Demonstrative Adverbs Research Articles

Demonstratives in Arabic: Evidence from Taizi Yemeni Arabic and Hodeidi Yemeni Arabic

This study aims at exploring demonstratives in two dialects: Hodeidi Yemeni Arabic and Taizi Yemeni Arabic, and comparing them to Modern Standard Arabic. The description of the demonstratives in the two dialects along with Modern Standard Arabic focused on tracing the syntactic and semantic evidence they are like to exhibit. The model used to undertake the analysis follows Diessel (1999). Although demonstratives attracted considerable scholarly attention, the literature reflects a scarcity of research on the two dialects chosen for this study. The findings reveal that the two dialects somehow differ from Modern Standard Arabic. It is concluded that the differences between Modern Standard Arabic and the two other dialects are confined to a semantic aspect. As for the similarities, the study evidences that demonstratives in Modern Standard Arabic, Taizi Yemeni Arabic, and Hodeidi Yemeni Arabic syntactically belong to two categories (demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbs) and they can occur in more than one syntactic context. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that Taizi Yemeni Arabic and Hodeidi Yemeni Arabic almost share similar linguistic features as far as demonstratives are concerned. The study ends up recommending further research on more Yemeni dialects.

QUALCHE OSSERVAZIONE SULLE PARTICELLE ITALIANE CI E VI E SULLE MODALITÀ DELLA LORO TRADUZIONE IN ROMENO

In Italian language, the atonic pronouns ci and vi are mainly personal pronouns or reflexive personal pronouns of the first and second persons of the plural, acting as a direct object or as an indirect object. Moreover, ci and, more seldom, vi, which is felt as a scholarly term, can be used as demonstrative pronouns or locative adverbs. They are also used with a reinforcing value in some set phrases.As Romanian language does not have atonic pronouns corresponding to the particles ci and vi acting as demonstrative pronouns or locative adverbs, we first present a synthesis of the characteristics and use of ci and vi in Italian and then we describe how they are translated into Romanian.

Indicating Difficulty in Describing Something in Words: The Use of Koo in Word Searches in Japanese Talk-in-Interaction

ABSTRACT This study explores how the lexical hesitator koo is used to initiate or continue word searches in Japanese talk-in-interaction. The word koo (“like this,” “in this manner”) is canonically used as a proximal demonstrative adverb of manner, often accompanied by a depicting gesture. We argue that because of its continuity with the canonical use, the hesitator koo (a) projects a descriptive term as a possible search outcome, and (b) indicates difficulty in describing in words what the speaker wants to say. In addition to initiating or continuing a search, the hesitator koo provides information about the type and nature of the resolution of search, thereby enhancing the intersubjectivity of the search process. This study contributes to our understanding of the organization of self-initiated same-turn repair by identifying the function of a particular lingistic resource used for it. Data are in Japanese with English translation.

Deiktiskās, prospektīvās un retrospektīvās frāzes zinātnes valodā

The article focuses on the dimensions of space and time in the Latvian language of science. The space dimension is expressed by the deictic constructions of place (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs), and the time dimension is expressed by prospective and retrospective constructions (adverbs and adjectives). The research material consists of the texts of scientific articles included in the project “The Latvian Language of Science in the Intralingual Aspect”. The aim of the present study is to explore research articles written in Latvian and to single out the most frequently used wording expressing the mentioned dimensions. In the present research, content analysis has been carried out to establish the knowledge gap present in the given field. It was found out that very few publications so far exist pertaining to space and time deixis in the Latvian language. The respective wording in the research material has been singled out with the help of AntConc; therefore, the present study is a study in Latvian Linguistics, with the elements of Corpus Linguistics. The content analysis and the study revealed that the deictic space and prospective and retrospective time constructions are present throughout the articles written in the Latvian language of science, i.e. in the introductory parts, in the main bodies, and the conclusions of the mentioned texts and serve the function of creating the joint psychological space of the author and the audience. They facilitate the process of communication between the author and the reader of the given texts.

Местоименные наречия локативной и темпоральной семантики в языке дабида (банту)

The paper describes linguistic properties of the Dabida pronominal demonstrative adverbs of space and time formed from the demonstrative pronouns in noun class 16 (locative) agreement through the conversion. The language data has been obtained from two Kenyan informants who were native speakers of the Mbololo dialect of Dabida studying in Moscow

Местоименные наречия локативной и темпоральной семантики в языке дабида (банту)

The paper describes linguistic properties of the Dabida pronominal demonstrative adverbs of space and time formed from the demonstrative pronouns in noun class 16 (locative) agreement through the conversion. The language data has been obtained from two Kenyan informants who were native speakers of the Mbololo dialect of Dabida studying in Moscow.

