during the year of therapy. These data underlie the complexity of the genetics of the bone mass and its importance in influencing the response to HRT.