若의 기원과 문법화 과정

This study illustrates the origin and the grammaticalization path of 若 based on its occurrences in the Oracle-Bone Inscriptions (OBI in short), The Book of Documents, The Book of Odes, The Analects, and Mencius. 若 in the OBI means ‘to follow,’ ‘to allow,’ or ‘to be in accord with.’ In The Analects and Mencius, 若 as a verb means ‘to resemble’ or ‘to be like.’ It also expresses a simile. It is used in the form [A+不/弗/莫+若+B] or [A+豈若+B] meaning that A is inferior to B. From a verb meaning ‘to resemble’ or ‘to be like,’ 若 is further grammaticalized into a topic marker and a conditional marker. These topic and conditional markers share syntactic and semantic similarities. Syntactically, both of them appear in the form [若+NP/VP, (則)+VP]. Semantically, they provide the framework for the following discourse. It is very common cross-linguistically that a topic marker is also used as a conditional marker. Examples include 要說 and 的話 in modern Chinese. 若 is also used as a demonstrative adverb and a demonstrative adjective. It is one of the *N- demonstratives that appeared in Archaic Chinese, which later developed into the second-person pronouns. Whether 若 as a demonstrative means proximate or distal awaits a further study.

Constructional variation in Estonian: Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs as determiners in noun phrases

In Estonian, demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbs can be used as determiners in NPs to express similar meanings (cf. selles majas ‘in this house’ and siin majas ‘in this house [here]’). Using multifactorial corpus study, we examine demonstrative choice in such constructions (demPronNP vs. demAdvNP). We demonstrate that the choice between a demonstrative pronoun and an adverb as a determiner is closely related to the meaning of a noun in NP. Most notably, pronouns as determiners co-occur frequently with abstract nouns (including time; e.g., sellel ajal ‘at this time’), and adverbs as determiners with concrete words (including locations; e.g., seal poes ‘in that shop [there]’). Compared to pronouns, adverbs tend to be used more often in combination with words that denote inanimate and static entities. Demonstrative adverbs also occur somewhat more frequently in informal texts and pronouns in formal texts. The results suggest that there is a cline of spatiality ranging from highly spatial sub-constructions of demAdvNP to highly non-spatial sub-constructions of demPronNP. Furthermore, the distinction between demPronNP and demAdvNP is more important in accounting for data variation than the meaning of a demonstrative in terms of the proximal and distal distinction.

Interpreting Estonian Demonstratives: The Effects of Referent's Distance and Visual Salience.

Most of the research done with spatial demonstratives (words such as this, here and that, there) have focused on the production, not the interpretation, of these words. In addition, emphasis has been largely on demonstrative pronouns, leaving demonstrative adverbs with relatively little research attention. The present study explores the interpretation of both demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbs in Estonian—a Finno-Ugric language with two dialectal-specific demonstrative pronoun systems. In the South-Estonian (SE) dialectal region, two demonstrative pronouns, see—“this” and too—“that”, are used. In the North-Estonian (NE) region, only one, see—“this/that”, is used. The aim of this study is twofold. First, we test if the distance and the visual salience of a referent have an effect on the interpretation of demonstratives. Second, we explore if there is a difference in the interpretation of demonstratives between native speakers from SE and NE. We used an interpretation experiment with 30 participants per group (total n = 60) and compared the SE and NE group responses. The results clearly show that the distance of the referent has an effect on how demonstratives are interpreted across the two groups, while the effect of visual salience is inconclusive. There is also a difference in the interpretation of demonstratives between the two dialectal groups. When using the Estonian with an influence of the SE dialect, the NE speakers rely on demonstrative adverbs in interpreting the referential utterance that includes demonstrative pronoun and adverb combinations, whereas the SE speakers also take into account the semantics of demonstrative pronouns. We show that, in addition to an already known difference in the production, there is also a difference in the interpretation of demonstratives between the two groups. In addition, our findings support the recognition that languages that have distance neutral demonstrative pronouns enforce the spatial meaning of a referring utterance by adding demonstrative adverbs. Not only is the interpretation of demonstrative pronouns affected, but the interpretation of demonstrative adverbs as well. The latter shows the importance of studying adverbs also, not just pronouns, and contributes to further knowledge of how demonstratives function.

On Morphological Analysis of Spatial Deixis in Mǝriaq-mǝriqu Dialect of Sasak Language

This paper concentrates on the spatial deixis and its morphological structures in Mǝriaq-mǝriqu dialect of Sasak language. It includes in a typological study with qualitative method. This research employs two forms of data; primary data and secondary data. The primary data include the information obtained from the informants from every dialect. Secondary data are the data obtained from any documents of Sasak language such as folklore. There are two methods of data collection; field linguistic method and library method. Of the two methods, there are two techniques used in collecting data: Observation and interview. The results of this study accommodated all types of demonstratives by Diessel (1999) and Dixon (1988) and discover some new types contributing to the theory. The types of spatial deixis in this dialect are pronominal, adnominal, quantifier, intensifier, identificational, adverbial, verbal, and referential. In term of morphological structure, the demonstrative in this dialect is constructed of some affixes and the combination of two or more spatial deixis. Nominal demonstrative usually becomes stem of other demonstratives. Quantifier is constructed of prefix ‘se-‘plus manner demonstrative adverb(MDA). Intensifier is constructed of prefix ‘s-‘ plus pronominal, LDA is constructed of prefix ‘n-‘ plus pronominal for proximal, MDA is constructed of prefix ‘mer-‘ and ‘m-‘ plus pronominals, verbal demonstrative is constructed of confix ‘pe-q’ plus MDA, Referential demonstrative is constructed of MDA plus suffix ‘-q’.

The Realization of Deixis in Students’ Writing at Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Muhammadiyah Pringsewu Lampung

Through the final product of writing, students can communicate their ideas, thoughts, and feelings to the reader. Deixis is one of the branches in pragmatics and one of the writing components that have to be noticed by the students to communicate the meaning in writing. This study is aimed at finding out the realization of deixis in students’ writing text at STKIP Muhammadiyah Pringsewu Lampung, and also to explain the difficulties faced by the students and teacher roles to overcome the students’ difficulties. The researcher uses descriptive qualitative in analyzing data. There are three methods which are used in this study; they are document, observation, and interview. The results of this study showed that the realization of person deixis is more dominant since the students as the writers position themselves as the main characters of their own stories. Place deixis was realized through demonstrative pronoun, English adverb, and English preposition. The use of the proximal form of place deixis is more dominant rather than the distal form of place deixis. Time deixis was realized through past time, present time, future time, and adverbial of time. Social deixis was also realized through relational social deixis (used in informal situation) and absolute social deixis (used in formal situation). The students used discourse deixis in the form of demonstrative this/that and discourse marker. Further, there were difficulties faced by students in using deixis and the methods that used by the teacher to overcome the students’ difficulties. Hence, it is expected that the findings of this study can improve the students’ knowledge in pragmatics and deixis in general; especially they will apply appropriate deixis in order to develop their writing abilities.

The Usage of Spatial Deixis in Spoken Language of Santiago de Cuba. The Case of the Demonstrative Adverb Aquí

The present work describes the discursive use in order to characterize how to use the spatial deictic expression here (aquí) using oral samples collected in the city of Santiago de Cuba. Our interest is aimed at exposing not only how this is a specialized way to designate the region next to the issuer, but how it is also possible to use it in other contexts. The expressed pragmatic content turns its use into a phenomenon of great interest that reflects the relationship between language and context in the very structure of languages.

Correlatives in earlier English: Change and continuity in the expression of interclausal dependencies

AbstractA construction very widely used in Old English and Old Germanic more broadly are correlatives introduced by an adverbial or conditional subclause, as in When you've done your homework, (then) you can come back (Old English: ‘…, then can you come back’). Correlatives originate from a paratactic clause structure, making use of resumptive adverbs such as then belonging to the Old Germanic series of demonstrative adverbs, whose syntactic niche was the clause-initial position, particularly in Verb Second main clauses. Paratactic structure in correlatives is diagnosed by the presence of a resumptive adverb. We show that the correlative use of resumptive adverbs is sensitive to both clause-internal and clause-external variables: mood, subclause-internal particles, negation, subject type, subclause weight, text type, translation. Correlatives decline from late Old English onward. Although it may seem tempting to attribute this to the loss of Verb Second in English, it resulted primarily from the loss of the original Germanic resumptive adverbs.

Paradigms as triggers of semantic change: Demonstrative adverbs in Catalan and Spanish

L’objectiu d’ aquest article es analitzar l’evolucio dels adverbis demostratius de lloc del catala i l’espanyol. Les principals preguntes que es plantegen en aquest treball son les seguents: (i) per que els sistemes dictics binaris i ternaris mostren sovint una certa inestabilitat i diacronicament els sistemes binaris es converteixen a vegades en ternaris (com s’esdevingue en el catala i l’espanyol antics) o, a l’inreves, els ternaris passen a ser binaris (com en el llati tarda i en el catala durant l’edat moderna); (ii) si allo mes habitual i esperable es que els dictics assumeixin valors anaforics, per que en el cas de l’adverbi aqui del catala i l’adverbi ahi de l’espanyol es produi el proces invers; (iii) quin paper juguen en aquests canvis les relacions funcionals i formals que s’estableixen dins els paradigmes de demostratius nominals i adverbials de cada llengua.

Space and demonstratives: an experiment with Estonian exophoric demonstratives

In recent years, the study of exophoric demonstratives has increased in Indo- European languages, but has received fairly little research attention in Estonian. The aim of the study is to verify by the means of a production experiment whether distance has an effect on the choice of Estonian exophoric demonstratives. Binomial mixed effects logistic regression analysis suggests that distance is the best predictor for the choice between demonstrative adverbs, but it has no effect on the choice between the demonstrative pronoun see ‘this’ and other referential devices, which can be explained by the lack of usage of the demonstrative pronoun too ‘that’. However, there also occurs unexpected usage of demonstrative adverbs that is best explained by other attributes of the referent and reference situation rather than simple spatial opposition. Thus, although the best predictor in demonstrative adverb choice proves to be distance, other attributes may play a fairly important role.

Võro demonstratives: changing or disappearing?

The paper deals with the changes occurring in the system of demonstratives and personal pronouns in the Võro language, the present-day variety of the South Estonian Võru dialect. In the Võro language the third person pronoun is timä/tä and there are three demonstrative pronouns (sjoo~seo, taa, and tuu) and three series of demonstrative adverbs (siin:siia:siit; taha:tan:tast; sinna:seal:sealt) are in use. The data for the study come from the newspaper Uma Leht (2012–2014) and mini-series produced by Estonian Public Broadcasting in 2011. The data show that the former addressee-centered system of South Estonian demonstratives has disappeared. At the same time, the language has retained all of the pronouns, although their frequency and context of use differs in the written and the spoken data.

Deictic expressions in Darma (Almora)

This paper provides a description of the morphological composition and syntactic distribution of the spatial deictic system found in Darma a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Uttarakhand, India. The description is informed by existing typologies of deictics and demonstratives (e.g. Levinson 1983; Diessel 1999, 2013; Senft 2004) with an eye towards identifying similar patterns in other Tibeto-Burman languages. In Darma, we find that the deictic roots can be meaningfully categorized into two groups based on the scale of reference: a distance-based scale (e.g. near and far), and a direction-based scale (e.g. up and down). These deictic roots combine with other morphemes to form sets of demonstratives that are categorized as Demonstrative Pronouns, Demonstrative Adverbs, and Demonstrative Quantifiers. In addition to the morphological structure of deictic elements, this paper explores the syntactic distribution of the deictic roots and combined demonstrative forms and suggests that a set of determiners is in the process of grammaticalizing. The discussion is geared towards contrasting the typology of demonstrative systems with the data attested in Darma and emphasizing topics that should be described in grammars of Tibeto-Burman languages.

Interpreting Yoruba bare nouns as generic

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Evaluation of two hypotheses about the alternation between aquí and acá in a corpus of present-day Spanish

ABSTRACTSpanish grammarians used to say that the demonstrative adverbs aquí ‘here’ and acá ‘here’ can alternate in some contexts. They attempt to explain the alternation by appealing to one of two hypotheses, which can be identified as the movement-to-a-goal hypothesis and the delimitation hypothesis. The former states that acá is associated with movement directed to a goal, whereas aquí is associated with all other possibilities. The latter states that the place denoted by aquí is less limited and defined than the place denoted by acá The present article evaluates both hypotheses in a corpus of Venezuelan Spanish. The evaluation takes into account the kind of place denoted by aquí and acá (goal of movement, source of movement, place of transit, and location) and also the prepositions and verbs used when the adverbs denote the goal of movement. The results of the quantitative analysis prove the validity of the delimitation hypothesis.